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Weller CA, Andreev I, Chambers MJ, Park M, Bloom JS, Sadhu MJ. Highly complete long-read genomes reveal pangenomic variation underlying yeast phenotypic diversity. Genome Res 2023; 33:729-740. [PMID: 37127330 PMCID: PMC10317115 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277515.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic causes of trait variation is a primary goal of genetic research. One way that individuals can vary genetically is through variable pangenomic genes: genes that are only present in some individuals in a population. The presence or absence of entire genes could have large effects on trait variation. However, variable pangenomic genes can be missed in standard genotyping workflows, owing to reliance on aligning short-read sequencing to reference genomes. A popular method for studying the genetic basis of trait variation is linkage mapping, which identifies quantitative trait loci (QTLs), regions of the genome that harbor causative genetic variants. Large-scale linkage mapping in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has found thousands of QTLs affecting myriad yeast phenotypes. To enable the resolution of QTLs caused by variable pangenomic genes, we used long-read sequencing to generate highly complete de novo genome assemblies of 16 diverse yeast isolates. With these assemblies, we resolved QTLs for growth on maltose, sucrose, raffinose, and oxidative stress to specific genes that are absent from the reference genome but present in the broader yeast population at appreciable frequency. Copies of genes also duplicate onto chromosomes where they are absent in the reference genome, and we found that these copies generate additional QTLs whose resolution requires pangenome characterization. Our findings show the need for highly complete genome assemblies to identify the genetic basis of trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Weller
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ilya Andreev
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Chambers
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Morgan Park
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Meru J Sadhu
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Laurent J, Aerts A, Gordon J, Gupta P, Voet ARD, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Small Differences in SUC Gene Sequences Impact Saccharomyces cerevisiae Invertase Activity and Specificity toward Fructans with Different Chain Lengths. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1925-1935. [PMID: 33533594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)invertase is encoded by a family of closely related SUC genes. To identify and understand the molecular basis for differences in substrate specificity, we examined 29 SUC alleles from industrialS. cerevisiaestrains and cloned alleles with small sequence differences into an invertase-negative strain. Our study showed that an F102Y substitution in Suc-enzymes lowers yeast invertase activity toward fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) by 36% and the specificity factor by 43%. By contrast, an A409P substitution in Suc-enzymes resulted in an increased capacity of the yeast to hydrolyze FOS and Fibruline by 17 and 41%, respectively, likely because of a change in the loop conformation resulting in a wider active site. Bread dough fermentation experiments revealed that sucrose and fructan hydrolysis during fermentation is influenced by this natural variation in SUC sequences. Our research thus opens the door for the selection or engineering of yeasts and Suc-enzymes with specific activities that may ultimately allow controlling fructan hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Laurent
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anouk Aerts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- VIB-KU Leuven Laboratory for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Purvi Gupta
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout R D Voet
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB-KU Leuven Laboratory for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Borovkova AN, Michailova YV, Naumova ES. Molecular Genetic Features of Biological Species of the Genus Saccharomyces. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Laurent J, Timmermans E, Struyf N, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Variability in yeast invertase activity determines the extent of fructan hydrolysis during wheat dough fermentation and final FODMAP levels in bread. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 326:108648. [PMID: 32387971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of fructan-containing cereal products is considered beneficial for most people, but not for those suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), as they should avoid the consumption of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (acronym: FODMAP). Controlling fructan levels in cereal products is not trivial. However, controlling yeast invertase-mediated hydrolysis of fructan during dough fermentation might offer a handle to modulate fructan concentrations. In this work, the variability in invertase activity and substrate specificity in an extensive set of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is investigated. Analysis showed a high variability in the capacity of these strains to hydrolyse sucrose and fructo-oligosaccharides. Industrial yeast strains with a high activity towards fructo-oligosaccharides efficiently reduced wheat grain fructans during dough fermentation to a final fructan level of 0.3% dm, whereas strains with a low invertase activity yielded fructan levels around 0.6% dm. The non-bakery strains produced lower levels of CO2 in fermenting dough resulting in lower loaf volumes. However, CO2 production and loaf volume could be increased by the addition of 3% glucose. In conclusion, this study shows that variation in yeast invertase activity and specificity can be used to modulate the fructan content in bread, allowing the production of low FODMAP breads, or alternatively, breads with a higher soluble dietary fibre content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Laurent
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Timmermans
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nore Struyf
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB - KU Leuven Laboratory for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, VIB - KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Korhola M, Naumova ES, Partti E, Aittamaa M, Turakainen H, Naumov GI. Exploiting heterozygosity in industrial yeasts to create new and improved baker's yeasts. Yeast 2019; 36:571-587. [PMID: 31243797 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the work was to utilize heterozygosity of industrial yeast strains to construct new baker's yeast strains. Commercial baker's yeast strain ALKO 743, its more ethanol tolerant descendant ALKO 554 selected initially for growth over 300 generations in increasing ethanol concentrations in a glucose medium, and ALKO 3460 from an old domestic sour dough starter were used as starting strains. Isolated meiotic segregants of the strains were characterized genetically for sporulation ability and mating type, and the ploidy was determined physically. Heterozygosity of the segregant strains was estimated by a variety of molecular characterizations and fermentation and growth assays. The results showed wide heterozygosity and that the segregants were clustered into subgroups. This clustering was used for choosing distantly or closely related partners for strain construction crosses. Intrastrain hybrids made with segregants of ALKO 743 showed 16-24% hybrid vigour or heterosis. Interstrain hybrids with segregants of ALKO 743 and ALKO 3460 showed a wide variety of characteristics but also clear heterosis of 27-31% effects as assayed by lean and sugar dough raising. Distiller's yeast ALKO 554 turned out to be a diploid genetic segregant and not just a more ethanol tolerant mutant of the tetraploid parent strain ALKO 743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Korhola
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Alkomohr Biotech Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena S Naumova
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Edvard Partti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Alkomohr Biotech Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Aittamaa
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Alkomohr Biotech Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Turakainen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Alkomohr Biotech Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gennadi I Naumov
- State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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Naumova ES, Sadykova AZ, Martynenko NN, Naumov GI. Hybrid Selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeasts for Thermotolerance and Fermentation Activity. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626171802008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Naumov GI, Naumova ES. Invertase overproduction may provide for inulin fermentation by selection strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Naumova ES, Sadykova AZ, Martynenko NN, Naumov GI. Molecular polymorphism of β-fructosidase SUC genes in the Saccharomyces yeasts. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Naumova ES, Sadykova AZ, Martynenko NN, Naumov GI. Molecular genetic characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae distillers’ yeasts. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Naumov GI, Naumova ES. Comparative genetics of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromosomal translocations carrying the SUC2 marker. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541011102x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Naumov GI, Naumova ES. Polygenic control for fermentation of β-fructosides in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: New genes SUC9 and SUC10. Microbiology (Reading) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261710020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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