1
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Xu M, Wu S, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhang H, Ma L, Miao T, Cheng Z. Pretreatment Method for Chloramine-T Decon Sample Before GC Analysis of HD and VX. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:859-864. [PMID: 36065028 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloramine-T, especially its solution in weak acidity, is one of the decontaminants for chemical warfare agents (CWAs), HD, and VX. A high CWAs recovery from decontamination (decon) sample via pretreatment was essential for evaluating decontamination effects. This paper performed experiments to optimize pretreatment methods to extract residual CWAs from chloramine-T decon samples before GC analysis. Effects of two neutralization methods, destroying decon activity by 15% Na2SO3 or decreasing decon activity by 3% NH3·H2O or 4% NaOH, were studied. Results showed they were all suitable for the HD decon sample, but only 4% NaOH was ideal for the VX decon sample. As for extractant, compared with dichloromethane, petroleum ether was more suitable for recovering CWAs from decon samples. A high recovery above 80% could be obtained for HD and VX samples ranging from 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L when optimized neutralization and extraction methods were simultaneously carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | | | - Haiyan Zhu
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lan Ma
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Miao
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, China
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2
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Numan A, Singh PS, Alam A, Khalid M, Li L, Singh S. Advances in Noble-Metal Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence Detection of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27079-27089. [PMID: 35967060 PMCID: PMC9366967 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and simple detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is an essential step in minimizing the potentially lethal consequences of chemical weapons. CWAs are a family of organic chemicals that are used as chemical weapons because of their enormous severity and lethal effects when faced with unforeseen challenges. To stop the spread of CWAs, it is critical to develop a platform that detects them in a sensitive, timely, selective, and minimally invasive manner. Rapid advances in the demand for on-site sensors, metal nanoparticles, and biomarker identification for CWAs have made it possible to use fluorescence as a precise real-time and point-of-care (POCT) testing technique. For POCT-based applications, the new capabilities of micro- and nanomotors offer enormous prospects. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the design of fluorescent sensors and the further development of noble metal nanoparticles for the detection of organophosphorus CWAs, as described in this review. Through this work, recent attempts to fabricate sensors that can detect organophosphorus CWAs through changes in their fluorescence properties have been summarized. Finally, an integrated outlook on how noble metal nanoparticles could be used to develop smart sensors for organophosphorus CWAs that communicate with and control electronic devices to monitor and improve the health of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Numan
- Graphene
& Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering
and Technology, Sunway University, 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Prabh Simran Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khalsa College
of Pharmacy, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- College
of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz
University, Al-Kharj 16278, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene
& Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering
and Technology, Sunway University, 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lijie Li
- College
of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Sima Singh
- IES
Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Kalkheda, Ratibad Main Road, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Solid-phase extraction of alkylphosphonic and O-alkyl alkylphosphonic acids followed by HPLC separation using porous graphitic carbon sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462420. [PMID: 34332314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC separation of alkyl phosphonic acids on porous graphitic carbon adsorbent Hypercarb, based upon a step gradient of formic acid concentration in an aqueous mobile phase, was evaluated in this study. Analytes were detected by single quadrupole and triple quadrupole MS. Good separation was achieved for methyl phosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, n-propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, isobutyl methylphosphonic acid, pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid. Solid-phase extraction of these analytes on Hypercarb was also proposed, desorption was carried out with aqueous ammonium formate and water-methanol mixtures. LODs were 0.1-0.2 ng mL-1 for these analytes without SPE; solid-phase extraction resulted in the decrease of LODs at least 100-fold. Accuracy was proven by analyses of spiked samples of river water and snow meltwater.
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5
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Prihed H, Shifrovich A, Shamai Yamin T, Madmon M, Smolkin B, Chen R, Blanca M, Weissberg A. A novel approach for the detection and identification of sulfur mustard using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry based on its selective oxidation to sulfur mustard monoxide with N-iodosuccinimide. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4721. [PMID: 33848030 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new derivatization strategy for the detection and identification of sulfur mustard (HD) via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) is developed. The method incorporates selective oxidation of the sulfide group by the electrophilic iodine reagent N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) to produce sulfur mustard monoxide (HDSO). The derivatization reaction efficiencies were evaluated with acetonitrile extracts of soil, asphalt, cloth, Formica, and linoleum spiked with HD at concentrations of 50-5000 pg/ml and found to be similar to that with pure acetonitrile. The current derivatization approach is the first to preserve the identity of chloride groups and support HD regulation and evidentiary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Shifrovich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moran Madmon
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boris Smolkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ravit Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
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6
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Xu M, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang H, Liang J, Wang X, Cheng Z, Zhu Y. Pretreatment method for hypochlorite decon water before GC analysis of HD, VX, and GD. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:985-992. [PMID: 33724930 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active chlorine decontaminants like hypochlorite are used to destroy chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as HD, VX and GD due to the former's strong oxidation capacity and high nucleophilicity. In this paper, experiments were performed to identify the main factors affecting agent recovery from decon water. Based on the results, a method to recover residual CWAs from hypochlorite decon water before quantitative determination by GC was developed. The results showed that the extraction solvent was a critical determinant of high CWA recovery. Dichloromethane was more suitable than petroleum either, especially for samples containing GD or low residual CWAs. For VX-containing samples, the use of an alkali solution improved VX recovery. Neutralization was also important for a high CWA recovery, especially for samples with low CWA concentrations and/or strong decontaminant reactivity. The use of 15% sodium sulfite as the neutralization solution gave the best results for hypochlorite decon water. When the optimized conditions of simultaneous sodium sulfite neutralization and dichloromethane extraction were used, the recovery of HD, VX and GD in hypochlorite decon water was greater than 85% at a concentration range of 20 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Lianyuan Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | | | - Jing Liang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Xingang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | | | - Yuefeng Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China E-mail:
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7
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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Chen J, Liu H, Lu X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Liu Q, Wang H, Guo L, Gao R, Xu B, Xie J. Sensitive Untargeted Screening of Nerve Agents and Their Degradation Products Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10578-10587. [PMID: 32496758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents (NAs) are notorious chemical warfare agents that pose a serious threat to national security and public health. The total number of theoretical chemicals of NAs and their degradation products (DPs) exceeds 410 000, according to 1.A.01-1.A.03 in the Schedules of Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which poses great challenges for identification and verification. A three-step integrated untargeted screening strategy was developed based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. First, an extensible homemade library for targeted screening of common classical agents was established. Second, a set of in-source collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (MS)-alerting ions was extracted and concluded based on fragmentation behavior studies, which included 40 specific alerting ions and 10 types of characteristic structural fragments from total NAs and their DPs. A novel "alerting ion" searching method was developed to rapidly and sensitively screen whether or not nerve agent-related compounds were present and of which type they were. Third, we built a theoretical exact mass database including 202 accurate masses or molecular formulas, which could cover all structural possibilities of the NAs and their DPs. Comprehensively, the elemental composition of pseudomolecular ions, fragment ions, MS/MS spectra, and isotope pattern information were obtained from the full scan MS/data dependent-MS2 experiments and elucidated for identification of the candidates selected in the screening step. This strategy was successfully applied to the identification of unknown chemicals in real samples with good stability and a low limit of detection of 1-10 ng/mL. These procedures are applicable for trace forensic investigations in cases of the alleged use of nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaogang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Runli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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9
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B’Hymer C. A Brief Overview of HPLC–MS Analysis of Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acid Degradation Products of Nerve Agents. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:606-617. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe analysis of degradation products from the classic chemical warfare nerve agents by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry has been of much interest in recent years owing to the possible use as a terrorist weapon, and the incidents of chemical weapon usage in recent years in war torn countries. The alkyl methylphosphonic acid degradation products are of a particular interest, and they represent a specific chromatographic technical challenge for use in typical separation systems. Various published methods are summarized in this review and some of the problems associated with the analysis of these compounds are discussed. Future trends of the analysis in this area of research are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton B’Hymer
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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10
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Determination of trace amounts of G-type nerve agents in aqueous samples utilizing “in vial” instantaneous derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Yue G, Su S, Li N, Shuai M, Lai X, Astruc D, Zhao P. Gold nanoparticles as sensors in the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wolf JC, Schaer M, P Siegenthaler P, Zenobi R. Direct gas-phase detection of nerve and blister warfare agents utilizing active capillary plasma ionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:305-312. [PMID: 26307710 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive direct gas-phase detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is demonstrated utilizing active capillary plasma ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation. Four G- agents, two V-agents and various blistering agents [including sulfur mustard (HD)] were detected directly in the gas phase with limits of detection in the low parts per trillion (ng m(-3)) range. The direct detection of HD was shown for dry carrier gas conditions, but signals vanished when humidity was present, indicating a possible direct detection of HD after sufficient gas phase pretreatment. The method provided sufficient sensitivity to monitor directly the investigated volatile CWAs way below their corresponding minimal effect dose, and in most cases even below the eight hours worker exposure concentration. In general, the ionization is very soft, with little to no in-source fragmentation. Especially for the G-agents, some dimer formation occurred at higher concentrations. This adds complexity, but also further selectivity, to the corresponding mass spectra. Our results show that the active capillary plasma ionization is a robust, sensitive, "plug and play" ambient ionization source suited (but not exclusively) to the very sensitive detection of CWAs. It has the potential to be used with portable MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. jan-
| | - M Schaer
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - P P Siegenthaler
- Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - R Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Wolf JC, Schaer M, Siegenthaler P, Zenobi R. Direct quantification of chemical warfare agents and related compounds at low ppt levels: comparing active capillary dielectric barrier discharge plasma ionization and secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:723-9. [PMID: 25427190 DOI: 10.1021/ac5035874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel active capillary dielectric barrier discharge plasma ionization (DBDI) technique for mass spectrometry is applied to the direct detection of 13 chemical warfare related compounds, including sarin, and compared to secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. The investigated compounds include an intact chemical warfare agent and structurally related molecules, hydrolysis products and/or precursors of highly toxic nerve agents (G-series, V-series, and "new" nerve agents), and blistering and incapacitating warfare agents. Well-defined analyte gas phase concentrations were generated by a pressure-assisted nanospray with consecutive thermal evaporation and dilution. Identification was achieved by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The most abundant fragment ion intensity of each compound was used for quantification. For DBDI and SESI, absolute gas phase detection limits in the low ppt range (in MS/MS mode) were achieved for all compounds investigated. Although the sensitivity of both methods was comparable, the active capillary DBDI sensitivity was found to be dependent on the applied AC voltage, thus enabling direct tuning of the sensitivity and the in-source fragmentation, which may become a key feature in terms of field applicability. Our findings underline the applicability of DBDI and SESI for the direct, sensitive detection and quantification of several CWA types and their degradation products. Furthermore, they suggest the use of DBDI in combination with hand-held instruments for CWAs on-site monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Christoph Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , HCI E329, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Díaz de Greñu B, Moreno D, Torroba T, Berg A, Gunnars J, Nilsson T, Nyman R, Persson M, Pettersson J, Eklind I, Wästerby P. Fluorescent Discrimination between Traces of Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Mimics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4125-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500710m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Díaz de Greñu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Daniel Moreno
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Alexander Berg
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Gunnars
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Nyman
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Milton Persson
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ida Eklind
- Department
for CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Wästerby
- Department
for CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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PAPPALARDO ANDREA, AMATO MARIAE, BALLISTRERI FRANCESCOP, LA PAGLIA FRAGOLA VALENTINA, TOMASELLI GAETANOA, TOSCANO ROSAMARIA, TRUSSO SFRAZZETTO GIUSEPPE. Binding of reactive organophosphate by oximes via hydrogen bond. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Røen BT, Sellevåg SR, Lundanes E. On-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for trace determination of nerve agent degradation products in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 761:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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