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Xing M, Wang S, Cui F, Liu H, Zhang X, Gao Z, Ying W, Shi E. Comprehensive insight on protein modification by V-type agent: A chemical proteomic approach employing bioorthogonal reaction. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300039. [PMID: 37654063 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) such as chemical agents and pesticides are posing critical threats to civilians due to their irreversible phosphonylation of diverse amino acids residues forming different protein adducts. However, traditional analytical approaches are quite limited in capturing the myriad of post-translational events that affect protein functions, especially in identifying the low-abundance OP adducts. Herein a systematic proteomic strategy based on a typical click-enrich-release-identify bioorthogonal operation was firstly developed by employing an alkynyl-tagged V-type agent probe (AVP) and a biotin-based azido-enrichment linker (BTP-N3 ). AVP targeting peptides from human serum albumin (HSA) or plasma were captured by BTP-N3 via CuAAC click reaction, enriched by streptavidin beads, released by selective alkaline hydrolysis of phenacyl ester bond, and subsequently sequenced by LC-MS/MS. This strategy has helped identifying 1115 unique OP adduction sites on 163 proteins in human plasma, and covers lots of OP adducts that cannot be achieved by traditional detection methods. The comprehensive coverage of novel OP substrates provided a general and sensitive approach to retrospective verification and/or dose assessment of toxic OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meining Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Enxue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
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Unambiguous identification and determination of A234-Novichok nerve agent biomarkers in biological fluids using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3429-3442. [PMID: 35190842 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to develop suitable methods for unambiguous identification and determination of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene) phosphoramidofluoridate (known as A234-Novichok) biomarkers in urine and plasma samples. Multiple biomarkers were investigated for the first time, to verify intoxication by the A234-Novichok agent, using sensitive and accurate techniques including gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). Like other nerve agents, in biological matrices, the A234-Novichok agent reacts with several proteins to form related adducts. Considering this, two different protein adduct biomarkers in blood samples were analyzed, and the regenerated A234 was determined. Two-dimensional chromatography and solid-phase extraction techniques were employed for blood sample preparation. Limits of detection for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) adduct, the regenerated A234, and albumin covalent adduct were determined and reported as 1, 1, and 10 ng mL-1, while the related calibration curves were linear within the range of 2-100, 2-100, and 15-100 ng mL-1, respectively. The detection limit and linear range for the intact agent in the urine sample were determined as 0.1 and 1-100 ng mL-1, respectively. Since A234 and some other Novichok chemicals have been added to the Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Annex on Chemicals, after UK incidents, the analytical methods developed in this work might be used for verification purposes, as well as OPCW Biomedical Proficiency Tests.
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Leninskii MA, Shachneva MD, Savel’eva EI, Koryagina NL. Separation and Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Highly Toxic Organic Compounds (Poisons). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821090070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koller M, Thiermann H, Worek F, Wille T. Release of protein-bound nerve agents by excess fluoride from whole blood: GC-MS/MS method development, validation, and application to a real-life denatured blood sample. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122693. [PMID: 34171608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to the fluoride-induced regeneration of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited by nerve agents a method was developed and optimized for whole blood samples. Compared to the plasma method, regeneration grade was found to be higher for cyclosarin (GF), i-butylsarin from VR, and n-butylsarin from CVX, but lower for sarin (GB), fluorotabun from tabun (GA), and ethylsarin from VX. Regeneration grade of soman (GD) is the same for both matrices because it is released from serum albumin and not from cholinesterases. The method was fully validated for GB and GF to prove selectivity, linearity (n = 6), limit of determination (LOD1), reproducibility (within day (n = 8) and from day to day (n = 8)), effectiveness of extraction, matrix effect, and sample stability (after sample preparation and during three freeze/thaw cycles). The other agents were tested for selectivity, linearity (n = 2), limit of determination, and stability after sample preparation. The method showed high selectivity, good linearity up to the protein's saturation concentration (GB: R2 = 0.9995, GF: 0.9968), and high reproducibility (GB: C.V. 5.9-13.7%, GF: 4.9-10.3%). The limits of determination (calculated from the spiked amount of the original agent) were found with 0.3 ng/mL VX, 0.5 ng/mL GB, 1 ng/mL VR, 0.5 ng/mL GA, 1 ng/mL CVX, and 8 ng/mL GD. In the case of GF, it was found with 4 ng/mL using Isolute ENV + SPE cartridges as for the other analytes and with 2.5 ng/mL using Isolute C8 EC SPE cartridges instead. This method was then applied to a denatured whole blood sample obtained from an individual exposed to GB. While previously only the GB metabolite isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) could be detected in this blood sample it was now possible to successfully release GB from the blood proteins by excess fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany.
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Extended retrospective detection of regenerated sarin (GB) in rabbit blood and the IMPA metabolite in urine: a pharmacokinetics study. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2403-2412. [PMID: 34032868 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term retrospective monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents is challenging. We recently developed two highly sensitive analytical methods for regenerated sarin (GB) nerve agent in blood and its primary metabolite, isopropyl-methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), in urine. These methods were implemented in a toxicokinetics study carried out with sarin injected (i.v.) to rabbits at doses corresponding to 0.1, 0.5 or 0.9 LD50. The time frame for monitoring regenerated sarin from blood was 70 days for 0.1 LD50 and 0.5 LD50 and 77 days for 0.9 LD50, where rapid elimination occurred in the first 8 days with an initial average half-life of 1.2 days, followed by a second, slower elimination, with a terminal average half-life of 8.4 days. The time frame for monitoring IMPA in urine was 7, 15 and 16 days for 0.1 LD50, 0.5 LD50 and 0.9 LD50 intoxications, respectively. Rapid elimination of IMPA in urine occurred after exposure, with an average half-life of ~ 0.8 days on days 2-6. For the first time, a slower elimination route for IMPA, with an average half-life of ~ 4 days from day 6 onwards, was revealed. Both IMPA and regenerated sarin pharmacokinetics exhibit linearity with dose. The overlaid pharmacokinetic profiles of regenerated sarin in blood along with IMPA in urine emphasize the dominance of IMPA with a rapid decay in urine in the first week and the slower long-term decay of protein-bound sarin later in blood. To our knowledge, the two new sensitive methods exhibit the longest monitoring time frame reported in biological samples.
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Braun AV, Stavitskaya YV, Baigil’diev TM, Oreshkin DV, Rybal’chenko IV, Rodin IA. Determination of Cyclohexylmethylfluorophosphonate Metabolites in Human Blood Plasma Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820060027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Koryagina NL, Aliushina TI, Karakashev GV, Savel’eva EI, Khlebnikova NS, Radilov AS. Determination of Phosphonylated Tyrosine as a Marker of Exposure to Nerve Agents in Dried Blood Plasma Spots by HPLC–HRMS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dubrovskii Y, Murashko E, Chuprina O, Beltyukov P, Radilov A, Solovyev N, Babakov V. Mass spectrometry based proteomic approach for the screening of butyrylcholinesterase adduct formation with organophosphates. Talanta 2019; 197:374-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stavrianidi AN, Braun AV, Stekolshchikova EA, Baygildiev TM, Rodin IA, Rybalchenko IV. Selection of Recording Conditions and Study of Fragmentation of a Peptide Biomarker of Sarin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818140137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fu F, Sun F, Lu X, Song T, Ding J, Gao R, Wang H, Pei C. A Novel Potential Biomarker on Y263 Site in Human Serum Albumin Poisoned by Six Nerve Agents. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Pitschmann V, Matějovský L, Vetchý D, Staš M. Biochemical Detection of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Water with a New Two-Component Chromogenic Reagent. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818090101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Onder S, Schopfer LM, Cashman JR, Tacal O, Johnson RC, Blake TA, Lockridge O. Use of Hupresin To Capture Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase for Detection of Soman Exposure. Anal Chem 2017; 90:974-979. [PMID: 29172437 PMCID: PMC5757501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
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Toxicity from acute exposure to nerve
agents and organophosphorus
toxicants is due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) in the nervous system. AChE in red blood cells is a surrogate
for AChE in the nervous system. Previously we developed an immunopurification
method to enrich red blood cell AChE (RBC AChE) as a biomarker of
exposure. The goal of the present work was to provide an alternative
RBC AChE enrichment strategy, by binding RBC AChE to Hupresin affinity
gel. AChE was solubilized from frozen RBC by addition of 1% Triton
X-100. Insoluble debris was removed by centrifugation. The red, but
not viscous, RBC AChE solution was loaded on a Hupresin affinity column.
Hemoglobin and other proteins were washed off with 3 M NaCl, while
retaining AChE bound to Hupresin. Denatured AChE was eluted with 1%
trifluoroacetic acid. The same protocol was used for 20 mL of RBC
AChE inhibited with a soman model compound. The acid denatured protein
was digested with pepsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem
mass spectrometry on a 6600 Triple-TOF mass spectrometer. A targeted
method identified the aged soman adduct on serine 203 in peptide FGESAGAAS. It was concluded that Hupresin can be used to enrich
soman-inhibited AChE solubilized from 8 mL of frozen human erythrocytes,
yielding a quantity sufficient for detecting soman exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Onder
- Hacettepe University , Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.,Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute , 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ozden Tacal
- Hacettepe University , Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Peng H, Blake TA, Johnson RC, Dafferner AJ, Brimijoin S, Lockridge O. Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Various Folding States of Pure Human Butyrylcholinesterase Can Immunopurify Butyrylcholinesterase from Human Plasma Stored at Elevated Temperatures. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1182-1191. [PMID: 28058292 PMCID: PMC5204208 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human plasma to be analyzed for exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors is stored at 4 °C or lower to prevent denaturation of human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE), the biomarker of exposure. Currently published protocols immunopurify HuBChE using antibodies that bind native HuBChE before analysis by mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that the plasma collected from human casualties may be stored nonideally at elevated temperatures of up to 45 °C for days or maybe weeks. At 45 °C, the plasma loses 50% of its HuBChE activity in 8 days and 95% in 40 days. Our goal was to identify a set of monoclonal antibodies that could be used to immunopurify HuBChE from plasma stored at 45 °C. The folding states of pure human HuBChE stored at 4 and 45 °C and boiled at 100 °C were visualized on nondenaturing gels stained with Coomassie blue. Fully active pure HuBChE tetramers had a single band, but pure HuBChE stored at 45 °C had four bands, representing native, partly unfolded, aggregated, and completely denatured, boiled tetramers. The previously described monoclonal B2 18-5 captured native, partly unfolded, and aggregated HuBChE tetramers, whereas a new monoclonal, C191 developed in our laboratory, was found to selectively capture completely denatured, boiled HuBChE. The highest quantity of HuBChE protein was extracted from 45 °C heat-denatured human plasma when HuBChE was immunopurified with a combination of monoclonals B2 18-5 and C191. Using a mixture of these two antibodies in future emergency response assays may increase the capability to confirm exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Alicia J. Dafferner
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
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