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Aioub AAA, Moustafa MAM, Hashem AS, Sayed S, Hamada HM, Zhang Q, Abdel-Wahab SIZ. Biochemical and genetic mechanisms in Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) resistance under emamectin benzoate stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142887. [PMID: 39025308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) poses a significant threat to Brassicaceae crops, leading to substantial losses annually. Repeated insecticide applications are widely used to protect crops and increase the resistance of P. rapae. Exploring the biochemical and molecular basis of insecticide tolerance in P. rapae is crucial for achieving effective insect suppuration and implementing resistance control strategies. In our research, emamectin benzoate (EBZ) resistance was developed in P. rapae strain through selective pressure over 15 generations. Moreover, the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to EBZ and its potential cross-resistance to other insecticides were studied. Additionally, the expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) genes in P. rapae were quantitatively assessed upon exposure to EBZ using real-time PCR. Our data exhibited that the LC50 value of susceptible strain (Sus) and EBZ resistance strain (EBZ-R) were 0.009 and 8.09 mg/L, with a resistance ratio (RR) reaching 898.8-fold. The EBZ-R stain displayed notably low cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and cypermethrin. However, it demonstrated a moderate level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin. Conversely, no cross-resistance was noted to chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb. Notably, enzyme inhibitors of detoxification enzymes revealed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) enhanced the EBZ toxicity to the resistant strain, indicating the potential involvement of CYP450 and GST in avermectin resistance. A remarkable enhancement in CYP450 and GST activity was observed in the EBZ-R stain. CYP450 and GST genes are upregulated in the EBZ-R stain compared to the Sus strain, which serves as a basis for comprehending the mechanism behind P. rapae resistance to EBZ. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that EBZ has a high binding affinity with CYP6AE120 and PrGSTS1 with docking energy values of -20.19 and -22.57 kcal/mol, respectively. Our findings offer valuable insights into crafting efficient strategies to monitor and manage resistance in P. rapae populations in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Aioub
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Moataz A M Moustafa
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Hashem
- Stored Product Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Hamada
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Sarah I Z Abdel-Wahab
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Zafar J, Shoukat RF, Zhu Z, Fu D, Xu X, Jin F. Two-Sex Life Table Analysis for Optimizing Beauveria bassiana Application against Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:469. [PMID: 39057354 PMCID: PMC11277660 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly dispersive, polyphagous insect pest that severely defoliates crops. Excessive reliance on synthetic insecticides leads to ecological pollution and resistance development, urging scientists to probe eco-friendly biopesticides. Here, we explore the virulence of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, against S. exigua, resulting in 88% larval mortality. Using an age-stage, two-sex life table, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of B. bassiana on the demographic parameters of S. exigua, including survival, development, and reproduction. Sublethal (LC20) and lethal concentrations (LC50) of B. bassiana impacted the parental generation (F0), with these effects further influencing the demographic parameters of the first filial generation (F1). The infected F1 offsprings showed a reduced intrinsic rate of increase (r), mean generation time (T), and net reproduction rate (R0). Larval developmental duration varied significantly between the control (10.98 d) and treated groups (LC20: 10.42; LC50: 9.37 d). Adults in the treated groups had significantly reduced lifespans (M: 8.22; F: 7.32 d) than the control (M: 10.00; F: 8.22 d). Reduced fecundity was observed in the B. bassiana-infected groups (LC20: 313.45; LC50: 223.92 eggs/female) compared to the control (359.55 eggs/female). A biochemical assay revealed elevated levels of detoxification enzymes (esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and acetylcholinesterase) in the F0 generation after B. bassiana infection. However, the enzymatic activity remained non-significant in the F1 generation likely due to the lack of direct fungal exposure. Our findings highlight the enduring effects of B. bassiana on the biological parameters and population dynamics of S. exigua, stressing its use in eco-friendly management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoxia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (R.F.S.); (Z.Z.); (D.F.)
| | - Fengliang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (R.F.S.); (Z.Z.); (D.F.)
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Shafiq M, Abubakar M, Riaz M, Shad SA. Development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance and its effect on biological parameters of yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2023; 123:14. [PMID: 38060021 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin interacts with the sodium channel and causes nerve blockage in insects. It is used to manage Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), a primary vector of dengue worldwide. It not only affects both target and non-target organisms, but overuse of this insecticide increases the chances of resistance development in insect pests. In this study, resistance development, biological parameters, and stability of alpha-cypermethrin resistance were studied in a laboratory-selected strain of Ae. aegypti. The alpha-cypermethrin selected strain (Alpha Sel) developed an 11.86-fold resistance level after 12 rounds of alpha-cypermethrin selection compared to the unselected strain (Unsel). In biological parameters, Alpha Sel and Cross1 (Unsel ♂ and Alpha Sel♀) had shorter larval durations compared to Unsel and Cross2 (Unsel ♀ and Alpha Sel ♂) populations. The pupal duration of Alpha Sel and both crosses was shorter than that in the Unsel strain. The relative fitness of Alpha Sel, Cross1, and Cross2 was significantly less than that of the Unsel strain. These results indicate that alpha-cypermethrin resistance comes with fitness costs. Moreover, the frequency of alpha-cypermethrin resistance decreased when the Alpha Sel population was reared without further selection pressure for four generations. So, resistance was unstable and reversed when insecticide pressure ceased. We concluded that the judicious and rotational use of different insecticides with different modes of action and the adoption of other IPM-recommended practices would suppress resistance development for more extended periods in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafiq
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ali Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Rajput S, Suroshe SS, Yadav PR, Kumar A, Saini GK. Bioefficacy of engineered Beauveria bassiana with scorpion neurotoxin, LqqIT1 against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis and cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16030. [PMID: 37904846 PMCID: PMC10613437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) and cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch) are notorious polyphagous, hemipteran sap sucking insect pests. A recombinant toxin gene 'LqqIT1' from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg) was cloned in the pAL1 fungal expression vector and then expressed in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balasmo) using genetic modification techniques. The genetically transformed B. bassiana strain (BbLqqIT1-3) and its un-transformed parent strain (Bb-C) were screened to infect the third instar nymphs of P. solenopsis and first instar nymph of A. craccivora through leaf treatment and topical application (spray) method at 1 * 107 spores per ml concentration. The recombinant strain BbLqqIT1-3 was highly pathogenic against A. craccivora but non pathogenic to P. solenopsis. BbLqqIT1-3 induced 72 and 43.33% mortality in A. craccivora nymphs 96 h after leaf treatment and topical application, respectively. The nymphs of A. craccivora infected with BbLqqIT1-3 displayed classical neurotoxic symptoms such as sluggishness, solublize and liquification of the body. Crude soluble toxin protein, BbLqqIT1a-CSE and Bb-WT-CSE was extracted from the BbLqqIT1-3 and Bb-C, respectively using ammonium sulphate precipitation method, and their oral toxicity was analyzed at 5 µg/ml concentration. The survival of the studied insects was negatively affected by the crude soluble toxin extracts. The LT50 values of BbLqqIT1a-CSE against P. solenopsis and A. craccivora were 22.18 and 17.69 h, respectively. Exposure to crude soluble toxin extracts also accounted for the imbalance of ionic concentrations in the hemolymph of treated insects such as hyperpotassemia (3.53-8.18 meq/ml) in the P. solenopsis and hypopotassemia (7.52-0.47 meq/ml) in A. craccivora. The transformed fungus BbLqqIT1-3 strain exhibited promising results in invitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Rajput
- Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- Zoology Department, DAV College (CCS University, Meerut), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Sachin S. Suroshe
- Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Purnmasi Ram Yadav
- Zoology Department, DAV College (CCS University, Meerut), Muzaffarnagar, India
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Rice SJ, Furlong MJ. Synergistic interactions between three insecticides and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107974. [PMID: 37479056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Topical applications of insecticides β-cyfluthrin, imidacloprid, and spinosad in combination with Beauveria bassiana (topical and contact filter paper application) induced synergistic interactions in lesser mealworm larvae, increasing mortality and in some cases numbers of larval cadavers exhibiting conidiogenesis. Reduced concentrations (LC10, LC20, LC30) of the insecticides induced sublethal effects in lesser mealworm larvae, inhibiting development (mass, head-capsule width, moulting) after eight days' exposure and movement behaviour (area explored and distance travelled) after 3 h' exposure. The most potent synergist was ß-cyfluthrin, it strongly inhibited larval development and movement while significantly increasing mortality and conidiogenesis in B. bassiana-infected larvae. Imidacloprid also strongly inhibited larval development and movement, but only produced weak short-lived synergistic increases in mortality, with no increase in conidiogenesis. Spinosad induced no effect on development and limited effect on movement, but still induced moderate short-lived synergistic increases in mortality and conidiogenesis. Intoxicated larvae exposed to B. bassiana on filter paper for 3 h showed no synergistic interactions, except when intoxicated by spinosad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Rice
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
| | - Michael J Furlong
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
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Peng J, Chen Z, Chen X, Zheng R, Lu S, Seyab M, Yang F, Li Q, Tang Q. Insecticidal potential of a Consolida ajacis extract and its major compound (ethyl linoleate) against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105557. [PMID: 37666618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetables. However, DBM has developed resistance to current chemical and biological insecticides used for its control, indicating the necessity for finding new insecticides against it. Bio-insecticides derived from plant extracts are eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The aims of this study were to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Consolida ajacis seed extracts against DBM, the underlying mechanism of the control effect of promising extracts, and the identification of the main insecticidal compounds of these extracts. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract of C. ajacis seed exhibited strong contact toxicity (LC50: 5.05 mg/mL), ingestion toxicity, antifeedant, and oviposition deterrent activities against DBM, among the extracts evaluated. At 72 h, glutathiase, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were inhibited, but catalase activity was activated. The main compound identified from the extract was ethyl linoleate, which had the most significant insecticidal activity on the diamondback moths. This study's findings provide a better understanding of the insecticidal activity of ethyl acetate extract obtained from C. ajacis and its main component (ethyl linoleate). This will help in the development of new insecticides to control DBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xueqian Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Renwen Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sihan Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Seyab
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qingfeng Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Abd El Azeem EM, Ghareeb EM, Hussien RHM. Effectiveness of ethyl acetate extract from Aspergillus flavipes AUMC 11390 culture filtrate on biological and physiological performance of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana, (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae). BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 12:67. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana is a serious cotton pest in Egypt. Besides the economic losses it caused, treatment with chemical insecticides has negative effects on human health and the environment, thus the development of a powerful safe control strategy rather than chemical pesticides is an international goal.
Results
Ethyl acetate extract from Aspergillus flavipes AUMC 11390 culture filtrate has an insecticidal activity against E. insulana causing larval and pupal mortality of 58.33, and 15.59%, respectively, compared with controls, in addition, reduction in adult's emergency and deformation of emerged adults. The impact of fungal extract treatment extended to adult stages by diminishing the male and the female longevity, the number of produced eggs and the hatchability percent. Furthermore, A. flavipes AUMC 11390 ethyl acetate extract caused a strong disturbance on some insect enzymes including amylase, invertase, trehalase, GOT, GPT and acetylcholinesterase, alongside total lipid and total protein. Analysis of ethyl acetate fungal extract revealed the presence of one hydrocarbon 3-Eicosene and four long-chain alcohols namely hexadecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, and 1-pentadecanol which are known for their insecticidal activity.
Conclusion
A. flavipes AUMC 11390 culture filtrate might represent a promising source for different important bioactive compounds that could be used as a potential biocontrol agent involved in E. insulana management strategies.
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Riasat T, Ghazanfar MU, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. The Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi and Enhanced Diatomaceous Earth Mixed with Abamectin: A Comprehensive Study on Mortality, Progeny Production, Application Method, and Surface Application against Tribolium castaneum. Pathogens 2023; 12:773. [PMID: 37375463 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals. -Criv.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, and diatomaceous earth mixed with abamectin (DEA) alone and in their combinations for the integrated management of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) from three field populations of Pakistan (Multan, Rawalpindi, and Rahim Yar Khan) and one laboratory population (Faisalabad). Treatments were applied on three surfaces, namely, viz. steel, concrete, and jute bags, implementing two application methods, dusting and spraying. The combined treatments were more effective in comparison with single treatments for both larvae and adults. Overall, the highest mortality rates were recorded in the Faisalabad population, followed by the Rehaim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi, and Multan populations. Progeny production was suspended 21 days after exposure to the combined treatment of DEA and both fungi in all populations except Rawalpindi. Larvae were found to be more susceptible than adults in all treatments and intervals. Dusting was more efficient than spraying for both larvae and adults and for all the populations studied. The present study provides a wholistic understanding of the impact of different factors on the success of the combined treatments using DEA and entomopathogenic fungi, supporting their use as surface treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Tahira Riasat
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sargodha University, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Khawaja G Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wang X, Chen R, Jia N, Sun J, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhuang Y, Wang J, Guo H, Chi D. The effect of spraying bacterial and fungal solutions on Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. cone development and seed quality when sprayed during the flowering phase. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:180-189. [PMID: 36258272 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532200044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Korean pine is an economically essential afforestation species limited by the unreasonable collection of cones, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and pest damage. This study aimed to determine whether spraying bacterial or fungal solutions affected insect pests, cone development, and the seed quality of Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. The experiment was conducted in a forest plantation in Linkou County (Heilongjiang, China) in 2019. Four fungal strains and one bacterial strain were applied during the flowering phase of Korean pine. The results after a year and a half of study indicated that a high concentration of Bacillus thuringiensis 223176 promoted cone development, increased seed weight, and reduced the proportion of damaged cones. Under this treatment, there were 15.873% damaged cones; the seed weight reached 0.829 g, and there were 82.738% fully developed cones. Trees treated with the second most effective strain, Beauveria bassiana 122077, had 30.556% damaged cones and an average seed weight of 0.810 g. Leucanicillium antillanum 01 performed the worst in this study. The seed weight was only 0.775 g, and the damaged and fully developed cones were 52.444 and 41.773%, respectively. In summary, spraying bacterial or fungal solutions during the flowering stage of Korean pine positively impacted seed quality and effectively decreased damage by the lepidopteran species that feed on the cones and seeds in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Niya Jia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve Management Center, Tianjin 300270, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongru Guo
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Defu Chi
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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El-Sayed MH, Ibrahim MMA, Elsobki AEA, Aioub AAA. Enhancing the Toxicity of Cypermethrin and Spinosad against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Inhibition of Detoxification Enzymes. TOXICS 2023; 11:215. [PMID: 36976980 PMCID: PMC10058348 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of wide-ranging insecticides in agricultural activities may develop resistance in insects. The dipping technique was utilized for examining changes in detoxifying enzyme levels in Spodoptera littoralis L. induced by cypermethrin (CYP) and spinosad (SPD) with and without a combination of three enzyme inhibitors: triphenyl phosphate (TPP), diethyl maleate (DEM), and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), at 70 μg/mL. PBO, DEM, and TPP showed 50% mortality against larvae at 236.2, 324.5, and 245.8 μg/mL, respectively. The LC50 value of CYP on S. littoralis larvae reduced from 2.86 μg/mL to 1.58, 2.26, and 1.96 μg/mL, while the LC50 value of SPD declined from 3.27 μg/mL to 2.34, 2.56, and 2.53, with the addition of PBO, DEM, and TPP, respectively, 24 h after treatment. Moreover, the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (Cyp 450) was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) by TPP, DEM, PBO plus CYP, and SPD in S. littoralis larvae in comparison with tested insecticides alone. These findings suggested that three enzyme inhibitors play a major role in increasing the toxicity of CYP and SPD in S. littoralis and will provide insight into how to overcome insecticide resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H. El-Sayed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed E. A. Elsobki
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. A. Aioub
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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11
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Jaffar S, Ahmad S, Lu Y. Contribution of insect gut microbiota and their associated enzymes in insect physiology and biodegradation of pesticides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979383. [PMID: 36187965 PMCID: PMC9516005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are extensively and injudiciously applied to control agriculture and household pests worldwide. Due to their high use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the agroecosystem in the past several years. They have caused many severe threats to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, the complete removal of toxic compounds is gaining wide attention to protect the ecosystem and the diversity of living organisms. Several methods, such as physical, chemical and biological, are applied to degrade compounds, but as compared to other methods, biological methods are considered more efficient, fast, eco-friendly and less expensive. In particular, employing microbial species and their purified enzymes makes the degradation of toxic pollutants more accessible and converts them into non-toxic products by several metabolic pathways. The digestive tract of insects is usually known as a superior organ that provides a nutrient-rich environment to hundreds of microbial species that perform a pivotal role in various physiological and ecological functions. There is a direct relationship between pesticides and insect pests: pesticides reduce the growth of insect species and alter the phyla located in the gut microbiome. In comparison, the insect gut microbiota tries to degrade toxic compounds by changing their toxicity, increasing the production and regulation of a diverse range of enzymes. These enzymes breakdown into their derivatives, and microbial species utilize them as a sole source of carbon, sulfur and energy. The resistance of pesticides (carbamates, pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorines, and neonicotinoids) in insect species is developed by metabolic mechanisms, regulation of enzymes and the expression of various microbial detoxifying genes in insect guts. This review summarizes the toxic effects of agrochemicals on humans, animals, birds and beneficial arthropods. It explores the preferential role of insect gut microbial species in the degradation process and the resistance mechanism of several pesticides in insect species. Additionally, various metabolic pathways have been systematically discussed to better understand the degradation of xenobiotics by insect gut microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Jaffar
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Venthur H, Lizana P, Manosalva L, Rojas V, Godoy R, Rocha A, Aguilera I, Palma-Millanao R, Fajardo V, Quiroz A, Mutis A. Analysis of glutathione-S-transferases from larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) with potential alkaloid detoxification function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:989006. [PMID: 36148307 PMCID: PMC9486002 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.989006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a global pest for beehives, doing damage in the larval stage. Although a significant number of studies have reported on larvae and adults, to date no effective pest control has been implemented. In this study, we tested larval resistance to alkaloids from Berberis microphylla, and the objective was to identify enzymes that participate in alkaloid detoxification through enzymatic assays, bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR. Findings suggest glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), from an increased metabolic mechanism, are responsible for alkaloid detoxification rather than cytochrome P450 (CYP), carboxylesterases (CarE). A bioinformatics analysis from transcriptome data revealed 22 GSTs present in both G. mellonella larvae and adults. The qRT-PCR experiments corroborated the presence of the 22 GSTs in larvae, where GST8 and GST20 stood out with the highest expression after berberine treatment. Structural information around GST8 and GST20 suggests that GST8 could bind berberine stronger than GST20. These findings represent an important advance in the study of detoxification enzymes in G. mellonella, expanding the role of delta-class GSTs towards alkaloids. Likewise, GST inhibition by alkaloid analogs is proposed in the framework of integrated pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Venthur
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paula Lizana
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Loreto Manosalva
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Valentina Rojas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ricardo Godoy
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adonis Rocha
- Carrera de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Iván Aguilera
- Carrera de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rubén Palma-Millanao
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Vilcún, Chile
| | - Victor Fajardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Mutis
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Ana Mutis,
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Ebadollahi A, Naseri B, Abedi Z, Setzer WN. Chemical Profiles and Insecticidal Potential of Essential Oils Isolated from Four Thymus Species against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1567. [PMID: 35736718 PMCID: PMC9227810 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical pesticides have been efficiently used to manage insect pest, their overuse has led to environmental contamination and threats to human health, enticing researchers to introduce eco-friendly and effective agents. In this study, the insecticidal effectiveness of essential oils isolated from Thymus species, including T. eriocalyx, T. kotschyanus, T. fallax, and T. vulgaris, was evaluated against the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica. The terpenes p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol, and carvacrol were the prominent compounds in the hydrodistilled essential oils. All essential oils produced significant fumigant at 24, 48, and 72-exposure times. The energy reserves protein by all essential oils, glycogen by T. kotschyanus and T. vulgaris, and lipid by T. fallax and T. vulgaris were significantly decreased compared to control. All essential oils except T. vulgaris affected the amylolytic and proteolytic activity of the pest. The pest increased the α- and β-esterase enzyme activity in response to the essential oils. Nutritional indices of adults were also affected by essential oils, in which feeding deterrence index was calculated from 20.41% to 61.11%. Accordingly, based on lethal and extensive sub-lethal insecticidal activities, T. eriocalyx, T. kotschyanus, T. fallax, and T. vulgaris essential oils can be considered as efficient agents for R. dominica management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ebadollahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran
| | - Bahram Naseri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran; (B.N.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zahra Abedi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran; (B.N.); (Z.A.)
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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Soth S, Glare TR, Hampton JG, Card SD, Brookes JJ. Biological Control of Diamondback Moth—Increased Efficacy with Mixtures of Beauveria Fungi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030646. [PMID: 35336221 PMCID: PMC8955574 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamondback moth (DBM) is an important horticultural pest worldwide as the larvae of these moths feed on the leaves of cruciferous vegetables. As DBM has developed resistance to more than 100 classes of synthetic insecticides, new biological control options are urgently required. Beauveria species are entomopathogenic fungi recognized as the most important fungal genus for controlling a wide range of agricultural, forestry, and veterinary arthropod pests. Previous research, aimed at developing new Beauveria-based biopesticides for DBM, has focused on screening single isolates of Beauveria bassiana. However, these fungal isolates have individual requirements, which may limit their effectiveness in some environments. This current study separately assessed 14 Beauveria isolates, from a range of habitats and aligned to four different species (Beauveria bassiana, B. caledonica, B. malawiensis, and B. pseudobassiana), to determine the most effective isolate for the control of DBM. Further assays then assessed whether selected combinations of these fungal isolates could increase the overall efficacy against DBM. Six Beauveria isolates (three B. bassiana and three B. pseudobassiana) achieved high DBM mortality at a low application rate with the first documented report of B. pseudobassiana able to kill 100% of DBM larvae. Further research determined that applications of low-virulent Beauveria isolates improved the control of DBM compared to mixtures containing high-virulent isolates. This novel approach increased the DBM pest mortality and shortened the time to kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereyboth Soth
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
| | - John G. Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jenny J. Brookes
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (T.R.G.); (J.G.H.); (J.J.B.)
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15
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Comprehensive Detoxification Mechanism Assessment of Red Imported Fire Ant ( Solenopsis invicta) against Indoxacarb. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030870. [PMID: 35164134 PMCID: PMC8839056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is one of the deadliest invasive ant species that threatens the world by disrupting biodiversity, important functions within a natural ecosystem, and community structure. They are responsible for huge economic losses in the infested countries every year. Synthetic insecticides, especially indoxacarb, have been broadly used to control S. invicta for many years. However, the biochemical response of S. invicta to indoxacarb remains largely undiscovered. Here, we used the sublethal doses of indoxacarb on the S. invicta collected from the eight different cities of Southern China. The alteration in the transcriptome profile of S. invicta following sublethal dosages of indoxacarb was characterized using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. We created 2 libraries, with 50.93 million and 47.44 million clean reads for indoxacarb treatment and control, respectively. A total of 2018 unigenes were regulated after insecticide treatment. Results indicated that a total of 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the indoxacarb-treated group, of which 100 were significantly upregulated and 58 were downregulated, mostly belonging to the detoxification enzymes, such as AChE, CarE, and GSTs. Furthermore, results showed that most of these DEGs were found in several KEGG pathways, including steroid biosynthesis, other drug metabolizing enzymes, glycerolipid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Together, these findings indicated that indoxacarb causes significant alteration in the transcriptome profile and signaling pathways of S. invicta, providing a foundation for further molecular inquiry.
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Erdos Z, Chandler D, Bass C, Raymond B. Controlling insecticide resistant clones of the aphid, Myzus persicae, using the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius: fitness cost of resistance under pathogen challenge. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5286-5293. [PMID: 34310830 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological control is a cornerstone of integrated pest management and could also play a key role in managing the evolution of insecticide resistance. Ecological theory predicts that the fitness cost of insecticide resistance can be increased under exposure to invertebrate natural enemies or pathogens, and can therefore increase the value of integrating biological control into pest management. In this study of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, we aimed to identify whether insecticide resistance affected fitness and vulnerability of different aphid clones to the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius. RESULTS Insecticide resistant clones were found to be slightly less susceptible to the pathogen than susceptible clones. However, this pattern could also be explained by the influence of length of laboratory culture, which was longer in susceptible clones and was positively correlated with susceptibility to fungi. Furthermore, resistance status did not affect aphid development time or intrinsic rate of increase of aphids. Finally, in a cage trial the application of fungus did not increase the competitive fitness of insecticide resistant clone 'O'. CONCLUSION We found no fitness cost in reproductive rate or pathogen susceptibility associated with chemical resistance in M. persicae. In contrast, some susceptible clones, particularly those subject to decades of laboratory rearing, showed enhanced susceptibility to a fungal pathogen, but not reduced reproductive fitness, an observation consistent with down-regulation of costly immune functions in culture. Overall, fungal pathogen control is compatible with insecticides and should not increase the selection pressure for resistance of M. persicae to chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Erdos
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
| | - David Chandler
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
| | - Ben Raymond
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
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Qu J, Zou X, Cao W, Xu Z, Liang Z. Two new species of Hirsutella (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Sordariomycetes) that are parasitic on lepidopteran insects from China. MycoKeys 2021; 82:81-96. [PMID: 34408539 PMCID: PMC8367965 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.82.66927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutella are globally distributed entomopathogenic fungi that offer important economic applications in biological control and biomedicine. Hirsutella was suppressed in favour of Ophiocordyceps affected by the ending of dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi in 2011. Currently, Hirsutella has been resurrected as a genus under Ophiocordycipitaceae. In this study, we introduce two new species of Hirsutella, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Hirsutellaflava and H.kuankuoshuiensis are pathogenic on different species of larval Lepidoptera in China. Hirsutellaflava primarily differs from related species by its awl-shaped base; long and narrow neck, 24–40.8 × 2.2–2.5 μm; long and narrow cymbiform or fusoid conidia, 6.5–10 × 2.1–4.3 μm. Hirsutellakuankuoshuiensis has two types of phialides and distinctive 9.9–12.6 × 2.7–4.5 μm, clavate or botuliform conidia. The distinctions amongst the new species and phylogenetic relationships with other Hirsutella species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Qu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Zhongshun Xu
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Zongqi Liang
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
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18
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Li S, Xu C, Du G, Wang G, Tu X, Zhang Z. Synergy in Efficacy of Artemisia sieversiana Crude Extract and Metarhizium anisopliae on Resistant Oedaleus asiaticus. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642893. [PMID: 33828488 PMCID: PMC8019718 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the synergistic control effect of crude extracts of Artemisia sieversiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on Oedaleus asiaticus, we used different doses of M. anisopliae and crude extracts of A. sieversiana singly and in combination, to determine their toxicities to fourth instar O. asiaticus. The results showed that the combination of 10% crude extract of A. sieversiana with 107 and 108 spores/g M. anisopliae concentrations and the combination of 20% crude extract of A. sieversiana with 107 and 108 spores/g M. anisopliae concentrations had significant effects on the mortality, body weight gain, body length gain, growth rate, and overall performance of O. asiaticus than those of the crude extract of A. sieversiana and M. anisopliae alone. Among them, the 20% A. sieversiana crude extract mixed with 108 spores/g M. anisopliae and 10% A. sieversiana crude extract combined with 107 spores/g M. anisopliae, had the best control efficacy. In order to clarify the biochemical mechanism underlying the immune responses of O. asiaticus to the pesticide treatments, we monitored the activities of four enzymes: superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The results showed that the activities of three enzymes (SOD, CAT, and PPO) were significantly increased from the treatment with the combination of M. anisopliae mixed with crude extract of A. sieversiana. Interestingly, compared to the crude extract, the combination treatment did not significantly induce the expression of POD enzyme activity, which may be a biochemical factor for increasing the control effect of the combination treatment. Our results showed that the combination treatment had synergistic and antagonistic effects on host mortality, growth, development, and enzyme activities in O. asiaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Chaomin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Guilin Du
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
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Jin JX, Ye ZC, Jin DC, Li FL, Li WH, Cheng Y, Zhou YH. Changes in Transcriptome and Gene Expression in Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Response to Cycloxaprid. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:284-297. [PMID: 33151323 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), causes substantial damage to crops by direct feeding or virus transmission, especially southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, which poses a serious threat to rice production. Cycloxaprid, a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, has high efficacy against rice planthoppers, including imidacloprid-resistant populations. However, information about the influence of cycloxaprid on S. furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) at the molecular level is limited. Here, by de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly, we constructed two transcriptomes of S. furcifera and profiled the changes in gene expression in response to cycloxaprid at the transcription level. We identified 157,906,456 nucleotides and 131,601 unigenes using the Illumina technology from cycloxaprid-treated and untreated S. furcifera. In total, 38,534 unigenes matched known proteins in at least one database, accounting for 29.28% of the total unigenes. The number of coding DNA sequences was 28,546 and that of amino acid sequences in the coding region was 22,299. In total, 15,868 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. The trinucleotide repeats accounted for 45.1% (7,157) of the total SSRs and (AAG/CTT)n were the most frequent motif. There were 359 differentially expressed genes that might have been induced by cycloxaprid. There were 131 upregulated and 228 downregulated genes. Twenty-two unigenes might be involved in resistance against cycloxaprid, such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase (GST), acid phosphatase (ACP), and cadherin. Our study provides vital information on cycloxaprid-induced resistance mechanisms, which will be useful to analyze the molecular mechanisms of cycloxaprid resistance and may lead to the development of novel strategies to manage S. furcifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xue Jin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Chun Ye
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Liang Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
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Wu J, Li J, Zhang C, Yu X, Cuthbertson AGS, Ali S. Biological Impact and Enzyme Activities of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Response to Synergistic Action of Matrine and Beauveria brongniartii. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584405. [PMID: 33224038 PMCID: PMC7667252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine, a naturally occurring heterocyclic compound, has been shown to enhance the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii against Spodoptera litura. In the current study, the biological impacts and synergism activities of these two agents on nutritional efficiency and antioxidant enzymes in S. litura were explored. Our results showed a high antifeedant activity of B. brongniartii and matrine on S. litura. The S. litura larvae were unable to pupate and emerge when treated with combinations of matrine and B. brongniartii. Following on, we measured the activities of five important antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] when treated with B. brongniartii SB010 (1 × 109 spores/ml), matrine (0.5 mg/ml), and B. brongniartii SB010 (1 × 109 spores/ml) + matrine (0.5 mg/ml). The results indicated the detoxification activity of the five enzymes in the fat body and hemolymph of S. litura when facing a combined B. brongniartii and matrine challenge. The activities of the enzymes were significantly lower than that of the control group 7 days post-treatment, indicating the inhibitory effect of the two xenobiotics. Matrine had better inhibition effects than B. brongniartii in a majority of the trials. The improved detoxification activity of the five enzymes may be the internal mechanism of synergism of matrine on B. brongniartii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Yongzhou Tobacco Company, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Eco-Engineering, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xintong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ismail HM, Freed S, Naeem A, Malik S, Ali N. The Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Enzymatic Activity in Chlorpyrifos-Resistant Mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:204-213. [PMID: 31586214 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say is an important pest species and a vector of multiple pathogens. Insecticide applications are necessary for the effective control of mosquitoes. In the current study, a laboratory population of Cx. quinquefasciatus was exposed to chlorpyrifos for 15 consecutive generations and then assessed for the changes in detoxification enzyme activities before and after exposure to Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. during 14th-15th generations. Activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterase (EST), acid phosphatases (ACP), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) were increased in the chlorpyrifos-selected (Chlor-SEL) population in relation to an unselected (Un-SEL) population. The resistance ratio of Chlor-SEL 15th generation (G15) was increased 3,583-fold against first generation (G1) and 6,026-fold against the Un-SEL population. The results depicted maximum activities of ACP (83.48), ALP (65.54), GST (13.047), EST (10.42), and AChE (4.86) μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 after consecutive chlorpyrifos applications. The Chlor-SEL populations at G14-G15 were treated with different concentrations of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana for possible suppression of enzymatic activities. Activities of ACP were suppressed to 24.22 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 when exposed to B. bassiana and 22.40 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G14 after exposure to M. anisopliae. The suppression of detoxification enzymes by application of fungi in resistant population of Cx. quinquefasciatus will aid in the mosquito's management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Muhammad Ismail
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Freed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Naeem
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahjahan Malik
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Najaf Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Bordalo MD, Gravato C, Beleza S, Campos D, Lopes I, Pestana JLT. Lethal and sublethal toxicity assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Beauveria bassiana based bioinsecticides to the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134155. [PMID: 31505347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered environmentally safe, a deeper environmental risk assessment is needed for microbial insecticides; special attention should be devoted to their sublethal toxicity to non-target species. This study evaluated effects of VectoBac® 12AS - VB (based on the bacterium Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis) and Naturalis®-L - NL (based on the fungus Beauveria bassiana) on the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius life-history and biochemical responses. Acute tests estimated a 48 h-LC50 (median lethal concentration) of 1.85 μg/L (VB) and 34.7 mg/L (NL). Under sublethal exposure, VB decreased adults' emergence (LOEC - lowest observed effect concentration of 80 ng/L) while NL impaired larval growth (LOEC of 0.32 mg/L) and delayed emergence (LOEC of 2 mg/L for males and 0.8 mg/L for females). Despite not being monotonic, phenoloxidase activity increased (LOEC of 20 ng/L (VB) and 2 mg/L (NL)), suggesting activation of the immune system. There were no indications of oxidative damage nor neurotoxicity. Catalase activity was stimulated with all VB treatments, possibly associated with detoxification of immune response products. Under NL exposure, glutathione-S-transferase activity increased but did not show a dose-dependent response and, total glutathione decreased in the highest concentration. Exposure to both formulations caused the increase in protein content, while carbohydrate and lipids were not altered. This study revealed the susceptibility of C. riparius to VB and NL at concentrations below the ones recommended for field application, with potential population-level effects. These results add important information for the risk assessment of these microbial insecticides in aquatic ecosystems, considering relevant sublethal endpoints and raising concern about the adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bordalo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - C Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Beleza
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Campos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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The role of midgut nonspecific esterase in the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Tomilova OG, Yaroslavtseva ON, Ganina MD, Tyurin MV, Chernyak EI, Senderskiy IV, Noskov YA, Polenogova OV, Akhanaev YB, Kryukov VY, Glupov VV, Morozov SV. Changes in antifungal defence systems during the intermoult period in the Colorado potato beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:106-117. [PMID: 31077710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the fungus Metarhizium robertsii and changes in host defences were evaluated in different stages of the intermoult period (4-6 h, 34-36 h and 84-86 h post moult in IV larval instars) of the Colorado potato beetle. A significant thickening of the cuticle during larval growth was accompanied by decreases in cuticle melanization, phenoloxidase activity and epicuticular hydrocarbon contents (C28-C32). At the same time, a decrease in the conidial adhesion rate and an increase in resistance to the fungus were observed. In addition, we recorded significant elevation of the encapsulation rate and total haemocyte counts in the haemolymph during the specified period. The activity of detoxification enzymes decreased in the haemolymph but increased in the fat body during larval growth. No significant differences in the fatty acid content in the epicuticle were observed. The role of developmental disorders in susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana G Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Mariya D Ganina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Senderskiy
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbel'skogo, 3, St. Petersburg - Pushkin, 196608, Russia
| | - Yury A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; Tomsk State University, st. Lenin, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Yuriy B Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
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25
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Liu L, Zhao XY, Tang QB, Lei CL, Huang QY. The Mechanisms of Social Immunity Against Fungal Infections in Eusocial Insects. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E244. [PMID: 31035652 PMCID: PMC6563085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungus as well as their toxins is a natural threat surrounding social insect colonies. To defend against them, social insects have evolved a series of unique disease defenses at the colony level, which consists of behavioral and physiological adaptations. These colony-level defenses can reduce the infection and poisoning risk and improve the survival of societal members, and is known as social immunity. In this review, we discuss how social immunity enables the insect colony to avoid, resist and tolerate fungal pathogens. To understand the molecular basis of social immunity, we highlight several genetic elements and biochemical factors that drive the colony-level defense, which needs further verification. We discuss the chemosensory genes in regulating social behaviors, the antifungal secretions such as some insect venoms in external defense and the immune priming in internal defense. To conclude, we show the possible driving force of the fungal toxins for the evolution of social immunity. Throughout the review, we propose several questions involved in social immunity extended from some phenomena that have been reported. We hope our review about social 'host-fungal pathogen' interactions will help us further understand the mechanism of social immunity in eusocial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xing-Ying Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qing-Bo Tang
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiu-Ying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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26
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Alkhaibari AM, Lord AM, Maffeis T, Bull JC, Olivares FL, Samuels RI, Butt TM. Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Virulence 2019; 9:1449-1467. [PMID: 30112970 PMCID: PMC6141145 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1509665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Alkhaibari
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom.,b Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Tabuk University , Tabuk , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex M Lord
- c Centre for Nanohealth , College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Maffeis
- c Centre for Nanohealth , College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - James C Bull
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Fabio L Olivares
- d Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro , Campos dos Goytacazes , Brazil
| | - Richard I Samuels
- e Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro , Campos dos Goytacazes , Brazil
| | - Tariq M Butt
- a Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
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27
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Shamakhi L, Zibaee A, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H. Simultaneous effects of thermal stress and fungal infection on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system of rice-striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1526500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Shamakhi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Azadeh Karimi-Malati
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hassan Hoda
- Iranian Research Institute of plant protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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28
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Kalvnadi E, Mirmoayedi A, Alizadeh M, Pourian HR. Sub-lethal concentrations of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana increase fitness costs of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) offspring. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 158:32-42. [PMID: 30145233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of exposure of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (isolate DC2) on life history parameters of the subsequent generation. Mortality assays against second instar larvae showed B. bassiana isolates to be significantly virulent, causing high mortality. Life history parameters such as developmental time, fecundity and survivorship were affected in the offspring of survivors of exposure to LC25 and LC50 concentrations of B. bassiana DC2. Pre-adult duration of H. armigera was significantly extended and total longevity and female progeny fecundity were decreased. Oviposition duration was shortened compared to offspring of untreated controls. All population parameters including intrinsic (r) and finite (λ) rates of increase and net (R0) and gross (GRR) reproductive rates were significantly decreased in offspring derived from H. armigera larvae treated with B. bassiana DC2. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.198 d-1, 0.120 d-1 and 0.111 d-1, respectively, for the F1 generation of controls (untreated), LC25- and LC50-treated cotton bollworm. The morphogenetic effects of B. bassiana observed due to the indirect effect of sub-lethal concentrations included abnormal pupae and adults and mortality resulted from the malformations. Pupal weight was reduced in offspring of treated individuals but sex ratios did not differ. Our results revealed that B. bassiana increased fitness costs of H. armigera in both direct (mortality) and indirect (disruption of normal development) ways. Adverse effects of sub-lethal fungal treatments on the parent generation carried over to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kalvnadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alinaghi Mirmoayedi
- Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hamid-Reza Pourian
- Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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29
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Kryukov VY, Kryukova NA, Tyurin MV, Yaroslavtseva ON, Glupov VV. Passive vectoring of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana among the wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor females. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:643-654. [PMID: 28296161 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Females of the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor attack and envenomate numerous host individuals during oviposition. The vectoring of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana during the adhesion stage by ectoparasitoid females among the wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella was explored under laboratory conditions. Vectoring occurred both from infected parasitoids to wax moth larvae and from infected to healthy wax moth larvae by parasitoids. The efficacy of vectoring in both cases was dose dependent. Parasitoid females were unable to recognize infected larvae in a labyrinth test. In addition, the presence of H. hebetor females significantly (1.5-13 fold) increased the mycoses level in clusters of G. mellonella, with 40% of the larvae infected with fungal conidia. Envenomation by H. hebetor increased conidia germination on the cuticles of the wax moth larvae by 4.4 fold. An enhanced germination rate (2 fold) was registered in the n-hexane epicuticular extract of envenomated larvae compared to that of healthy larvae. Both envenomation and mycoses enhanced the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the integument of G. mellonella and, in contrast, decreased the encapsulation rate in hemolymphs. We hypothesize that changes in the integument property and inhibition of cellular immunity provide the highest infection efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi with H. hebetor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
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30
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Bilal M, Freed S, Ashraf MZ, Zaka SM, Khan MB. Activity of acetylcholinesterase and acid and alkaline phosphatases in different insecticide-treated Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22903-22910. [PMID: 29858991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a major devastating insect pest on a wide range of vegetables and cash crops. Insecticides are presently indispensable for its control in nearly all crops. H. armigera has acquired resistance against almost all insecticides because of the activity of detoxification enzymes used for the defensive mechanism. The current research was carried out to evaluate the activity of detoxification enzymes, i.e., acetylcholinesterase and alkaline and acid phosphatases in chlorpyrifos-, bifenthrin-, lufenuron-, lambda cyhalothrin-, and emamectin benzoate-treated larvae of H. armigera. The maximum AChE activity was recorded in emamectin benzoate-treated larval samples followed by chlorpyrifos, lufenuron, lambda cyhalothrin and bifenthrin, respectively, while the highest alkaline phosphatases' activity was recorded in emamectin and the lowest in bifenthrin-treated H. armigera. As far as acid phosphatases' activity is concerned, the highest activity was noted in lufenuron samples while the lowest in lambda cyhalothrin samples, respectively. Comparatively, activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases were higher than AChE. The elevated activities of detoxification enzymes can possibly lead to increase in resistance development against synthetic chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Freed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ashraf
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Zaka
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bismillah Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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31
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Zeng C, Wu L, Zhao Y, Yun Y, Peng Y. Tea saponin reduces the damage of Ectropis obliqua to tea crops, and exerts reduced effects on the spiders Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria compared to chemical insecticides. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4534. [PMID: 29576988 PMCID: PMC5863709 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. However, the tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua), a serious leaf-feeding pest, causes significant damage to tea crops and reduces tea yield and quality. Spiders are the most dominant predatory enemies in the tea plantation ecosystem, which makes them potentially useful biological control agents of E. obliqua. These highlight the need for alternative pest control measures. Our previous studies have shown that tea saponin (TS) exerts insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests. Here, we investigate whether TS represents a potentially new alternative insecticide with no harm to spiders. METHODS We investigated laboratory bioactivities and the field control properties of TS solution against E. obliqua. (i) A leaf-dip bioassay was used to evaluate the toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae and effects of TS on the activities of enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and peroxidase (POD) of 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae in the laboratory. (ii) Topical application was used to measure the toxicity of 30% TS (w/v) and two chemical insecticides (10% bifenthrin EC and 50% diafenthiuron SC) to two species of spider, Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria. (iii) Field trials were used to investigate the controlling efficacy of 30% TS against E. obliqua larvae and to classify the effect of TS to spiders in the tea plantation. RESULTS The toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae occurred in a dose-dependent manner and the LC50 was 164.32 mg/mL. Activities of the detoxifying-related enzymes, GST and POD, increased in 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae, whereas AChE and CES were inhibited with time by treatment with TS. Mortalities of E. tricuspidata and E. albaria after 48 h with 30% TS treatment (16.67% and 20%, respectively) were significantly lower than those with 10% bifenthrin EC (80% and 73.33%, respectively) and 50% diafenthiuron EC (43.33% and 36.67%, respectively). The highest controlling efficacy of 30% TS was 77.02% at 5 d after treatment, which showed no difference to 10% bifenthrin EC or 50% diafenthiuron SC. 30% TS was placed in the class N (harmless or slightly harmful) of IOBC (International Organization of Biological Control) categories for natural enemies, namely spiders. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that TS is a botanical insecticide that has a good controlling efficacy in E. obliqua larvae, which suggests it has promise as application in the integrated pest management (IPM) envisaged for tea crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingbing Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueli Yun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Kryukov VY, Tomilova OG, Luzina OA, Yaroslavtseva ON, Akhanaev YB, Tyurin MV, Duisembekov BA, Salakhutdinov NF, Glupov VV. Effects of fluorine-containing usnic acid and fungus Beauveria bassiana on the survival and immune-physiological reactions of Colorado potato beetle larvae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:598-606. [PMID: 28945317 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for compounds that interact synergistically with entomopathogenic fungi is aimed at enhancing the efficacy and stability of biological products against pest insects, for example, against the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). We hypothesized that fluorine-containing derivatives of usnic acid (FUA) might be candidates for the development of multicomponent bio-insecticides. The aim of this study was to analyze the co-influence of FUA and Beauveria bassiana on the survival and immune-physiological reactions of CPB larvae. RESULTS Synergy between FUA and B. bassiana was observed after treatment of second, third and fourth larvae instars under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, synergy was observed in field trials in continental climate conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan. In a field experiment, the median lethal time was shortened three-fold, and cumulative mortality for 15 days increased by 36% in the combined treatment compared with a fungal infection alone. FUA treatment delayed larval development, decreased the total hemocyte count, and increased both the phenoloxidase activity in integuments and the detoxification enzyme rate in hemolymph. A combined treatment with fungus and FUA led to increases in the aforementioned changes. CONCLUSION Toxicosis caused by FUA provides a stable synergistic effect between FUA and B. bassiana. The combination can be promising for the development of highly efficient products against CPB. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana G Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy B Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Zhang SZ, Yu HZ, Deng MJ, Ma Y, Fei DQ, Wang J, Li Z, Meng Y, Xu JP. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant metabolic alterations in eri-silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini) haemolymph in response to 1-deoxynojirimycin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191080. [PMID: 29324893 PMCID: PMC5764371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is an important commercial silk-producing insect; however, in contrast to the silkworm, mulberry leaves are toxic to this insect because the leaves contain the component 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). A transcriptomic analysis of eri-silkworm haemolymph was conducted to examine the genes related to different metabolic pathways and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying eri-silkworm haemolymph responses to DNJ. Eight hundred sixty-five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 577 DEGs were up-regulated and 288 DEGs were down-regulated in the 2% DNJ group compared to control (ddH2O) after 12h. Based on the results of the functional analysis, these DEGs were associated with ribosomes, glycolysis, N-glycan biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation. In particular, according to the KEGG analysis, 138 DEGs were involved in energy metabolism, glycometabolism and lipid metabolism, and the changes in the expression of nine DEGs were confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Thus, DNJ induced significant metabolic alterations in eri-silkworm haemolymph. These results will lay the foundation for research into the toxic effects of DNJ on eri-silkworm as a model and provide a reference for the exploitation of new drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jie Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Qiong Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Mc Namara L, Carolan JC, Griffin CT, Fitzpatrick D, Kavanagh K. The effect of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate on the immune response of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:82-92. [PMID: 28545993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Galleria mellonella is a well-established model species regularly employed in the study of the insect immune response at cellular and humoral levels to investigate fungal pathogenesis and biocontrol agents. A cellular and proteomic analysis of the effect of culture filtrate of three entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species on the immune system of G. mellonella was performed. Treatment with Beauveria caledonica and Metarhizium anisopliae 96h culture filtrate facilitated a significantly increased yeast cell density in larvae (3-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively). Larvae co-injected with either M. anisopliae or B. caledonica culture filtrate and Candida albicans showed significantly increased mortality. The same was not seen for larvae injected with Beauveria bassiana filtrate. Together these results suggest that B. caledonica and M. anisopliae filtrate are modulating the insect immune system allowing a subsequent pathogen to proliferate. B. caledonica and M. anisopliae culture filtrates impact upon the larval prophenoloxidase (ProPO) cascade (e.g. ProPO activating factor 3 and proPO activating enzyme 3 were increased in abundance relative to controls), while B. bassiana treated larvae displayed higher abundances of alpha-esterase when compared to control larvae (2.4-fold greater) and larvae treated with M. anisopliae and B. caledonica. Treatment with EPF culture filtrate had a significant effect on antimicrobial peptide abundances particularly in M. anisopliae treated larvae where cecropin-D precursor, hemolin and gloverin were differentially abundant in comparison to controls. Differences in proteomic profiles for different treatments may reflect or even partially explain the differences in their immunomodulatory potential. Screening EPF for their ability to modulate the insect immune response represents a means of assessing EPF for use as biocontrol agents, particularly if the goal is to use them in combination with other control agents. Additionally EPF represent a valuable resource pool in our search for natural products with insect immunomodulatory and biocontrol properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mc Namara
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - David Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
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Xing D, Yang Q, Jiang L, Li Q, Xiao Y, Ye M, Xia Q. RNA-Seq Analyses for Two Silkworm Strains Reveals Insight into Their Susceptibility and Resistance to Beauveria bassiana Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E234. [PMID: 28208575 PMCID: PMC5343773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori is an economically important species. White muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana is the main fungal disease in sericulture, and understanding the silkworm responses to B. bassiana infection is of particular interest. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses in two silkworm strains Haoyue (HY, sensitive to B. bassiana) and Kang 8 (K8, resistant to B. bassiana) using an RNA-seq approach. For each strain, three biological replicates for immersion treatment, two replicates for injection treatment and three untreated controls were collected to generate 16 libraries for sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treated samples and untreated controls, and between the two silkworm strains, were identified. DEGs and the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of the two strains exhibited an obvious difference. Several genes encoding cuticle proteins, serine proteinase inhibitors (SPI) and antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and the drug metabolism pathway involved in toxin detoxification were considered to be related to the resistance of K8 to B. bassiana. These results revealed insight into the resistance and susceptibility of two silkworm strains against B. bassiana infection and provided a roadmap for silkworm molecular breeding to enhance its resistance to B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qingrong Li
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Mingqiang Ye
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Yaroslavtseva ON, Dubovskiy IM, Khodyrev VP, Duisembekov BA, Kryukov VY, Glupov VV. Immunological mechanisms of synergy between fungus Metarhizium robertsii and bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni on Colorado potato beetle larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:14-20. [PMID: 27751890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect between the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii and a sublethal dose of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni var. tenebrionis was studied in terms of immune defense reactions and detoxification system activity of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, fourth instar larvae. Bacterial infection led to more rapid germination of fungal conidia on integuments. We found a significant decrease of cellular immunity parameters, including total hemocyte count and encapsulation response, under the influence of bacteria. Phenoloxidase activity in integuments was increased under bacteriosis, mycosis and combined infection compared to controls. However, phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph was enhanced under bacteriosis alone, and it was decreased under combined infection. Activation of both nonspecific esterases and glutathione-S-transferases in the hemolymph was shown at the first day of mycosis and third day of bacteriosis. However, inhibition of detoxification enzymes was detected under combined infection. The suppression of cellular immunity and detoxification reactions in Colorado potato beetle larvae with a sublethal dose of bacteria is discussed as a reason for synergy between B. thuringiensis and M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
| | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Viktor P Khodyrev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | | | - Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
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Jia M, Cao G, Li Y, Tu X, Wang G, Nong X, Whitman DW, Zhang Z. Biochemical basis of synergism between pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and insecticide chlorantraniliprole in Locusta migratoria (Meyen). Sci Rep 2016; 6:28424. [PMID: 27328936 PMCID: PMC4916465 DOI: 10.1038/srep28424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We challenged Locusta migratoria (Meyen) grasshoppers with simultaneous doses of both the insecticide chlorantraniliprole and the fungal pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. Our results showed synergistic and antagonistic effects on host mortality and enzyme activities. To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms that underlie detoxification and pathogen-immune responses in insects, we monitored the activities of 10 enzymes. After administration of insecticide and fungus, activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), general esterases (ESTs) and phenol oxidase (PO) decreased in the insect during the initial time period, whereas those of aryl acylamidase (AA) and chitinase (CHI) increased during the initial period and that of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) increased during a later time period. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) decreased at a later time period post treatment. Interestingly, treatment with chlorantraniliprole and M. anisopliae relieved the convulsions that normally accompany M. anisopliae infection. We speculate that locust mortality increased as a result of synergism via a mechanism related to Ca2+ disruption in the host. Our study illuminates the biochemical mechanisms involved in insect immunity to xenobiotics and pathogens as well as the mechanisms by which these factors disrupt host homeostasis and induce death. We expect this knowledge to lead to more effective pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Guangchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Douglas W Whitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests, in Xilingol Rangeland, Ministry of Agriculture, xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
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Pölkki M, Kangassalo K, Rantala MJ. Effects of interaction between temperature conditions and copper exposure on immune defense and other life-history traits of the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8793-8799. [PMID: 24926809 DOI: 10.1021/es501880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is considered one of the major threats to organisms. Direct effects of heavy metal pollution on various life-history traits are well recognized, while the effects of potential interactions between two distinct environmental conditions on different traits are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the effects of interactions between temperature conditions and heavy metal exposure on innate immunity and other life-history traits. Maggots of the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae were reared on either copper-contaminated or uncontaminated food, under three different temperature environments. Encapsulation response, body mass, and development time were measured for adult flies that were not directly exposed to copper. We found that the effects of copper exposure on immunity and other traits are temperature-dependent, suggesting that the ability to regulate toxic compounds in body tissues might depend on temperature conditions. Furthermore, we found that temperature has an effect on sex differences in immune defense. Males had an encapsulation response at higher temperatures stronger than that of females. Our results indicate that the effects of environmental conditions on different traits are much more intricate than what can be predicted. This is something that should be considered when conducting immunological experiments or comparing results of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku , FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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Nardini L, Blanford S, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL. Effect of Beauveria bassiana infection on detoxification enzyme transcription in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles arabiensis: a preliminary study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:221-7. [PMID: 24561325 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal biopesticides are of great interest to vector control scientists as they provide a novel and environmentally friendly alternative to insecticide use. The aim of this study was to determine whether genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Sudan and South Africa are further induced following exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA). METHODS Following B. bassiana bioassays, RNA was extracted from infected mosquitoes and the transcription of four important insecticide resistance genes, CYP9L1, CYP6M2 and CYP4G16 (cytochrome P450s) and TPX4 (thioredoxin peroxidase) was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Beauveria bassiana strain GHA was highly infective and virulent against An. arabiensis. In terms of changes in gene transcription, overall, the fold change (FC) values for each gene in the infected strains, were lower than 1.5. The FC values of CYP9L1, CYP6M2 and TPX4, were significantly lower than the FC values of the same genes in uninfected resistant An. arabiensis. CONCLUSION These data suggest that B. bassiana does not enhance the pyrethroid resistant phenotype on a molecular level as the two An. arabiensis strains used here, with different pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, revealed no increase in pre-existing metabolic transcripts. This supports the fact that fungal pathogens are suitable candidates for vector control, particularly with regard to the development of novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Nardini
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Xia J, Zhang CR, Zhang S, Li FF, Feng MG, Wang XW, Liu SS. Analysis of whitefly transcriptional responses to Beauveria bassiana infection reveals new insights into insect-fungus interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68185. [PMID: 23861870 PMCID: PMC3702578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, is an efficient biocontrol agent against a variety of agricultural pests. A thorough understanding of the basic principles of insect-fungus interactions may enable the genetic modification of Beauveria bassiana to enhance its virulence. However, the molecular mechanism of insect response to Beauveria bassiana infection is poorly understood, let alone the identification of fungal virulent factors involved in pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, next generation sequencing technology was applied to examine the expression of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) genes in response to the infection of Beauveria bassiana. Results showed that, compared to control, 654 and 1,681genes were differentially expressed at 48 hours and 72 hours post-infected whiteflies, respectively. Functional and enrichment analyses indicated that the DNA damage stimulus response and drug metabolism were important anti-fungi strategies of the whitefly. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was also likely involved in the whitefly defense responses. Furthermore, the notable suppression of general metabolism and ion transport genes observed in 72 hours post-infected B. tabaci might be manipulated by fungal secreted effectors. By mapping the sequencing tags to B. bassiana genome, we also identified a number of differentially expressed fungal genes between the early and late infection stages. These genes are generally associated with fungal cell wall synthesis and energy metabolism. The expression of fungal cell wall protein genes might play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and the dramatically up-regulated enzymes of carbon metabolism indicate the increasing usage of energy during the fungal infection. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular mechanism of fungus-whitefly interactions. Our results provide a road map for future investigations on insect-pathogen interactions and genetically modifying the fungus to enhance its efficiency in whitefly control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Rong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
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Fan J, Xie Y, Xue J, Liu R. The effect of Beauveria brongniartii and its secondary metabolites on the detoxification enzymes of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:44. [PMID: 23909949 PMCID: PMC3740923 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The mortality of pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), larvae treated with Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia and cell-free culture supernatants enriched for the secondary metabolites of the fungus was investigated. In addition, the effects of the treatments on the activities of two insect-related defense response proteins, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterase (EST), were measured over time. Bioassays were performed using a range of fungal spore (6 × 10⁵ through 6 × 10⁷ spores/mL) and supernatant extract concentrations (5.5-550 µg/mL). The results showed that the mortalities of D. tabulaeformis larvae were closely related to the concentration of the conidia and the metabolites of B. brongniartii. The differences among the treatments all reached a significant level. The activities of the two detoxifying enzymes, GST and EST, in the larvae increased simultaneously post-treatment. After infection with the conidial suspensions, the highest GST activity appeared at 3 days, and the activities of the caterpillars infected with 6 × 10⁶ spores/mL and 6 × 10⁷ spores/mL were significantly higher than in the control. Using α-naphthyl, the highest activity of EST also appeared at 3 days, and the differences for the three different concentrations were significant. A similar trend of change in the EST activity was observed using β-naphthyl. After treatment with the secondary metabolite solution, the highest GST activity appeared at 6 hr, and significant differences were found both for the different durations (2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr) and in the three concentration groups. When using α-naphthyl, the EST activity peak appeared at 24 hr, and the differences were significant among the durations of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. The effect of the concentration of the secondary metabolite solution notably induced the EST activity in the insects, and a similar result was obtained using β-naphthyl. The data suggest that B. brongniartii produces secondary metabolites that disable the immune mechanisms of D. tabulaeformis, allowing the fungus to overcome and then kill its host. It was concluded that both the conidial suspensions and the metabolites of B. brongniartii were toxic to D. tabulaeformis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Fan
- The School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yingping Xie
- The School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiaoliang Xue
- The School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Vlahović M, Mataruga VP, Ilijin L, Mrdaković M, Mirčić D, Todorović D, Lazarević J. Changes in activity of non-specific esterases in cadmium treated Lymantria dispar larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:370-378. [PMID: 21983851 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical, physiological and histological criteria have been used as indicators of exposures and effects of the contaminants. These changes can indicate the response of an organism to a specific environmental stressor. In the present paper, the effect of the acute and chronic exposure to cadmium as well as recovery from two cadmium concentrations (10 and 30 μgCd/g dry food) on gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) midgut esterases was investigated. The influence of cadmium on trait plasticity was also examined. Esterases showed great sensitivity to low metal concentrations during acute and chronic treatments. Their activities during short-term exposure and after recovery significantly depended on cadmium concentrations. The esterases had greater index of plasticity during chronic treatments with 10 and 30 μgCd/dry food. Five esterase isoforms between 64 and 250 kDa were detected. Isoforms of esterases exposed to any of the two cadmium effects differed among several egg-masses. Isozymes were distinguished in one egg-mass during different cadmium treatments. We conclude that these enzymes could be considered potential and sensitive non-selective biomarkers for the presence of cadmium in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vlahović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Dubovskiy IM, Grizanova EV, Ershova NS, Rantala MJ, Glupov VV. The effects of dietary nickel on the detoxification enzymes, innate immunity and resistance to the fungus Beauveria bassiana in the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:92-6. [PMID: 21676429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the effects of dietary nickel on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterases, phenoloxidase, and encapsulation in the haemolymph of larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We also explored the effects of dietary nickel on larval resistance to infection by the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Larvae fed a low dose of nickel (10 μg g(-1)) had significantly higher GST, phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation responses than controls fed on a nickel-free diet. We also found that larvae fed a sublethal dose of nickel (50 μg g(-1)) had increased GST, esterase activity and encapsulation rates but decreased phenoloxidase activity. Although, a sublethal dose of dietary nickel enhanced innate immunity, we found that this reduced resistance against the real pathogen. Our results suggest that enhanced immunity and detoxification enzyme activity of insects may not be beneficial to resistance to fungal infection. It appears that there is a trade off between different resistance mechanisms in insects under different metal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
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Fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in African malaria mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17443-7. [PMID: 19805146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908530106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is threatening the effectiveness and sustainability of malaria control programs in various parts of the world. Through their unique mode of action, entomopathogenic fungi provide promising alternatives to chemical control. However, potential interactions between fungal infection and insecticide resistance, such as cross-resistance, have not been investigated. We show that insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes remain susceptible to infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Four different mosquito strains with high resistance levels against pyrethroids, organochlorines, or carbamates were equally susceptible to B. bassiana infection as their baseline counterparts, showing significantly reduced mosquito survival. Moreover, fungal infection reduced the expression of resistance to the key public health insecticides permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Mosquitoes preinfected with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae showed a significant increase in mortality after insecticide exposure compared with uninfected control mosquitoes. Our results show a high potential utility of fungal biopesticides for complementing existing vector control measures and provide products for use in resistance management strategies.
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