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Bock DC, Tallman KR, Guo H, Quilty C, Yan S, Smith PF, Zhang B, Lutz DM, McCarthy AH, Huie MM, Burnett V, Bruck AM, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi ES, Liu P, Takeuchi KJ. (De)lithiation of spinel ferrites Fe 3O 4, MgFe 2O 4, and ZnFe 2O 4: a combined spectroscopic, diffraction and theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26200-26215. [PMID: 33200756 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Iron based materials hold promise as next generation battery electrode materials for Li ion batteries due to their earth abundance, low cost, and low environmental impact. The iron oxide, magnetite Fe3O4, adopts the spinel (AB2O4) structure. Other 2+ cation transition metal centers can also occupy both tetrahedral and/or octahedral sites in the spinel structure including MgFe2O4, a partially inverse spinel, and ZnFe2O4, a normal spinel. Though structurally similar to Fe3O4 in the pristine state, previous studies suggest significant differences in structural evolution depending on the 2+ cation in the structure. This investigation involves X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction affirmed by density functional theory (DFT) to elucidate the role of the 2+ cation on the structural evolution and phase transformations during (de)lithiation of the spinel ferrites Fe3O4, MgFe2O4, and ZnFe2O4. The cation in the inverse, normal and partially inverse spinel structures located in the tetrahedral (8a) site migrates to the previously unoccupied octahedral 16c site by 2 electron equivalents of lithiation, resulting in a disordered [A]16c[B2]16dO4 structure. DFT calculations support the experimental results, predicting full displacement of the 8a cation to the 16c site at 2 electron equivalents. Substitution of the 2+ cation results in segregation of oxidized phases in the charged state. This report provides significant structural insight into the (de)lithiation mechanisms for an intriguing class of iron oxide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bock
- Energy Science and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Kwon YH, Park JJ, Housel LM, Minnici K, Zhang G, Lee SR, Lee SW, Chen Z, Noda S, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Marschilok AC, Reichmanis E. Carbon Nanotube Web with Carboxylated Polythiophene "Assist" for High-Performance Battery Electrodes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3126-3139. [PMID: 29337526 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A carbon nanotube (CNT) web electrode comprising magnetite spheres and few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) linked by the carboxylated conjugated polymer, poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT), was designed to demonstrate benefits derived from the rational consideration of electron/ion transport coupled with the surface chemistry of the electrode materials components. To maximize transport properties, the approach introduces monodispersed spherical Fe3O4 (sFe3O4) for uniform Li+ diffusion and a FWNT web electrode frame that affords characteristics of long-ranged electronic pathways and porous networks. The sFe3O4 particles were used as a model high-capacity energy active material, owing to their well-defined chemistry with surface hydroxyl (-OH) functionalities that provide for facile detection of molecular interactions. PPBT, having a π-conjugated backbone and alkyl side chains substituted with carboxylate moieties, interacted with the FWNT π-electron-rich and hydroxylated sFe3O4 surfaces, which enabled the formation of effective electrical bridges between the respective components, contributing to efficient electron transport and electrode stability. To further induce interactions between PPBT and the metal hydroxide surface, polyethylene glycol was coated onto the sFe3O4 particles, allowing for facile materials dispersion and connectivity. Additionally, the introduction of carbon particles into the web electrode minimized sFe3O4 aggregation and afforded more porous FWNT networks. As a consequence, the design of composite electrodes with rigorous consideration of specific molecular interactions induced by the surface chemistries favorably influenced electrochemical kinetics and electrode resistance, which afforded high-performance electrodes for battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Jung Jin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Lisa M Housel
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Krysten Minnici
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Sujin R Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Esther S Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
- Energy Sciences Directorate , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Kenneth J Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Amy C Marschilok
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
- Energy Sciences Directorate , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Bock DC, Pelliccione CJ, Zhang W, Timoshenko J, Knehr KW, West AC, Wang F, Li Y, Frenkel AI, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Marschilok AC. Size dependent behavior of Fe 3O 4 crystals during electrochemical (de)lithiation: an in situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:20867-20880. [PMID: 28745341 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The iron oxide magnetite, Fe3O4, is a promising conversion type lithium ion battery anode material due to its high natural abundance, low cost and high theoretical capacity. While the close packing of ions in the inverse spinel structure of Fe3O4 enables high energy density, it also limits the kinetics of lithium ion diffusion in the material. Nanosizing of Fe3O4 to reduce the diffusion path length is an effective strategy for overcoming this issue and results in improved rate capability. However, the impact of nanosizing on the multiple structural transformations that occur during the electrochemical (de)lithiation reaction in Fe3O4 is poorly understood. In this study, the influence of crystallite size on the lithiation-conversion mechanisms in Fe3O4 is investigated using complementary X-ray techniques along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and continuum level simulations on electrodes of two different Fe3O4 crystallite sizes. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were utilized to track the changes to the crystalline phases during (de)lithiation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements at multiple points during the (de)lithiation processes provided local electronic and atomic structural information. Tracking the crystalline and nanocrystalline phases during the first (de)lithiation provides experimental evidence that (1) the lithiation mechanism is non-uniform and dependent on crystallite size, where increased Li+ diffusion length in larger crystals results in conversion to Fe0 metal while insertion of Li+ into spinel-Fe3O4 is still occurring, and (2) the disorder and size of the Fe metal domains formed when either material is fully lithiated impacts the homogeneity of the FeO phase formed during the subsequent delithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bock
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Bock DC, Pelliccione CJ, Zhang W, Wang J, Knehr KW, Wang J, Wang F, West AC, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi KJ, Takeuchi ES. Dispersion of Nanocrystalline Fe3O4 within Composite Electrodes: Insights on Battery-Related Electrochemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11418-11430. [PMID: 27096464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of nanosized materials in composite lithium-ion-battery electrodes can be a significant factor influencing electrochemical behavior. In this study, aggregation was controlled in magnetite, Fe3O4, composite electrodes via oleic acid capping and subsequent dispersion in a carbon black matrix. A heat treatment process was effective in the removal of the oleic acid capping agent while preserving a high degree of Fe3O4 dispersion. Electrochemical testing showed that Fe3O4 dispersion is initially beneficial in delivering a higher functional capacity, in agreement with continuum model simulations. However, increased capacity fade upon extended cycling was observed for the dispersed Fe3O4 composites relative to the aggregated Fe3O4 composites. X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of electrodes post cycling indicated that the dispersed Fe3O4 electrodes are more oxidized in the discharged state, consistent with reduced reversibility compared with the aggregated sample. Higher charge-transfer resistance for the dispersed sample after cycling suggests increased surface-film formation on the dispersed, high-surface-area nanocrystalline Fe3O4 compared to the aggregated materials. This study provides insight into the specific effects of aggregation on electrochemistry through a multiscale view of mechanisms for magnetite composite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bock
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - K W Knehr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alan C West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | - Esther S Takeuchi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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