Metal ion binding by pyridylethyl-containing polymers: experimental and theoretical study

Binding of Cu(2+), Ni(2+) and Ag(+) ions to polyallylamine (PAA), polyethylenimine (PEI), poly(N-2-(2-pyridyl)ethylallylamine) (PEPAA), poly(N-2-(2-pyridyl)ethylethylenimine) (PEPEI), and N-2-(2-pyridyl)ethylchitosan (PEC) has been investigated using batch sorption experiments, spectrophotometric titration, ESR, and XPS to elucidate how the structure of polymer precursors affects the ion binding efficiency of their pyridylethylated derivatives. It has been shown that pyridylethylation increases the sorption capacities of PAA and PEI cross-linked with epichlorohydrin toward Ag(+) and Ni(2+) ions, but does not improve or decrease that toward Cu(2+) ions. PEC was the most efficient material for Ag(+) ion sorption with the sorption capacity of 1.21 mmol g(-1). The highest sorption capacity for Ni(2+) (0.62 mmol g(-1)) was found for PEPEI. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, lower Cu(2+) binding efficiency to PEPEI results from the "looser" structure of this complex in comparison with unmodified PEI. DFT calculations have also suggested that the Cu(2+) ion is four-coordinated in the complexes with PEPAA and PAA and five-coordinated in all other complexes, which have the structures of distorted square pyramids with Cu-N bond lengths varying significantly depending on the ligand nature. The results of the theoretical investigations of the Cu(2+) complex structures were supported by the ESR data, which revealed the decrease of A‖ and the increase of g‖ values with increasing deviation from the square planar geometry of complexes in the ligands in the order PEI < PEPEI < PEPAA.