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Malakhova I, Parotkina Y, Eliseikina M, Mironenko A, Privar Y, Elovskiy E, Bratskaya S. Flow-Through Polyethylenimine/ZnS Supermacroporous Composite for Hg(II) Uptake at ppb Concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Yuliya Parotkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Mironenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Elovskiy
- Far Eastern Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Golikov A, Malakhova I, Privar Y, Parotkina Y, Bratskaya S. Extended Rate Constant Distribution Model for Sorption in Heterogeneous Systems: 3. From Batch to Fixed-Bed Application and Predictive Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golikov
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Irina Malakhova
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Yuliya Parotkina
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Malakhova I, Privar Y, Parotkina Y, Mironenko A, Eliseikina M, Balatskiy D, Golikov A, Bratskaya S. Rational Design of Polyamine-Based Cryogels for Metal Ion Sorption. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204801. [PMID: 33086660 PMCID: PMC7587524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the method of fabrication of supermacroporous monolith sorbents (cryogels) via covalent cross-linking of polyallylamine (PAA) with diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butandiol. Using comparative analysis of the permeability and sorption performance of the obtained PAA cryogels and earlier developed polyethyleneimine (PEI) cryogels, we have demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of these polymers as sorbents of heavy metal ions (Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II)) in fixed-bed applications and as supermacroporous matrices for the fabrication of composite cryogels containing copper ferrocyanide (CuFCN) for cesium ion sorption. Applying the rate constant distribution (RCD) model to the kinetic curves of Cu(II) ion sorption on PAA and PEI cryogels, we have elucidated the difference in sorption/desorption rates and affinity constants of these materials and showed that physical sorption contributed to the Cu(II) uptake by PAA, but not to that by PEI cryogels. It was shown that PAA cryogels had significantly higher selectivity for Cu(II) sorption in the presence of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions in comparison with that of PEI cryogels, while irreversible sorption of Co(II) ions by PEI can be used for the separation of Ni(II) and Co(II) ions. Using IR and Mössbauer spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that strong complexation of Cu(II) ions with PEI significantly affects the in situ formation of Cu(II) ferrocyanide nanosorbents leading to their inefficiency for Cs+ ions selective uptake, whereas PAA cryogel was applicable for the fabrication of efficient monolith composites via the in situ formation of CuFCN or loading of ex situ formed CuFCN colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuliya Parotkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Aleksandr Mironenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Denis Balatskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexey Golikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.P.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Malakhova I, Golikov A, Azarova Y, Bratskaya S. Extended Rate Constants Distribution (RCD) Model for Sorption in Heterogeneous Systems: 2. Importance of Diffusion Limitations for Sorption Kinetics on Cryogels in Batch. Gels 2020; 6:gels6020015. [PMID: 32423004 PMCID: PMC7345341 DOI: 10.3390/gels6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we address the problem of what we can expect from investigations of sorption kinetics on cryogel beads in batch. Does macroporosity of beads indeed help eliminate diffusion limitations under static sorption conditions? Are sorption rate constants calculated using phenomenological kinetic models helpful for predicting sorption properties under dynamic conditions? Applying the rate constants distribution (RCD) model to kinetic curves of Cu(II) ions sorption on polyethyleneimine (PEI) cryogel and gel beads and fines, we have shown that diffusion limitations in highly swollen beads are very important and result in at least ten-fold underestimation of the sorption rate constants. To account for intraparticle diffusion, we have developed the RCD-diffusion model, which yields "intrinsic" kinetic parameters for the sorbents, even if diffusion limitations were important in kinetic experiments. We have shown that introduction of a new variable-characteristic diffusion time-to the RCD model significantly improved the reliability of sorption kinetic parameters and allowed prediction of the minimal residence time in column required for efficient uptake of the adsorbate under dynamic conditions. The minimal residence time determined from kinetic curves simulated using the RCD-diffusion model was in good agreement with experimental data on breakthrough curves of Cu(II) ion sorption on monolith PEI cryogel at different flow rates.
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Golikov A, Malakhova I, Azarova Y, Eliseikina M, Privar Y, Bratskaya S. Extended Rate Constant Distribution Model for Sorption in Heterogeneous Systems. 1: Application to Kinetics of Metal Ion Sorption on Polyethyleneimine Cryogels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Irina Malakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Yuliya Azarova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Lonjou C, Damiola F, Moissonnier M, Durand G, Malakhova I, Masyakin V, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Cardis E, Byrnes G, Kesminiene A, Lesueur F. Investigation of DNA repair-related SNPs underlying susceptibility to papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals MGMT as a novel candidate gene in Belarusian children exposed to radiation. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:328. [PMID: 28499365 PMCID: PMC5429528 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors may influence an individual's sensitivity to ionising radiation and therefore modify his/her risk of developing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Previously, we reported that common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the DNA damage recognition gene ATM contribute to PTC risk in Belarusian children exposed to fallout from the Chernobyl power plant accident. Here we explored in the same population the contribution of a panel of DNA repair-related SNPs in genes acting downstream of ATM. METHODS The association of 141 SNPs located in 43 DNA repair genes was examined in 75 PTC cases and 254 controls from the Gomel region in Belarus. All subjects were younger than 15 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident. Conditional logistic regressions accounting for radiation dose were performed with PLINK using the additive allelic inheritance model, and a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based Bonferroni correction was used for correction for multiple testing. RESULTS The intronic SNP rs2296675 in MGMT was associated with an increased PTC risk [per minor allele odds ratio (OR) 2.54 95% CI 1.50, 4.30, P per allele = 0.0006, P corr.= 0.05], and gene-wide association testing highlighted a possible role for ERCC5 (P Gene = 0.01) and PCNA (P Gene = 0.05) in addition to MGMT (P Gene = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that several genes acting in distinct DNA repair mechanisms contribute to PTC risk. Further investigation is needed to decipher the functional properties of the methyltransferase encoded by MGMT and to understand how alteration of such functions may lead to the development of the most common type of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lonjou
- Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, 75248 Paris, France
- Mines Paris Tech, 77305 Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Monika Moissonnier
- Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | | | - Irina Malakhova
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatisation, Administration and Management of Health (RSPC MT), 220013 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Masyakin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine & Human Ecology, 246040 Gomel, Belarus
| | | | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graham Byrnes
- Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Ausrele Kesminiene
- Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, 75248 Paris, France
- Mines Paris Tech, 77305 Fontainebleau, France
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Damiola F, Byrnes G, Moissonnier M, Pertesi M, Deltour I, Fillon A, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Tenet V, McKay-Chopin S, McKay JD, Malakhova I, Masyakin V, Cardis E, Lesueur F, Kesminiene A. Contribution ofATMandFOXE1(TTF2) to risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Belarusian children exposed to radiation. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1659-68. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Damiola
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | | | | | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | | | - Aurélie Fillon
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | | | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | - James D. McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
| | - Irina Malakhova
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatisation, Administration and Management of Health (RSPC MT); Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir Masyakin
- Republican Research Center of Radiation Medicine & Human Ecology; Gomel Belarus
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Lyon France
- INSERM, U900, Institut Curie, Mines ParisTech; 26 rue d'Ulm Paris France
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Richardson E, Malakhova I, Novik I, Famenka A. Belarus: health system review. Health Syst Transit 2013; 15:1-118. [PMID: 24334702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This analysis of the Belarusian health system reviews the developments in organization and governance, health financing, healthcare provision, health reforms and health system performance since 2008. Despite considerable change since independence, Belarus retains a commitment to the principle of universal access to health care, provided free at the point of use through predominantly state-owned facilities, organized hierarchically on a territorial basis. Incremental change, rather than radical reform, has also been the hallmark of health-care policy, although capitation funding has been introduced in some areas and there have been consistent efforts to strengthen the role of primary care. Issues of high costs in the hospital sector and of weaknesses in public health demonstrate the necessity of moving forward with the reform programme. The focus for future reform is on strengthening preventive services and improving the quality and efficiency of specialist services. The key challenges in achieving this involve reducing excess hospital capacity, strengthening health-care management, use of evidence-based treatment and diagnostic procedures, and the development of more efficient financing mechanisms. Involving all stakeholders in the development of further reform planning and achieving consensus among them will be key to its success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Malakhova
- Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Administration and Management of Health (RSPC MT)
| | - Irina Novik
- Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Administration and Management of Health (RSPC MT)
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Cardis E, Kesminiene A, Ivanov V, Malakhova I, Shibata Y, Khrouch V, Drozdovitch V, Maceika E, Zvonova I, Vlassov O, Bouville A, Goulko G, Hoshi M, Abrosimov A, Anoshko J, Astakhova L, Chekin S, Demidchik E, Galanti R, Ito M, Korobova E, Lushnikov E, Maksioutov M, Masyakin V, Nerovnia A, Parshin V, Parshkov E, Piliptsevich N, Pinchera A, Polyakov S, Shabeka N, Suonio E, Tenet V, Tsyb A, Yamashita S, Williams D. Risk of Thyroid Cancer After Exposure to 131 I in Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 97:724-32. [PMID: 15900042 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986, a large increase in the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer was reported in contaminated areas. Most of the radiation exposure to the thyroid was from iodine isotopes, especially 131I. We carried out a population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer in Belarus and the Russian Federation to evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to radioactive iodine in childhood and to investigate environmental and host factors that may modify this risk. METHODS We studied 276 case patients with thyroid cancer through 1998 and 1300 matched control subjects, all aged younger than 15 years at the time of the accident. Individual doses were estimated for each subject based on their whereabouts and dietary habits at the time of the accident and in following days, weeks, and years; their likely stable iodine status at the time of the accident was also evaluated. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression using several different models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A strong dose-response relationship was observed between radiation dose to the thyroid received in childhood and thyroid cancer risk (P<.001). For a dose of 1 Gy, the estimated odds ratio of thyroid cancer varied from 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1 to 9.5) to 8.4 (95% CI = 4.1 to 17.3), depending on the risk model. A linear dose-response relationship was observed up to 1.5-2 Gy. The risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer was three times higher in iodine-deficient areas (relative risk [RR]= 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9 to 5.5) than elsewhere. Administration of potassium iodide as a dietary supplement reduced this risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer by a factor of 3 (RR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.9, for consumption of potassium iodide versus no consumption). CONCLUSION Exposure to (131)I in childhood is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Both iodine deficiency and iodine supplementation appear to modify this risk. These results have important public health implications: stable iodine supplementation in iodine-deficient populations may substantially reduce the risk of thyroid cancer related to radioactive iodines in case of exposure to radioactive iodines in childhood that may occur after radiation accidents or during medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Kesminiene A, Cardis E, Tenet V, Ivanov VK, Kurtinaitis J, Malakhova I, Stengrevics A, Tekkel M. Studies of cancer risk among Chernobyl liquidators: materials and methods. J Radiol Prot 2002; 22:A137-A141. [PMID: 12400962 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/22/3a/324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current paper presents the methods and design of two case-control studies among Chernobyl liquidators-one of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the other of thyroid cancer risk-carried out in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. The specific objective of these studies is to estimate the radiation induced risk of these diseases among liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, and, in particular, to study the effect of exposure protraction and radiation type on the risk of radiation induced cancer in the low-to-medium- (0-500 mSv) radiation dose range. The study population consists of the approximately 10000 Baltic, 40000 Belarus and 51 000 Russian liquidators who worked in the 30 km zone in 1986-1987, and who were registered in the Chernobyl registry of these countries. The studies included cases diagnosed in 1993-1998 for all countries but Belarus, where the study period was extended until 2000. Four controls were selected in each country from the national cohort for each case, matched on age, gender and region of residence. Information on study subjects was obtained through face-to-face interview using a standardised questionnaire with questions on demographic factors, time, place and conditions of work as a liquidator and potential risk and confounding factors for the tumours of interest. Overall, 136 cases and 595 controls after receiving their consent were included in the studies. A method of analytical dose reconstruction has been developed, validated and applied to the estimation of doses and related uncertainties for all the subjects in the study. Dose-response analyses are underway and results are likely to have important implications to assess the adequacy of existing protection standards, which are based on risk estimates derived from analyses of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors and other high dose studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kesminiene
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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