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Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Temperature-Adaptative Self-Oscillating Gels: Toward Autonomous Biomimetic Soft Actuators with Broad Operating Temperature Region. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400038. [PMID: 38684191 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Self-oscillating gel systems exhibiting an expanded operating temperature and accompanying functional adaptability are showcased. The developed system contains nonthermoresponsive main-monomers, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) or acrylamide (AAm) or 3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC). The gels volumetrically self-oscillate within the range of the conventional (20.0 °C) and extended (27.0 and 36.5 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the gels successfully adapt to the environmental changes; they beat faster and smaller as the temperature increases. The period and amplitude are also controlled by tuning the amount of main-monomers and N-(3-aminopropyl) acrylamide. Furthermore, the record amplitude in the bulk gel system consisting of polymer strand and cross-linker at 36.5 °C is achieved (≈10.8%). The study shows new self-oscillation systems composed of unprecedented combinations of materials, giving the community a robust material-based insight for developing more life-like autonomous biomimetic soft robots with various operating temperatures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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From classical metal-catalyzed homogeneous oscillators to an uncatalyzed version of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction: a review. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mallphanov IL, Vanag VK. Chemical micro-oscillators based on the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The results of studies on the development of micro-oscillators (MOs) based on the Belousov –Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillatory chemical reaction are integrated and systematized. The mechanisms of the BZ reaction and the methods of immobilization of the catalyst of the BZ reaction in micro-volumes are briefly discussed. Methods for creating BZ MOs based on water microdroplets in the oil phase and organic and inorganic polymer microspheres are considered. Methods of control and management of the dynamics of BZ MO networks are described, including methods of MO synchronization. The prospects for the design of neural networks of MOs with intelligent-like behaviour are outlined. Such networks present a new area of nonlinear chemistry, including, in particular, the creation of a chemical ‘computer’.
The bibliography includes 250 references.
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Maeda S, Kato T, Otsuka Y, Hosoya N, Cianchetti M, Laschi C. Large deformation of self-oscillating polymer gel. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:010501. [PMID: 26871011 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A self-oscillating gel is a system that generates an autonomous volume oscillation. This oscillation is powered by the chemical energy of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, which demonstrates metal ion redox oscillation. A self-oscillating gel is composed of Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) with a metal ion. In this study, we found that the displacement of the volume oscillation in a self-oscillating gel could be controlled by its being subjected to a prestraining process. We also revealed the driving mechanism of the self-oscillating gel from the point of view of thermodynamics. We observed that the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ is altered by the redox changes to the metal ion incorporated in the self-oscillating gel. The prestraining process leads to changes in χ and changes in enthalpy and entropy when the self-oscillating gel is in a reduced and oxidized state. We found that nonprestrained gel samples oscillate in a poor solution (χ>0.5) and prestrained gel samples oscillate in a good solution (χ<0.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Terukazu Kato
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yuji Otsuka
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoya
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Matteo Cianchetti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Polo Sant'Anna Valdera, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laschi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Polo Sant'Anna Valdera, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera, Italy
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Zhou H, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Xu G, Li J, Ding X. A modular approach to self-oscillating polymer systems driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explores the principle, modular construction, integral control and engineering aspects of self-oscillating polymer systems driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Technological University
- Xi'an 710032
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Qiguan Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Technological University
- Xi'an 710032
- P. R. China
| | - Guohe Xu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
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Bhalla AS, Siegel RA. Mechanistic studies of an autonomously pulsing hydrogel/enzyme system for rhythmic hormone delivery. J Control Release 2014; 196:261-71. [PMID: 25450402 PMCID: PMC4268432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hormones are known to be endogenously secreted in a pulsatile manner. In particular, gonadotropin replacing hormone (GnRH) is released in rhythmic pulses, and disruption of this rhythm is associated with pathologies of reproduction and sexual development. In an effort to develop an implantable, rhythmic delivery system, a scheme has been demonstrated involving a negative feedback instability between a pH-sensitive membrane and enzymes that convert endogenous glucose to hydrogen ion. A bench prototype system based on this scheme was previously shown to produce near rhythmic oscillations in internal pH and in GnRH delivery over a period of one week. In the present work, a systematic study of conditions permitting such oscillations is presented, along with a study of factors causing period of oscillations to increase with time and ultimately cease. Membrane composition, glucose concentration, and surface area of marble (CaCO3), which is incorporated as a reactant, were found to affect the capacity of the system to oscillate, and the pH range over which oscillations occur. Accumulation of gluconate- and Ca2+ in the system over time correlated with lengthening of oscillation period, and possibly with cessation of oscillations. Enzyme degradation may also be a factor. These studies provide the groundwork for future improvements in device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep S Bhalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive gels are vital components in the next generation of smart devices, which can sense and dynamically respond to changes in the local environment and thereby exhibit more autonomous functionality. We describe recently developed computational methods for simulating the properties of such stimuli-responsive gels in the presence of optical, chemical, and thermal gradients. Using these models, we determine how to harness light to drive shape changes and directed motion in spirobenzopyran-containing gels. Focusing on oscillating gels undergoing the Belousov-Zhabotinksy reaction, we demonstrate that these materials can spontaneously form self-rotating assemblies, or pinwheels. Finally, we model temperature-sensitive gels that encompass chemically reactive filaments to optimize the performance of this system as a homeostatic device for regulating temperature. These studies could facilitate the development of soft robots that autonomously interconvert chemical and mechanical energy and thus perform vital functions without the continuous need of external power sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Debabrata Deb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Pratyush Dayal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382424, India
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Dayal P, Kuksenok O, Balazs AC. Directing the Behavior of Active, Self-Oscillating Gels with Light. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Dayal
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Chemical
Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical
Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Kuksenok O, Dayal P, Bhattacharya A, Yashin VV, Deb D, Chen IC, Van Vliet KJ, Balazs AC. Chemo-responsive, self-oscillating gels that undergo biomimetic communication. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7257-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yashin VV, Kuksenok O, Dayal P, Balazs AC. Mechano-chemical oscillations and waves in reactive gels. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:066601. [PMID: 22790650 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/6/066601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review advances in a new area of interdisciplinary research that concerns phenomena arising from inherent coupling between non-linear chemical dynamics and mechanics. This coupling provides a route for chemical-to-mechanical energy transduction, which enables materials to exhibit self-sustained oscillations and/or waves in both concentration and deformation fields. We focus on synthetic polymer gels, where the chemo-mechanical behavior can be engineered into the material. We provide a brief review of experimental observations on several types of chemo-mechanical oscillations in gels. Then, we discuss methods used to theoretically and computationally model self-oscillating polymer gels. The rest of the paper is devoted to describing results of theoretical and computational modeling of gels that undergo the oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. We discuss a remarkable form of mechano-chemical transduction in these materials, where the application of an applied force or mechanical contact can drive the system to switch between different dynamical behavior, or alter the mechanical properties of the material. Finally, we discuss ways in which photosensitive BZ gels could be used to fabricate biomimetic self-propelled objects. In particular, we describe how non-uniform illumination can be used to direct the movement of BZ gel 'worms' along complex paths, guiding them to bend, reorient and turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Yashin
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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