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Alexander M, Upadhyay V, Rock R, Ramirez L, Trepka K, Puchalska P, Orellana D, Ang QY, Whitty C, Turnbaugh JA, Tian Y, Dumlao D, Nayak R, Patterson A, Newman JC, Crawford PA, Turnbaugh PJ. A diet-dependent host metabolite shapes the gut microbiota to protect from autoimmunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565382. [PMID: 37961209 PMCID: PMC10635093 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Diet can protect from autoimmune disease; however, whether diet acts via the host and/or microbiome remains unclear. Here, we use a ketogenic diet (KD) as a model to dissect these complex interactions. A KD rescued the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis in a microbiota-dependent fashion. Dietary supplementation with a single KD-dependent host metabolite (β-hydroxybutyrate, βHB) rescued EAE whereas transgenic mice unable to produce βHB in the intestine developed more severe disease. Transplantation of the βHB-shaped gut microbiota was protective. Lactobacillus sequence variants were associated with decreased T helper 17 (Th17) cell activation in vitro . Finally, we isolated a L. murinus strain that protected from EAE, which was phenocopied by the Lactobacillus metabolite indole lactic acid. Thus, diet alters the immunomodulatory potential of the gut microbiota by shifting host metabolism, emphasizing the utility of taking a more integrative approach to study diet-host-microbiome interactions.
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Zahoor I, Suhail H, Datta I, Ahmed ME, Poisson LM, Waters J, Rashid F, Bin R, Singh J, Cerghet M, Kumar A, Hoda MN, Rattan R, Mangalam AK, Giri S. Blood-based untargeted metabolomics in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis revealed the testable therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123265119. [PMID: 35700359 PMCID: PMC9231486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123265119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic aberrations impact the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and possibly can provide clues for new treatment strategies. Using untargeted metabolomics, we measured serum metabolites from 35 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 14 healthy age-matched controls. Of 632 known metabolites detected, 60 were significantly altered in RRMS. Bioinformatics analysis identified an altered metabotype in patients with RRMS, represented by four changed metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipid, citrate cycle, sphingolipid, and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, the common upstream metabolic pathway feeding these four pathways is the glycolysis pathway. Real-time bioenergetic analysis of the patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed enhanced glycolysis, supporting the altered metabolic state of immune cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice treated with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose ameliorated the disease progression and inhibited the disease pathology significantly by promoting the antiinflammatory phenotype of monocytes/macrophage in the central nervous system. Our study provided a proof of principle for how a blood-based metabolomic approach using patient samples could lead to the identification of a therapeutic target for developing potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Hamid Suhail
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | | | - Laila M. Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Jeffrey Waters
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Faraz Rashid
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Rui Bin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Mirela Cerghet
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 5224
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
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