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Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:347-371. [PMID: 32877972 PMCID: PMC7493450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how bones are innately designed, robustly developed and delicately maintained through intricate anatomical features and physiological processes across the lifespan is vital to inform our assessment of normal bone health, and essential to aid our interpretation of adverse clinical outcomes affecting bone through primary or secondary causes. Accordingly this review serves to introduce new researchers and clinicians engaging with bone and mineral metabolism, and provide a contemporary update for established researchers or clinicians. Specifically, we describe the mechanical and non-mechanical functions of the skeleton; its multidimensional and hierarchical anatomy (macroscopic, microscopic, organic, inorganic, woven and lamellar features); its cellular and hormonal physiology (deterministic and homeostatic processes that govern and regulate bone); and processes of mechanotransduction, modelling, remodelling and degradation that underpin bone adaptation or maladaptation. In addition, we also explore commonly used methods for measuring bone metabolic activity or material features (imaging or biochemical markers) together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Jocelyn Tan
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Childrens Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
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Wong SC, Dobie R, Altowati MA, Werther GA, Farquharson C, Ahmed SF. Growth and the Growth Hormone-Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Axis in Children With Chronic Inflammation: Current Evidence, Gaps in Knowledge, and Future Directions. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:62-110. [PMID: 26720129 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth failure is frequently encountered in children with chronic inflammatory conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. Delayed puberty and attenuated pubertal growth spurt are often seen during adolescence. The underlying inflammatory state mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, prolonged use of glucocorticoid, and suboptimal nutrition contribute to growth failure and pubertal abnormalities. These factors can impair growth by their effects on the GH-IGF axis and also directly at the level of the growth plate via alterations in chondrogenesis and local growth factor signaling. Recent studies on the impact of cytokines and glucocorticoid on the growth plate further advanced our understanding of growth failure in chronic disease and provided a biological rationale of growth promotion. Targeting cytokines using biological therapy may lead to improvement of growth in some of these children, but approximately one-third continue to grow slowly. There is increasing evidence that the use of relatively high-dose recombinant human GH may lead to partial catch-up growth in chronic inflammatory conditions, although long-term follow-up data are currently limited. In this review, we comprehensively review the growth abnormalities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis, systemic abnormalities of the GH-IGF axis, and growth plate perturbations. We also systematically reviewed all the current published studies of recombinant human GH in these conditions and discussed the role of recombinant human IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wong
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - R Dobie
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - M A Altowati
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - G A Werther
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - C Farquharson
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - S F Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Teissier R, Flechtner I, Colmenares A, Lambot-Juhan K, Baujat G, Pauwels C, Samara-Boustani D, Beltrand J, Simon A, Thalassinos C, Crosnier H, Latrech H, Pinto G, Le Merrer M, Cormier-Daire V, Souberbielle JC, Polak M. Characterization and prevalence of severe primary IGF1 deficiency in a large cohort of French children with short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:847-54. [PMID: 24662318 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of severe primary IGF1 deficiency (IGFD) is unclear. IGFD must be identified promptly as treatment with recombinant human IGF1 (rhIGF1) is now available. Our objective was to characterize and assess the prevalence of severe primary IGFD in a large cohort of patients evaluated for short stature at a pediatric endocrinology unit in France. DESIGN Observational study in a prospective cohort. METHODS Consecutive patients referred to our unit between 2004 and 2009 for suspected slow statural growth were included. Patients were classified into eight etiological categories. IGFD was defined by height ≤-3 SDS, serum IGF1 levels <2.5th percentile, GH sufficiency, and absence of causes of secondary IGFD. RESULTS Out of 2546 patients included, 337 (13.5%) were born small for gestational age and 424 (16.9%) had idiopathic short stature. In these two categories, we identified 30 patients who met our criterion for IGFD (30/2546, 1.2%). In these 30 patients, we assessed the response to IGF1 generation test, time course of IGF1 levels, and efficiency of GH replacement therapy. The results indicated that only four of the 30 children were definite or possible candidates for rhIGF1 replacement therapy. CONCLUSION The prevalence of severe primary IGFD defined using the standard criterion for rhIGF1 treatment was 1.2%, and only 0.2% of patients were eligible for rhIGF1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Teissier
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - I Flechtner
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Colmenares
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - K Lambot-Juhan
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - G Baujat
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Pauwels
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - D Samara-Boustani
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J Beltrand
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Simon
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Thalassinos
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - H Crosnier
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - H Latrech
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - G Pinto
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Le Merrer
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - V Cormier-Daire
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FrancePediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J C Souberbielle
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Polak
- Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FrancePediatric EndocrinologyDiabetology and Gynecology Unit, Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la CroissancePediatric Radiology UnitDepartment of Medical GeneticsHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, FrancePediatric UnitCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceOujda University HospitalOujda, MoroccoINSERM U871Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceHormonal Biochemistry UnitHôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, FranceINSERM U845Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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