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Garrett JR, Lantos JD, Biesecker LG, Childerhose JE, Chung WK, Holm IA, Koenig BA, McEwen JE, Wilfond BS, Brothers K. Rethinking the "open future" argument against predictive genetic testing of children. Genet Med 2019; 21:2190-2198. [PMID: 30894702 PMCID: PMC6754817 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional consensus has traditionally discouraged predictive genetic testing when no childhood interventions can reduce future morbidity or mortality. However, advances in genome sequencing and accumulating evidence that children and families cope adequately with predictive genetic information have weakened this consensus. The primary argument remaining against testing appeals to children's "right to an open future." It claims that the autonomy of the future adult is violated when others make an irreversible choice to obtain or disclose predictive genetic information during childhood. We evaluate this argument and conclude that children's interest in an open future should not be understood as a right. Rather an open future is one significant interest to weigh against other important interests when evaluating decisions. Thus, predictive genetic testing is ethically permissible in principle, as long as the interests promoted outweigh potential harms. We conclude by offering an expanded model of children's interests that might be considered in such circumstances, and present two case analyses to illustrate how this framework better guides decisions about predictive genetic testing in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Garrett
- Children's Mercy Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - John D Lantos
- Children's Mercy Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janet E Childerhose
- Division of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Diseases Research, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- UCSF Bioethics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean E McEwen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Bioethics Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Brothers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Vears DF, Delany C, Massie J, Gillam L. "They Just Want to Know" - Genetic Health Professionals' Beliefs About Why Parents Want to Know their Child's Carrier Status. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:1314-1323. [PMID: 28161759 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a child being diagnosed with a genetic condition, reports from both parents and health professionals suggest many genetic health professionals are reluctant to provide carrier testing for unaffected siblings, despite the lack of evidence of harm. We propose that genetic health professionals' understandings of why parents want to have their children tested may contribute to their reluctance to test. We draw on interviews with 17 genetic health professionals, reporting their beliefs about parents' motivations for testing and their intentions to communicate results to their children. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Genetic health professionals reported attributions that contrasted with reasons parents actually report. These disparities fall into two categories: 1) attributing reasons that parents do not themselves report (i.e. for reassurance about their child's health), and 2) not recognizing the reasons that parents actually do report for wanting testing (i.e. to communicate the information to their child). By identifying that genetic health professionals may be misattributing reasons to parents for desiring their child"s carrier status, they may be missing an opportunity to assist parents to make decisions that are in line with their values and the best interests of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya F Vears
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Clare Delany
- Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John Massie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lynn Gillam
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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3
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Vears DF, Delany C, Massie J, Gillam L. Why Do Parents Want to Know their Child's Carrier Status? A Qualitative Study. J Genet Couns 2016; 25:1257-1266. [PMID: 27193897 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-9964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When a child is identified with a genetic condition, some parents want to know the carrier status of their other children. There has been little exploration of why parents want this information. To address this question, semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of 32 children with cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy who wanted to know the carrier status of their other children. Data was analyzed using inductive content analysis. Parents expressed a range of reasons for desiring their child's carrier status, which fell into two broad categories: 1) benefit for the parents and 2) perceived benefit to the child. Parents discussed the desire for certainty and peace of mind derived from having knowledge of their child's status. The most commonly expressed reason for wanting to know their child's carrier status was in order to communicate the information to their child to provide them with the ability to make informed reproductive decisions. These reasons suggest parents are seeking their children's carrier information both as a coping strategy and to communicate carrier information as part of their role as a parent. This has important implications for genetic counseling practice, especially as international guidelines generally recommend against carrier testing in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya F Vears
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia. .,Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Clare Delany
- Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John Massie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lynn Gillam
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Children's Bioethics Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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4
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Parents' experiences with requesting carrier testing for their unaffected children. Genet Med 2016; 18:1199-1205. [PMID: 27011057 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE International guidelines generally recommend delaying genetic carrier testing in children until the child reaches the age of majority or is mature enough to be involved in the decision. Several studies have shown that carrier testing of children does occur in some instances, particularly in siblings of a child affected with a genetic condition. However, little research has explored parents' experiences with the testing process, the impact of knowing a child's carrier status, and whether parents communicate carrier information to their children. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 33 parents of children who had one of three genetic conditions (cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Inductive content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Eight distinct pathways to carrier testing were distinguishable. While some parents had requested testing, others had been offered testing and some had received carrier results incidentally following testing to exclude affected status. Some parents were discouraged from testing, which led to frustration. Overall, 67% of the parents had received carrier results for at least one child, and parents were happy to have results, even if their children were carriers. CONCLUSION Despite recommendations against carrier testing, this study provides evidence of varying practices and highlights a need to review the guidelines.Genet Med 18 12, 1199-1205.
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Vears DF, Metcalfe SA. Carrier testing in children and adolescents. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:659-67. [PMID: 26563495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many international guidelines recommend that carrier testing in minors should be postponed either until the age of majority or until the child can be actively involved in the decision making process. Although a number of high school programs exist which provide carrier screening to adolescents in at-risk populations, recent guidelines published by the American Society of Human Genetics do not advocate this testing. Despite this, there are some circumstances in which carrier testing does occur in minors. This testing might be intentional, in which identification of carrier status is the goal of the test, or unintentional, where carrier status is identified as a by-product of testing. In this review we outline the situations in which carriers may be identified in childhood and the positions of professional guidelines that address carrier testing in children. We then review the arguments for and against carrier testing presented in the literature and compare this to the empirical evidence in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya F Vears
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Metcalfe
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Noke M, Peters S, Wearden A, Ulph F. A qualitative study to explore how professionals in the United Kingdom make decisions to test children for a sickle cell carrier status. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:164-70. [PMID: 26014427 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
European guidelines recommend that, unless there are clear benefits of autosomal recessive carrier testing in childhood, it should be deferred to protect children's autonomous decision making. Although it is believed that children receive testing in the United Kingdom, it is unclear how or why professionals make decisions to provide tests. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 professionals in the United Kingdom who advise about, and undertake, childhood sickle cell trait testing. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Few professionals were aware of, or used, guidelines to inform testing decisions and instead, considered the reproductive and clinical relevance of testing, and autonomous rights of parents. Many professionals believed testing was important and readily offered it to parents. Professionals who discouraged testing were met with parental resistance and often provided testing when conflict was difficult to manage. Children were rarely considered to be capable of making decisions and few were engaged in discussions. When consulted, older children demonstrated interest, but younger children usually declined testing. Wide variation in testing advice emerged because of opposing beliefs about children's best interests and potential benefits or harms of testing. An explanation of how children's best interests should be determined in light of conflicting evidence regarding the psychosocial and clinical implications of carrier status is needed. Improved awareness of guidelines might encourage professionals to support the role of children in testing decisions. Strategies are also required to help professionals determine children's cognitive capacity and to protect children's future autonomy during discussions with persistent parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Noke
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Peters
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Wearden
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona Ulph
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Golden-Grant K, Merritt JL, Scott CR. Ethical considerations of population screening for late-onset genetic disease. Clin Genet 2015; 88:589-92. [PMID: 25677830 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Population-based genetic screening has been a mainstay of public health in the United States for many years. The goal of genetic screening is to identify individuals at increased risk for treatable diseases. The evolution of genetic testing to include multi-disease panels allows for new screening applications which challenge the traditional model of clinical genetics care by the identification of late-onset disorders in an asymptomatic fetus, child, or adult. We present two unique examples of individuals referred to a biochemical genetics clinic due to the detection of late-onset Pompe disease by population-based screening modalities. We review early experiences in counseling and management of pre-symptomatic individuals and highlight some of the primary ethical factors warranting consideration as we enter the era of genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J L Merritt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C R Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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"Both Sides of the Wheelchair": The Views of Individuals with, and Parents of Individuals with Friedreich Ataxia Regarding Pre-symptomatic Testing of Minors. J Genet Couns 2015; 24:732-43. [PMID: 25592143 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by variable age of onset, with no treatment proven to alter its natural history. Siblings of individuals with FRDA have a 25 % risk of developing the condition, raising issues around genetic testing of asymptomatic minors. There is a lack of professional consensus and limited empirical evidence to support provision or refusal of testing. This study aimed to ascertain the opinions of individuals with and parents of individuals with FRDA regarding pre-symptomatic testing of minors. A qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis was employed. Interviews with ten individuals with FRDA, and ten parents of individuals with FRDA were conducted, recorded, transcribed and analyzed. Four findings emerged. First, a number of arguments for and against testing minors were identified. Second, strong support existed from parents about the parental right to test their at-risk immature children, but individuals with FRDA were of mixed opinions. Third, participants felt it was not the clinician's role to make a final decision about whether testing occurs. Finally, a specific issue of concern regarding testing was what and when to tell at-risk children about the test result. The findings highlight a dilemma of how to manage the desires of some individuals and families affected by FRDA to access testing, when there is a lack of professional consensus due to differing opinions regarding autonomy, confidentiality and risk of harm. Research regarding the impact of testing and the views of at-risk individuals and clinicians is required so an appropriate framework for dealing with this contentious issue is developed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the risks, benefits and value of genetic testing for ocular genetic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Testing for ocular genetics diseases is becoming more available and successful gene therapy is being reported. Clinicians must prepare for this trend by considering diagnostic genetic testing for their patients. SUMMARY As advances continually occur in genetic testing for ocular genetic disorders, clinicians must develop an understanding of the potential risks and benefits for their patients.
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10
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How harmful is genetic testing for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) in young children; the parents’ experience. Fam Cancer 2014; 13:391-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Genetics has fascinated societies since ancient times, and references to traits or behaviors that appear to be shared or different among related individuals have permeated legends, literature, and popular culture. Biomedical advances from the past century, and particularly the discovery of the DNA double helix, the increasing numbers of links that were established between mutations and medical conditions or phenotypes, and technological advances that facilitated the sequencing of the human genome, catalyzed the development of genetic testing. Genetic tests were initially performed in health care facilities, interpreted by health care providers, and included the availability of counseling. Recent years have seen an increased availability of genetic tests that are offered by companies directly to consumers, a phenomenon that became known as direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Tests offered in this setting range from the ones that are also provided in health care establishments to tests known as ‘recreational genomics,’ and consumers directly receive the test results. In addition, testing in this context often does not involve the availability of counseling and, when this is provided, it frequently occurs on-line or over the phone. As a field situated at the interface between biotechnology, biomedical research, and social sciences, direct-to-consumer genetic testing opens multiple challenges that can be appropriately addressed only by developing a complex, inter-disciplinary framework.
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Wehbe RM, Spiridigliozzi GA, Heise EM, Dawson DV, McConkie-Rosell A. When to tell and test for genetic carrier status: perspectives of adolescents and young adults from fragile X families. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1190-9. [PMID: 19449413 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report here on our findings from adolescent and young adult females (ages 14-25) with a family history of fragile X syndrome regarding their perceptions of the optimal ages for (1) learning fragile X is inherited, (2) learning one could be a carrier for fragile X, and (3) offering carrier testing for fragile X. Three groups were enrolled: those who knew they were carriers or noncarriers and those who knew only they were at-risk to be a carrier. Only 2 of the 53 participants felt that offering carrier testing should be delayed until the age of 18 years. Participants who knew only that they were at-risk to be a carrier provided older optimal ages for offering carrier testing than those who knew their actual carrier status. Participants did not express regret or negative emotions about the timing of the disclosure of genetic risk information regarding their own experiences. Participants' reasoning behind reported ages for informing about genetic risk and offering carrier testing varied depending on what type of information was being disclosed, which carrier status group the participant belonged to, and the preferred age for learning the information. Study findings suggest that decisions regarding the timing to inform about genetic risk and offer testing should be tailored to the individual needs of the child and his/her family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey M Wehbe
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Mezer E, Babul-Hirji R, Wise R, Chipman M, DaSilva L, Rowell M, Thackray R, Shuman CT, Levin AV. Attitudes Regarding Predictive Testing for Retinitis Pigmentosa. Ophthalmic Genet 2009; 28:9-15. [PMID: 17454742 DOI: 10.1080/13816810701199423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess attitudes towards predictive testing for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). METHODS A prospective questionnaire study of 46 affected adults and their adult family members identified from pedigrees clearly consistent with ADRP or who had had DNA-testing confirmation of ADRP before the study commenced. RESULTS High proportions of unaffected siblings (73%) and patients (67%) agreed to prenatal testing. Patients agreed to prenatal testing. Patients agreed significantly more often than unaffected siblings that treatment should be available prior to initiating predictive testing. Psychoemotional distress was reported in 57% of the affected adults and their family members in recollecting their own predictive testing as children. CONCLUSIONS ADRP families indicate a favorable attitude towards testing presymptomatic children with counseling to lessen the psychological and social impact of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eedy Mezer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Lwiwski N, Greenberg CR, Mhanni AA. Genetic testing of children at risk for adult onset conditions: when is testing indicated? J Genet Couns 2008; 17:523-5. [PMID: 18607700 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-008-9161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a family with an extensive history of colon cancer consistent with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). A specific disease causing mutation was identified in affected individuals; p.W714X MLH1 mutation. Given the very young age of onset of cancer in some affected family members, with the youngest affected individual being 19 years of age, genetic counseling was recommended to children as young as 9 years. Ethical issues arose when affected families requested genetic testing for their underage children. Here we describe and debate the value of offering molecular testing for this adult onset disorder to several children in this particular family. We also examine possible molecular causes for the very young age of onset in some family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lwiwski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Presymptomatic genetic testing in children for neurofibromatosis 2. J Pediatr Nurs 2008; 23:183-94. [PMID: 18492547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic testing in children, when there is a question of whether or not there is a clear medical benefit that will accrue to the child, is a controversial topic within the health care community. A convenience sample of 10 parents from nine families who had made the decision whether or not to test their children for the neurofibromatosis 2 gene mutation was asked in interviews to describe why they made their choice about presymptomatic testing for this late-onset disease. Findings from a narrative analysis revealed how the nine parents who tested or intended to test their young children saw the decision as a pathway to knowledge that would help the family unit. All parents interviewed noted that their decision was informed by their health team and was not difficult to make. Implications of these findings for bioethical analysis are presented.
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Sparbel KJH, Driessnack M, Williams JK, Schutte DL, Tripp-Reimer T, McGonigal-Kenney M, Jarmon L, Paulsen JS. Experiences of teens living in the shadow of Huntington Disease. J Genet Couns 2008; 17:327-35. [PMID: 18347962 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-008-9151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on families with Huntington Disease (HD) has primarily focused on adult decision-making surrounding predictive genetic testing and caregiver stress. Little is known about the experiences of teens living in these families. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 32 teens living in families with HD. Six focus groups were conducted across the U.S. and Canada. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. Huntington disease appeared to cast a shadow over the experiences described by teens. Four themes were identified: watching and waiting; alone in the midst of others; family life is kind of hard; and having to be like an adult. These experiences highlight the need for genetic counselors, health care providers, and school personnel to be aware of issues facing teens living in families with HD. Recognizing patterns of teen experiences may help health care providers develop strategies to support coping by teens in HD families.
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Multhaupt-Buell TJ, Lovell A, Mills L, Stanford KE, Hopkin RJ. Genetic service providers' practices and attitudes regarding adolescent genetic testing for carrier status. Genet Med 2007; 9:101-7. [PMID: 17304051 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3180306899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize current practices and attitudes regarding testing adolescents for carrier status. METHODS Electronic survey of 294 genetic service providers from various professional organizations. Testing for predisposition and presymptomatic conditions was excluded from this study. RESULTS Eighty-three percent of providers had received requests to test adolescents for carrier status. Of these, 84% have performed testing. Providers cited adolescent desire, sexual activity/pregnancy, and adolescent competence as the main reasons for testing. Some providers who performed testing found the current guidelines unhelpful. CONCLUSION Testing adolescents for carrier status is common for at least some conditions. The guidelines regarding genetic testing of adolescents may need to be updated to reflect current concerns and practices.
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Giarelli E. Self-Surveillance for Genetic Predisposition to Cancer: Behaviors and Emotions. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007; 33:221-31. [PMID: 16518438 DOI: 10.1188/06.onf.221-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the kinds of self-monitoring activities and the emotional responses associated with those activities in patients with a genetic predisposition to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN2a) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). RESEARCH APPROACH Thematic analysis of the transcripts of patient interviews conducted for two previous grounded theory investigations of participation in lifelong surveillance for patients with cancer predisposition syndromes and their family members. SETTING In the original studies, participants were recruited through a high-risk gastrointestinal cancer clinic (for FAP) and pediatric and adult endocrinology clinics (for MEN2a) at two eastern U.S. medical centers and by patient referral. PARTICIPANTS 58 transcripts of interviews with 29 patients; 17 diagnosed with FAP or the variants of Gardner syndrome and attenuated FAP and 12 patients diagnosed with MEN2a. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH Informants participated in two hour-long, in-depth interviews and completed a self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Types of self-surveillance activities. FINDINGS Patients engage in an elaborate set of self-surveillance activities that are grouped into five categories of behavior: Medication Appraisal, Phenotype Tracking, Intake and Output Monitoring, Laboratory and Treatment Recording, and Tracking of Visits. Self-surveillance behaviors are grouped independent of type of syndrome, penetrance, age, or gender of the patient. Each category comprises a variety of behaviors that correspond with treatment recommendations and understanding of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS Self-surveillance may be driven by a combination of anticipation and the need for control and understanding. INTERPRETATION Findings from the study could be used to create an assessment tool to evaluate the extent to which patients are involved in day-to-day self-monitoring. Clinicians may use the categories to better understand patients' knowledge deficits and the emotional impact of enhanced vigilance. Self-surveillance activities performed by patients with MEN2a and FAP also may be performed by patients with other cancer predisposition syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Giarelli
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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20
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Duncan RE, Delatycki MB. Predictive genetic testing in young people for adult-onset conditions: where is the empirical evidence? Clin Genet 2006; 69:8-16; discussion 17-20. [PMID: 16451127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Predictive genetic testing in young people for severe, adult-onset conditions is advised against in current guidelines. Despite this, there has been considerable debate regarding the issue. Some perceive such testing as too potentially harmful to allow. Others perceive it as an opportunity for the promotion of benefit, an opportunity even for the prevention of harm. The only way to resolve this theoretical debate is to collect empirical data related to the effects of such testing when it occurs. However, more than 15 years after the debate began, there is virtually no such empirical evidence available. The reasons for this lack of evidence appear to relate to the rarity of such testing, which when it occurs is not studied systematically. Additionally, clinicians performing such tests may feel vulnerable in sharing the outcomes, given that such testing is contrary to current recommendations. We propose a way forward that entails the provision of tests to mature minors, where clinicians deem this appropriate. These tests should be performed as part of an international research collaboration, facilitated by one leading group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Duncan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Elger BS, Harding TW. Should children and adolescents be tested for Huntington's disease? Attitudes of future lawyers and physicians in Switzerland. BIOETHICS 2006; 20:158-67. [PMID: 17042112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2006.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify future lawyers' and physicians' views on testing children for Huntington's disease (HD) against parents' wishes. After receiving general information about HD, patient autonomy and confidentiality, law students and advanced medical students were shown an interview with a mother suffering from HD who is opposed to informing and testing her two children (aged 10 and 16) for HD. Students then filled out questionnaires concerning their agreement with testing. No significant differences were found between medical and law students or between students from different courses concerning the adolescent son. Three quarters of students thought that he should be told about his mother's disease, and 91% thought the adolescent son should have the opportunity of genetic testing for HD himself. However, significant differences were found concerning the 10-year old son, with 44% of law students and 30% of medical students in favour of testing the child for HD. Students raised some important ethical issues in their elective comments. In conclusion, we found highly positive attitudes towards informing a 16-year old of his mother's HD and offering to test him. These attitudes were not in tune with guidelines. Students did not consider several practical and ethical issues of genetic testing of children and adolescents. Specific education should ensure that attitudes are based on sufficiently detailed knowledge about all aspects of genetic testing of children to discourage pressures on persons at risk of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice S Elger
- Institut Universitaire de Medecine Legale, 9, av. de Champel, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Identifying genetic factors that could reliably predict health risks for individuals has the potential to bring great health benefits, both for the individuals concerned and for health-care providers. Genetic profiling at birth would allow a person's genome to be analysed at an early stage, and the data electronically stored for future use. However, although this might seem like an attractive proposition, it carries with it serious ethical and social concerns that would need to be addressed if the genetic profiling of newborns were ever to be considered on a population-wide basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Almond
- Social Values Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hyer
- Northwick Park Hospital, and Honorary Consultant Paediatrician to St Mark's Polyposis Registry St Mark's Hospital, Watford Road Harrow, Middx HA1 3UJ, UK
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