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Li Z, Lu Q. The role of neutrophils in autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2024; 266:110334. [PMID: 39098706 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Historically, neutrophils have been primarily regarded as short-lived immune cells that act as initial responders to antibacterial immunity by swiftly neutralizing pathogens and facilitating the activation of adaptive immunity. However, recent evidence indicates that their roles are considerably more complex than previously recognized. Neutrophils comprise distinct subpopulations and can interact with various immune cells, release granular proteins, and form neutrophil extracellular traps. These functions are increasingly recognized as contributing factors to tissue damage in autoimmune diseases. This review comprehensively examines the physiological functions and heterogeneity of neutrophils, their interactions with other immune cells, and their significance in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, and others. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the function of neutrophils in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoshu Li
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Brownlie RJ, Salmond RJ. Regulation of T Cell Signaling and Immune Responses by PTPN22. Mol Cell Biol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39039893 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2378810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play central roles in the regulation of cell signaling, organismal development, cellular differentiation and proliferation, and cancer. In the immune system, PTPs regulate the activation, differentiation and effector function of lymphocytes and myeloid cells whilst single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PTP-encoding genes have been identified as risk factors for the development of autoimmunity. In this review we describe the roles for PTP nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) in the regulation of T lymphocyte signaling and activation in autoimmunity, infection and cancer. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of PTPN22 activity, the impact of autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 SNPs on T cell responses and describe approaches to harness PTPN22 as a target to improve T cell-based immunotherapies in cancer.
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Wijesinghe SN, Ditchfield C, Flynn S, Agrawal J, Davis ET, Dajas-Bailador F, Chapman V, Jones SW. Immunomodulation and fibroblast dynamics driving nociceptive joint pain within inflammatory synovium: Unravelling mechanisms for therapeutic advancements in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024:S1063-4584(24)01267-6. [PMID: 38960140 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovitis is a widely accepted sign of osteoarthritis (OA), characterised by tissue hyperplasia, where increased infiltration of immune cells and proliferation of resident fibroblasts adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators that are capable of sensitising and activating sensory nociceptors, which innervate the joint tissues. As such, it is important to understand the cellular composition of synovium and their involvement in pain sensitisation to better inform the development of effective analgesics. METHODS Studies investigating pain sensitisation in OA with a focus on immune cells and fibroblasts were identified using PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. RESULTS In this review, we comprehensively assess the evidence that cellular crosstalk between resident immune cells or synovial fibroblasts with joint nociceptors in inflamed OA synovium contributes to peripheral pain sensitisation. Moreover, we explore whether the elucidation of common mechanisms identified in similar joint conditions may inform the development of more effective analgesics specifically targeting OA joint pain. CONCLUSION The concept of local environment and cellular crosstalk within the inflammatory synovium as a driver of nociceptive joint pain presents a compelling opportunity for future research and therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N Wijesinghe
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Caitlin Ditchfield
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sariah Flynn
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jyoti Agrawal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | | | - Victoria Chapman
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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4
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Madahar SS, Gideon A, Abdul-Sater AA. Nod-like receptors in inflammatory arthritis. Biomed J 2024; 47:100655. [PMID: 37598797 PMCID: PMC10825342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are innate immune receptors that play a key role in sensing components from pathogens and from damaged cells or organelles. NLRs form signaling complexes that can lead to activation of transcription factors or effector caspases - by means of inflammasome activation -Inflammatory arthritis (IA) culminating in promoting inflammation. An increasing body of research supports the role of NLRs in driving pathogenesis of IA, a collection of diseases that include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis, and pediatric arthritis. In this review, we briefly discuss the main drivers of IA diseases and dive into the evidence for - and against - various NLRs in driving these diseases. We also review the studies examining the use of NLR and inflammasome inhibitors as potential therapies for IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Singh Madahar
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alita Gideon
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Ni J, Wang P, Yin KJ, Yang XK, Cen H, Sui C, Wu GC, Pan HF. Novel insight into the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis gained by a cross-tissue transcriptome-wide association study. RMD Open 2022; 8:e002529. [PMID: 37582060 PMCID: PMC9462377 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 100 loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility, the causal genes and biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS A cross-tissue transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using the unified test for molecular signaturestool was performed to integrate GWAS summary statistics from 58 284 individuals (14 361 RA cases and 43 923 controls) with gene-expression matrix in the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. Subsequently, a single tissue by using FUSION software was conducted to validate the significant associations. We also compared the TWAS with different gene-based methodologies, including Summary Data Based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) and Multimarker Analysis of Genomic Annotation (MAGMA). Further in silico analyses (conditional and joint analysis, differential expression analysis and gene-set enrichment analysis) were used to deepen our understanding of genetic architecture and comorbidity aetiology of RA. RESULTS We identified a total of 47 significant candidate genes for RA in both cross-tissue and single-tissue test after multiple testing correction, of which 40 TWAS-identified genes were verified by SMR or MAGMA. Among them, 13 genes were situated outside of previously reported significant loci by RA GWAS. Both TWAS-based and MAGMA-based enrichment analyses illustrated the shared genetic determinants among autoimmune thyroid disease, asthma, type I diabetes mellitus and RA. CONCLUSION Our study unveils 13 new candidate genes whose predicted expression is associated with risk of RA, providing new insights into the underlying genetic architecture of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kang-Jia Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Cen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University Medical School, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Sui
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Cui Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Zhao Y, Jin H, Qu J, Zhang S, Hu S, Xue J, Zhao M. The influences of perfluoroalkyl substances on the rheumatoid arthritis clinic. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:10. [PMID: 35246023 PMCID: PMC8895528 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of environmental factors on genetically susceptible individuals is a basic link in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic organic fluorine chemicals, which have been mass-produced and widely used in the past 60 years, and also have been shown to be one of the major pollutants affecting human health. The impact of fluoride on the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is unclear. This study explored the relationship between common fluoride and clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS A cohort of 155 patients with RA and 145 health controls in Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were investigated. Serum concentrations of all fluoride detected were higher in RA patients than in healthy controls. There were 43 male patients and 112 female patients in the RA cohort. Some of perfluoroalkyl substances (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorotrdecanoate (PFTrA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)) were correlated negatively with the Body Mass Index (BMI); some of them (PFOA, PFNA, PFTrA, PFOS, 8:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2Cl-PFESA)) were correlated positively with the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28); two (PFOA, PFOS) of them were correlated positively with the white blood cell count, and one (Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA)) of them was correlated negatively with the hemoglobin; two (Perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), PFUnA) of them were correlated negatively with the presence of interstitial lung disease. CONCLUSION These data suggest that exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may promote the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis and the visceral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunzhao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Spalinger MR, Schwarzfischer M, Niechcial A, Atrott K, Laimbacher A, Gottier C, Lang S, Scharl M. Loss of PTPN22 Promotes Intestinal Inflammation by Compromising Granulocyte-mediated Antibacterial Defence. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:2118-2130. [PMID: 34089589 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A single nucleotide polymorphism in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 [PTPN22] has been associated with the onset of autoimmune disorders, but protects from Crohn's disease. PTPN22 deficiency in mice promotes intestinal inflammation by modulating lymphocyte function. However, the impact of myeloid PTPN22 in colitis development remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PTPN2 in the IL-10 and the T cell transfer colitis models. METHODS PTPN22-deficient mice were crossed with IL-10-/- and RAG2-/- mice. Naïve T cells were injected in RAG-/- mice to induce T-cell transfer colitis. Spontaneous colitis in IL-10-/- mice was monitored for up to 200 days. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that PTPN22 in non-lymphoid immune cells is required to protect against T cell transfer-mediated and IL-10 knock-out colitis. Analysis of the intestinal immune landscape demonstrated a marked reduction of granulocyte influx into the inflamed colon in PTPN22-deficient mice. On a molecular level, granulocytes were not only reduced by numbers, but also revealed a defective function. In particular, granulocyte activation and granulocyte-mediated bacteria killing was impaired upon loss of PTPN22, resulting in elevated bacterial burden and translocation beyond the intestinal epithelial barrier in PTPN22-deficient mice. Consistently, antibiotic-induced depletion of bacteria reverted the increased colitis susceptibility in PTPN22-deficient mice, whereas granulocyte depletion induced acolitis phenotype in wild-type mice similar to that observed in PTPN22-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PTPN22 is essential for adequate granulocyte activation and antimicrobial defence to protect the inflamed intestine from bacterial invasion and exacerbated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Niechcial
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Laimbacher
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Karmakar U, Vermeren S. Crosstalk between B cells and neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 2021; 164:689-700. [PMID: 34478165 PMCID: PMC8561113 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease without known cure that primarily affects synovial joints. RA has a prevalence of approximately 1% of the population worldwide. A vicious circle between two critical immune cell types, B cells and neutrophils, develops and promotes disease. Pathogenic anti‐citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) directed against a range of citrullinated epitopes are abundant in both plasma and synovial fluid of RA patients. In addition to stimulating numerous cell types, ACPA and other autoantibodies, notably rheumatoid factor, form immune complexes (ICs) that potently activate neutrophils. Attracted to the synovium by abundant chemokines, neutrophils are locally stimulated by ICs. They generate cytokines and release cytotoxic compounds including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), strands of decondensed chromatin decorated with citrullinated histones and granule‐derived neutrophil proteins, which are particularly abundant in the synovial fluid. In this way, neutrophils generate citrullinated epitopes and release peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes capable of citrullinating extracellular proteins in the rheumatic joint, contributing to renewed ACPA generation. This review article focusses on the central function of citrullination, a post‐translational modification of arginine residues in RA. The discussion includes ACPA and related autoantibodies, somatic hypermutation‐mediated escape from negative selection by autoreactive B cells, promotion of the dominance of citrullinated antigens by genetic and lifestyle susceptibility factors and the vicious circle between ACPA‐producing pathogenic B cells and NET‐producing neutrophils in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsa Karmakar
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Perry DJ, Peters LD, Lakshmi PS, Zhang L, Han Z, Wasserfall CH, Mathews CE, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM. Overexpression of the PTPN22 Autoimmune Risk Variant LYP-620W Fails to Restrain Human CD4 + T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:849-859. [PMID: 34301848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A missense mutation (R620W) of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22), which encodes lymphoid-tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), confers genetic risk for multiple autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes. LYP has been putatively demonstrated to attenuate proximal T and BCR signaling. However, limited data exist regarding PTPN22 expression within primary T cell subsets and the impact of the type 1 diabetes risk variant on human T cell activity. In this study, we demonstrate endogenous PTPN22 is differentially expressed and dynamically controlled following activation. From control subjects homozygous for the nonrisk allele, we observed 2.1- (p < 0.05) and 3.6-fold (p < 0.001) more PTPN22 transcripts in resting CD4+ memory and regulatory T cells (Tregs), respectively, over naive CD4+ T cells, with expression peaking 24 h postactivation. When LYP was overexpressed in conventional CD4+ T cells, TCR signaling and activation were blunted by LYP-620R (p < 0.001) but only modestly affected by the LYP-620W risk variant versus mock-transfected control, with similar results observed in Tregs. LYP overexpression only impacted proliferation following activation by APCs but not anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-coated microbeads, suggesting LYP modulation of pathways other than TCR. Notably, proliferation was significantly lower with LYP-620R than with LYP-620W overexpression in conventional CD4+ T cells but was similar in Treg. These data indicate that the LYP-620W variant is hypomorphic in the context of human CD4+ T cell activation and may have important implications for therapies seeking to restore immunological tolerance in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Leeana D Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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Smith R, Moots RJ, Murad M, Wallace GR. A Darwinian View of Behçet's Disease. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:91-99. [PMID: 36465976 PMCID: PMC9524781 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by oral and genital ulceration, with other complications including eye, skin, joint, and central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, which may differ between patients. There is a strong genetic basis for BD; however, only a few genes have been associated with the disease across the geographical spread of BD. In this article, we discuss the history and combination of genes involved in this complex disease in relation to the geographical range and present our view that the disease has developed from a Darwinian perspective, with different gene polymorphisms that affect the same biological pathway. Moreover, these mutations individually are protective mechanisms against the disease relevant to each region, which affected both archaic and modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Smith
- Department of Rheumatology, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Mariam Murad
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham R. Wallace
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- E-mail:
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11
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Shapiro MR, Thirawatananond P, Peters L, Sharp RC, Ogundare S, Posgai AL, Perry DJ, Brusko TM. De-coding genetic risk variants in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:496-508. [PMID: 33483996 PMCID: PMC8119379 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual basis for a genetic predisposition underlying the risk for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) predates modern human molecular genetics. Over half of the genetic risk has been attributed to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene region and to the insulin (INS) gene locus - both thought to confer direction of autoreactivity and tissue specificity. Notwithstanding, questions still remain regarding the functional contributions of a vast array of minor polygenic risk variants scattered throughout the genome that likely influence disease heterogeneity and clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the available literature related to the T1D-associated coding variants defined at the time of this review, for the genes PTPN22, IFIH1, SH2B3, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, SIRPG, CTLA4, CTSH and UBASH3A. Data from genotype-selected human cohorts are summarized, and studies from the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse are presented to describe the functional impact of these variants in relation to innate and adaptive immunity as well as to β-cell fragility, with expression profiles in tissues and peripheral blood highlighted. The contribution of each variant to progression through T1D staging, including environmental interactions, are discussed with consideration of how their respective protein products may serve as attractive targets for precision medicine-based therapeutics to prevent or suspend the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Puchong Thirawatananond
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leeana Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Similoluwa Ogundare
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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12
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Manning JE, Lewis JW, Marsh LJ, McGettrick HM. Insights Into Leukocyte Trafficking in Inflammatory Arthritis - Imaging the Joint. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635102. [PMID: 33768093 PMCID: PMC7985076 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate accumulation and activation of leukocytes is a shared pathological feature of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Cellular accumulation is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, attempts to modulate leukocyte entry and exit from the joint have proven unsuccessful to date, indicating that gaps in our knowledge remain. Technological advancements are now allowing real-time tracking of leukocyte movement through arthritic joints or in vitro joint constructs. Coupling this technology with improvements in analyzing the cellular composition, location and interactions of leukocytes with neighboring cells has increased our understanding of the temporal dynamics and molecular mechanisms underpinning pathological accumulation of leukocytes in arthritic joints. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to inappropriate leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory arthritis, and how these evolve with disease progression. Moreover, we highlight the advances in imaging of human and murine joints, along with multi-cellular ex vivo joint constructs that have led to our current knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen M. McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fresneda Alarcon M, McLaren Z, Wright HL. Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Same Foe Different M.O. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649693. [PMID: 33746988 PMCID: PMC7969658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated neutrophil activation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and granule proteases are implicated in damage to and destruction of host tissues in both conditions (cartilage in RA, vascular tissue in SLE) and also in the pathogenic post-translational modification of DNA and proteins. Neutrophil-derived cytokines and chemokines regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses in RA and SLE, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) expose nuclear neoepitopes (citrullinated proteins in RA, double-stranded DNA and nuclear proteins in SLE) to the immune system, initiating the production of auto-antibodies (ACPA in RA, anti-dsDNA and anti-acetylated/methylated histones in SLE). Neutrophil apoptosis is dysregulated in both conditions: in RA, delayed apoptosis within synovial joints contributes to chronic inflammation, immune cell recruitment and prolonged release of proteolytic enzymes, whereas in SLE enhanced apoptosis leads to increased apoptotic burden associated with development of anti-nuclear auto-antibodies. An unbalanced energy metabolism in SLE and RA neutrophils contributes to the pathology of both diseases; increased hypoxia and glycolysis in RA drives neutrophil activation and NET production, whereas decreased redox capacity increases ROS-mediated damage in SLE. Neutrophil low-density granulocytes (LDGs), present in high numbers in the blood of both RA and SLE patients, have opposing phenotypes contributing to clinical manifestations of each disease. In this review we will describe the complex and contrasting phenotype of neutrophils and LDGs in RA and SLE and discuss their discrete roles in the pathogenesis of each condition. We will also review our current understanding of transcriptomic and metabolomic regulation of neutrophil phenotype in RA and SLE and discuss opportunities for therapeutic targeting of neutrophil activation in inflammatory auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fresneda Alarcon
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe McLaren
- Liverpool University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Louise Wright
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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14
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Abstract
A number of diseases and conditions have been associated with prolonged or persistent exposure to non-physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, ROS underproduction due to loss-of-function mutations in superoxide or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-generating enzymes is a risk factor or causative for certain diseases. However, ROS are required for basic cell functions; in particular the diffusible second messenger H2O2 that serves as signaling molecule in redox processes. This activity sets H2O2 apart from highly reactive oxygen radicals and influences the approach to drug discovery, clinical utility, and therapeutic intervention. Here we review the chemical and biological fundamentals of ROS with emphasis on H2O2 as a signaling conduit and initiator of redox relays and propose an integrated view of physiological versus non-physiological reactive species. Therapeutic interventions that target persistently altered ROS levels should include both selective inhibition of a specific source of primary ROS and careful consideration of a targeted pro-oxidant approach, an avenue that is still underdeveloped. Both strategies require attention to redox dynamics in complex cellular systems, integration of the overall spatiotemporal cellular environment, and target validation to yield effective and safe therapeutics. The only professional primary ROS producers are NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5, DUOX1-2). Many other enzymes, e.g., xanthine oxidase (XO), monoamine oxidases (MAO), lysyl oxidases (LO), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX), produce superoxide and H2O2 secondary to their primary metabolic function. Superoxide is too reactive to disseminate, but H2O2 is diffusible, only limited by adjacent PRDXs or GPXs, and can be apically secreted and imported into cells through aquaporin (AQP) channels. H2O2 redox signaling includes oxidation of the active site thiol in protein tyrosine phosphatases, which will inhibit their activity and thereby increase tyrosine phosphorylation on target proteins. Essential functions include the oxidative burst by NOX2 as antimicrobial innate immune response; gastrointestinal NOX1 and DUOX2 generating low H2O2 concentrations sufficient to trigger antivirulence mechanisms; and thyroidal DUOX2 essential for providing H2O2 reduced by TPO to oxidize iodide to an iodinating form which is then attached to tyrosyls in TG. Loss-of-function (LoF) variants in TPO or DUOX2 cause congenital hypothyroidism and LoF variants in the NOX2 complex chronic granulomatous disease.
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16
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Armitage LH, Wallet MA, Mathews CE. Influence of PTPN22 Allotypes on Innate and Adaptive Immune Function in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636618. [PMID: 33717184 PMCID: PMC7946861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) regulates a panoply of leukocyte signaling pathways. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PTPN22, rs2476601, is associated with increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and other autoimmune diseases. Over the past decade PTPN22 has been studied intensely in T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. However, the effect of the minor allele on PTPN22 function in TCR signaling is controversial with some reports concluding it has enhanced function and blunts TCR signaling and others reporting it has reduced function and increases TCR signaling. More recently, the core function of PTPN22 as well as functional derangements imparted by the autoimmunity-associated variant allele of PTPN22 have been examined in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In this review we will discuss the known functions of PTPN22 in human cells, and we will elaborate on how autoimmunity-associated variants influence these functions across the panoply of immune cells that express PTPN22. Further, we consider currently unresolved questions that require clarification on the role of PTPN22 in immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H Armitage
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Immuno-Oncology at Century Therapeutics, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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17
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Abbasifard M, Imani D, Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z. PTPN22 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3204. [PMID: 32333475 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genome-wide association studies have revealed a genetic background with respect to susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although several individual case-control studies have evaluated the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) gene rs2476601 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in conferring a risk for RA, the results have been conflicting. Hence, this meta-analysis was aimed to provide a solution for this issue. METHODS To search for studies assessing the association between the PTPN22 gene rs2476601 SNP and the risk of RA, a systematic search was conducted in the main databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, prior to December 2019. The odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the possibility of association risk. RESULTS The literature search identified 52 case-control studies. The pooled analysis detected significant positive association of rs2476601 in all genetic models, including dominant model (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.55-1.84, P < 0.001), recessive model (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 2.06-3.05, P < 0.001), allelic model (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.60-2.2, P < 0.001), TT versus CC model (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 2.28-3.41, P < 0.001) and CT versus CC model (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.50-1.67, P < 0.001). Analyses based on population stratification indicated that rs2476601 SNP strongly increased the risk of RA in Caucasians and Africans under all genotype models. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis reports that the PTPN22 gene rs2476601 SNP increases RA risk, especially in Caucasians and Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abbasifard
- Department of internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Danyal Imani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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18
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Bai B, Wang T, Zhao J, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang B. PTPN22 interacts with EB1 to regulate T-cell receptor signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:8959-8974. [PMID: 32469452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902811rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PTPN22 gene encoding the Lyp/Pep protein tyrosine phosphatase is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Recent studies have shown that phosphorylation of end-binding protein 1 (EB1) is associated with the TCR activation. In this study, using 2-hybrid and mass spectrometry analyses, we identified EB1 as a protein associated with PTPN22. Furthermore, we discovered that EB1 specifically bound to the P1 domain of PTPN22 by competing with CSK, and the variant PTPN22-R620W does not affect the association with EB1, which is instrumental with respect to the regulation of TCR signaling. In addition, PTPN22 dephosphorylates EB1 at tyrosine-247 (Y247), which decreases the expression of the T-cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 and the phosphorylation levels of the TCR molecules ZAP-70, LAT, and Erk, leading to the eventual downregulation of the transcription factor NFAT and reduced the levels of secreted IL-2. The findings of this study provide new insights into the TCR signaling and the T-cell immune response, which are important for clarifying the mechanism of PTPN22-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Bai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yanjiao Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutrophils priming has been long studied in vitro. Recent studies describe it in vivo. In pathophysiological conditions, complex, heterogeneous characteristics of priming are described in the last few years. RECENT FINDINGS Priming can occur systemically when insults such as sepsis or trauma result in an array of circulating mediators and circulating primed neutrophils seem to exert detrimental effects either directly, or indirectly by interacting with other cells, thereby contributing to the development of organ dysfunction. Local priming of neutrophils augments their ability to clear infection, but may also lead to local bystander tissue injury, for example, in the inflamed joint. The complexity, heterogeneity and dynamic nature of inflammatory responses and the accessibility of cells from local sites make neutrophil priming challenging to study in human disease; however, recent advances have made significant progress to this field. SUMMARY Herein, we summarize the literature regarding neutrophil priming in selected conditions. In some diseases and in the setting of specific genetic influences, the priming repertoire seems to be restricted, with only some neutrophil functions upregulated. A greater understanding of the nature of neutrophil priming and its role in human disease is required before this process becomes tractable to therapeutic intervention.
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20
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Saferding V, Blüml S. Innate immunity as the trigger of systemic autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 110:102382. [PMID: 31883831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of a variety of elements controlling and participating in virtually all aspects of inflammation and immunity. It is crucial for host defense, but on the other hand its improper activation is also thought to be responsible for the generation of autoimmunity and therefore diseases such as autoimmune arthritides like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) or inflammatory bowel disease. The innate immune system stands both at the beginning as well as the end of autoimmunity. On one hand, it regulates the activation of the adaptive immune system and the breach of self-tolerance, as antigen presenting cells (APCs), especially dendritic cells, are essential for the activation of naïve antigen specific T cells, a crucial step in the development of autoimmunity. Various factors controlling the function of dendritic cells have been identified that directly regulate lymphocyte homeostasis and in some instances the generation of organ specific autoimmunity. Moreover, microbial cues have been identified that are prerequisites for the generation of several specific autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, the innate immune system is also responsible for mediating the resulting organ damage underlying the clinical symptoms of a given autoimmune disease via production of proinflammatory cytokines that amplify local inflammation and further activate other immune or parenchymal cells in the vicinity, the generation of matrix degrading and proteolytic enzymes or reactive oxygen species directly causing tissue damage. In the last decades, molecular characterization of cell types and their subsets as well as both positive and negative regulators of immunity has led to the generation of various scenarios of how autoimmunity develops, which eventually might lead to the development of targeted interventions for autoimmune diseases. In this review, we try to summarize the elements that are contributing to the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Blüml
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Kanashiro A, Hiroki CH, da Fonseca DM, Birbrair A, Ferreira RG, Bassi GS, Fonseca MD, Kusuda R, Cebinelli GCM, da Silva KP, Wanderley CW, Menezes GB, Alves-Fiho JC, Oliveira AG, Cunha TM, Pupo AS, Ulloa L, Cunha FQ. The role of neutrophils in neuro-immune modulation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104580. [PMID: 31786317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are peripheral immune cells that represent the first recruited innate immune defense against infections and tissue injury. However, these cells can also induce overzealous responses and cause tissue damage. Although the role of neutrophils activating the immune system is well established, only recently their critical implications in neuro-immune interactions are becoming more relevant. Here, we review several aspects of neutrophils in the bidirectional regulation between the nervous and immune systems. First, the role of neutrophils as a diffuse source of acetylcholine and catecholamines is controversial as well as the effects of these neurotransmitters in neutrophil's functions. Second, neutrophils contribute for the activation and sensitization of sensory neurons, and thereby, in events of nociception and pain. In addition, nociceptor activation promotes an axon reflex triggering a local release of neural mediators and provoking neutrophil activation. Third, the recruitment of neutrophils in inflammatory responses in the nervous system suggests these immune cells as innovative targets in the treatment of central infectious, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Multidisciplinary studies involving immunologists and neuroscientists are required to define the role of the neurons-neutrophils communication in the pathophysiology of infectious, inflammatory, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Hiroji Hiroki
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Araguaína Medical School, Federal University of Tocantins, Avenida Paraguai s/n, 77824-838, Araguaína, TO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mirian D Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Kusuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Katiussia Pinho da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wagner Wanderley
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Alves-Fiho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Loss of PTPN22 abrogates the beneficial effect of cohousing-mediated fecal microbiota transfer in murine colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1336-1347. [PMID: 31501515 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is a very efficient approach for the treatment of severe and recurring C. difficile infections. However, the beneficial effect of FMT in other disorders such as ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease remains unclear. Furthermore, it is currently unknown how disease-associated genetic variants in donors or recipients influence the effect of FMT. We found that bacteria-transfer from wild-type (WT) donors via cohousing was efficient in inducing recovery from colitis in WT mice, but not in mice deficient in protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), a known risk gene for several chronic inflammatory diseases. Also cohousing of PTPN22-deficient mice with diseased WT mice failed to induce faster recovery. Our data indicate that the genetic background of the donor and the recipient influences the outcome of microbiota transfer, and offers a potential explanation why transfer of fecal microbes from some, but not all donors is efficient in UC patients.
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23
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Mustelin T, Bottini N, Stanford SM. The Contribution of PTPN22 to Rheumatic Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:486-495. [PMID: 30507064 PMCID: PMC6438733 DOI: 10.1002/art.40790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the unresolved questions in modern medicine is why certain individuals develop a disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus, while others do not. Contemporary science indicates that genetics is partly responsible for disease development, while environmental and stochastic factors also play a role. Among the many genes that increase the risk of autoimmune conditions, the risk allele encoding the W620 variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) is shared between multiple rheumatic diseases, suggesting that it plays a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. Herein, we discuss how the presence of the PTPN22 risk allele may shape the signs and symptoms of these diseases. Besides the emerging clarity regarding how PTPN22 tunes T and B cell antigen receptor signaling, we discuss recent discoveries of important functions of PTPN22 in myeloid cell lineages. Taken together, these new insights reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent diseases like RA and lupus and may open new avenues for the development of personalized therapies that spare the normal function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, phone (206) 616-6130,
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
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24
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Shaik NA, Banaganapalli B. Computational Molecular Phenotypic Analysis of PTPN22 (W620R), IL6R (D358A), and TYK2 (P1104A) Gene Mutations of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Genet 2019; 10:168. [PMID: 30899276 PMCID: PMC6416176 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of bone joints caused by the complex interplay between several factors like body physiology, the environment with genetic background. The recent meta-analysis of GWAS has expanded the total number of RA-associated loci to more than 100, out of which approximately ∼97% (98 variants) loci are located in non-coding regions, and the other ∼3% (3 variants) are in three different non-HLA genes, i.e., TYK2 (Prp1104Ala), IL6R (Asp358Ala), and PTPN22 (Trp620Arg). However, whether these variants prompt changes in the protein phenotype with regards to its stability, structure, and interaction with other molecules, remains unknown. Thus, we selected the three clinically pathogenic variants described above, as positive controls and applied diverse computational methods to scrutinize if those mutations cause changes in the protein phenotype. Both wild type and mutant protein structures of PTPN22 (W620R), IL6R (D358A), and TYK2 (P1104A) were modeled and studied for structural deviations. Furthermore, we have also studied the secondary structure characteristics, solvent accessibility and stability, and the molecular interaction deformities caused by the amino acid substitutions. We observed that simple nucleotide predictions of SIFT, PolyPhen, CADD and FATHMM yields mixed findings in screening the RA-missense variants which showed a ≥P-value threshold of 5 × 10-8 in genome wide association studies. However, structure-based analysis confirms that mutant structures shows subtle but significant changes at their core regions, but their functional domains seems to lose wild type like functional interaction. Our findings suggest that the multidirectional computational analysis of clinically potential RA-mutations could act as a primary screening step before undertaking functional biology assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Hopkin SJ, Lewis JW, Krautter F, Chimen M, McGettrick HM. Triggering the Resolution of Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Can Targeting Leukocyte Migration Be the Answer? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 30881306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a pivotal process in the regulation and resolution of an inflammatory episode. It is vital for the protective responses to microbial infection and tissue damage, but is the unwanted reaction contributing to pathology in many immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Indeed, it is now recognized that patients with IMIDs have defects in at least one, if not multiple, check-points regulating the entry and exit of leukocytes from the inflamed site. In this review, we will explore our understanding of the imbalance in recruitment that permits the accumulation and persistence of leukocytes in IMIDs. We will highlight old and novel pharmacological tools targeting these processes in an attempt to trigger resolution of the inflammatory response. In this context, we will focus on cytokines, chemokines, known pro-resolving lipid mediators and potential novel lipids (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate), along with the actions of glucocorticoids mediated by 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Hopkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Lewis
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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O'Neil LJ, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Breaking Immune Tolerance and Fueling Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:215-227. [PMID: 30709614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, is characterized by a highly coordinated inflammatory response that involves innate and adaptive immunity. One of the hallmarks of RA is an immune response directed at citrullinated peptides that are specifically targeted by anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Among the various mechanisms by which neutrophils may promote immune dysregulation in RA, their ability to extrude neutrophil extracellular traps has recently been implicated in the development of ACPAs. In the synovium, neutrophils interact with resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes to endow them with antigen-presenting cell capabilities and an inflammatory phenotype. Further understanding how neutrophils modulate autoimmunity and tissue damage in RA may lead to the development of novel effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J O'Neil
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Vogt KL, Summers C, Chilvers ER, Condliffe AM. Priming and de-priming of neutrophil responses in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12967. [PMID: 29896919 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The activation status of neutrophils can cycle from basal through primed to fully activated ("green-amber-red"), and at least in vitro, primed cells can spontaneously revert to a near basal phenotype. This broad range of neutrophil responsiveness confers extensive functional flexibility, allowing neutrophils to respond rapidly and appropriately to varied and evolving threats throughout the body. Primed and activated cells display dramatically enhanced bactericidal capacity (including augmented respiratory burst activity, degranulation and longevity), but this enhancement also confers the capacity for significant unintended tissue injury. Neutrophil priming and its consequences have been associated with adverse outcomes in a range of disease states, hence understanding the signalling processes that regulate the transition between basal and primed states (and back again) may offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in pathological settings. A wide array of host- and pathogen-derived molecules is able to modulate the functional status of these versatile cells. Reflecting this extensive repertoire of potential mediators, priming can be established by a range of signalling pathways (including mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, phospholipase D and calcium transients) and intracellular processes (including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking and the engagement of adhesion molecules). The signalling pathways engaged, and the exact cellular phenotype that results, vary according to the priming agent(s) to which the neutrophil is exposed and the precise environmental context. Herein we describe the signals that establish priming (in particular for enhanced respiratory burst, degranulation and prolonged lifespan) and describe the recently recognised process of de-priming, correlating in vitro observations with in vivo significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja L Vogt
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bateson Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bateson Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Svendsen AJ, Tan Q, Jakobsen MA, Thyagarajan B, Nygaard M, Christiansen L, Mengel-From J. White blood cell mitochondrial DNA copy number is decreased in rheumatoid arthritis and linked with risk factors. A twin study. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:142-146. [PMID: 30327147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Low mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) has been associated with e.g. cancer, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. We aimed to study a potential association between mtDNA CN and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relative quantity of mitochondrial DNA compared to nuclear DNA was measured in peripheral white blood cells from 149 RA affected twin pairs and 1321 non-affected twin pairs. Multiple regression analysis including RA discordant twin pairs was performed in order to separate specific effects of RA and familial RA predisposition using non-RA affected twin pairs as reference group. In addition, we performed a twin pair level analysis including only RA discordant twin pairs evaluating the effect of cell type, auto antibodies and RA genetic risk factors. Both the RA twins and their non-affected co-twins had significantly lower mtDNA CN than non-affected twins (-28.7 and -23.1 mtDNA CN, respectively). Adjusting for cell count attenuated these differences (-23.1 mtDNA CN and -20.1 mtDNA CN respectively). Within RA discordant twin pairs PTPN22(T) positive RA twins had a significantly lower amount than their co-twins (-16.3 mtDNA CN). PTPN22(T) had no effect among twins from non-affected twin pairs. MtDNA CN is significantly lower in persons with established RA and in predisposed non-affected RA co-twins suggesting that mitochondrial variation may be involved in the RA disease pathways. Our results also suggest that the RA associated genetic risk factor, PTPN22(T), further decreases the mtDNA CN, but only in carriers with established RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders J Svendsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Svendborg, Denmark; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne A Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Mengel-From
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Buckley CD, McGettrick HM. Leukocyte trafficking between stromal compartments: lessons from rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:476-487. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang P, Lu Q. Genetic and epigenetic influences on the loss of tolerance in autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:575-585. [PMID: 29503444 PMCID: PMC6079019 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance loss is fundamental to the development of autoimmunity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Immune tolerance consists of central and peripheral tolerance. Central tolerance, which occurs in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells, is the primary way that the immune system discriminates self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance, which occurs in tissues and lymph nodes after lymphocyte maturation, controls self-reactive immune cells and prevents over-reactive immune responses to various environment factors. Loss of tolerance results in autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases are highly complicated. Both genetic predisposition and epigenetic modifications are implicated in the loss of tolerance and autoimmunity. In this review, we will discuss the genetic and epigenetic influences on tolerance breakdown in autoimmunity. Genetic and epigenetic influences on autoimmune diseases, such as SLE, RA, T1D and PBC, will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Damgaard D, Bjørn ME, Jensen PØ, Nielsen CH. Reactive oxygen species inhibit catalytic activity of peptidylarginine deiminase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1203-1208. [PMID: 28933232 PMCID: PMC6021033 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1368505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) may play an important pathogenic role in several chronic inflammatory diseases and malignancies. PAD2, PAD4, and citrullinated proteins are found in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients. PAD activity is dependent on calcium and reducing conditions. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to induce citrullination of histones in granulocytes. Here we examine the ability of H2O2 and leukocyte-derived ROS to regulate PAD activity using citrullination of fibrinogen as read-out. H2O2 at concentrations above 40 µM inhibited the catalytic activity of PAD2 and PAD4 in a dose-dependent manner. PMA-stimulated leukocytes citrullinated fibrinogen and this citrullination was markedly enhanced when ROS formation was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). In contrast, PAD released from stimulated leukocytes was unaffected by exogenously added H2O2 at concentrations up to 1000 µM. The role of ROS in regulating PAD activity may play an important part in preventing hypercitrullination of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- a Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mads Emil Bjørn
- a Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark.,c Department of Haematology , Roskilde Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- a Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark.,d Department of Clinical Microbiology , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- a Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding on genetic basis of SLE has been advanced through genome-wide association studies. We review recent progress in lupus genetics with a focus on SLE-associated loci that have been functionally characterized, and discuss the potential for clinical translation of genetics data. RECENT FINDINGS Over 100 loci have been confirmed to show robust association with SLE and many share with other immune-mediated diseases. Although causative variants captured at these established loci are limited, they guide biological studies of gene targets for functional characterization which highlight the importance of aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acid, type I interferon overproduction, and defective immune cell signaling underlying the pathogenesis of SLE. Increasing examples illustrate a predictive value of genetic findings in susceptibility/prognosis prediction, clinical classification, and pharmacological implication. Genetic findings provide a foundation for better understanding of disease pathogenic mechanisms and opportunities for target selection in lupus drug development.
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The PTPN22 R263Q polymorphism confers protection against systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, while PTPN22 R620W confers susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Mexican population. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:775-781. [PMID: 28500376 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The functional PTPN22 R620W polymorphism (rs2476601) is clearly associated with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases (ADs). However, the PTPN22 R263Q polymorphism (rs33996649) has been scarcely explored in different ADs. Here we aimed to examine the associations of the PTPN22 R620W and R263Q polymorphisms with susceptibility to or protection against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Graves' disease (GD) among Mexican patients. METHODS We conducted a case-control study including 876 patients (405 with SLE, 388 with RA, and 83 with GD) and 336 healthy control individuals. PTPN22 genotypes were determined using the TaqMan 5' allele discrimination assay. RESULTS PTPN22 R620W was associated with GD susceptibility (OR 4.3, p = 0.004), but was not associated with SLE (OR 1.8, p = 0.19). We previously demonstrated that this polymorphism is associated with RA susceptibility (OR 4.17, p = 0.00036). Moreover, PTPN22 R263Q was associated with protection against SLE (OR 0.09, p = 004) and RA (OR 0.28, p = 0.045), but was not associated with GD. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first demonstration that PTPN22 R620W confers GD susceptibility among Latin-American patients. Moreover, this is the second report documenting the association of PTPN22 R263Q with protection against SLE and RA.
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Vermeren S, Miles K, Chu JY, Salter D, Zamoyska R, Gray M. PTPN22 Is a Critical Regulator of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Neutrophil Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4771-4779. [PMID: 27807193 PMCID: PMC5136470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils act as a first line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections, but they are also important effectors of acute and chronic inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have established that the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) makes an important contribution to susceptibility to autoimmune disease, notably rheumatoid arthritis. Although PTPN22 is most highly expressed in neutrophils, its function in these cells remains poorly characterized. We show in this article that neutrophil effector functions, including adhesion, production of reactive oxygen species, and degranulation induced by immobilized immune complexes, were reduced in Ptpn22-/- neutrophils. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Lyn and Syk was altered in Ptpn22-/- neutrophils. On stimulation with immobilized immune complexes, Ptpn22-/- neutrophils manifested reduced activation of key signaling intermediates. Ptpn22-/- mice were protected from immune complex-mediated arthritis, induced by the transfer of arthritogenic serum. In contrast, in vivo neutrophil recruitment following thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and in vitro chemotaxis were not affected by lack of PTPN22. Our data suggest an important role for PTPN22-dependent dephosphorylation events, which are required to enable full FcγR-induced activation, pointing to an important role for this molecule in neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Vermeren
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom;
| | - Katherine Miles
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Y Chu
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Salter
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom;
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Assadi G, Vesterlund L, Bonfiglio F, Mazzurana L, Cordeddu L, Schepis D, Mjösberg J, Ruhrmann S, Fabbri A, Vukojevic V, Percipalle P, Salomons FA, Laurencikiene J, Törkvist L, Halfvarson J, D’Amato M. Functional Analyses of the Crohn's Disease Risk Gene LACC1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168276. [PMID: 27959965 PMCID: PMC5154582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the Laccase (multicopper oxidoreductase) domain-containing 1 (LACC1) gene has been shown to affect the risk of Crohn's disease, leprosy and, more recently, ulcerative colitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. LACC1 function appears to promote fatty-acid oxidation, with concomitant inflammasome activation, reactive oxygen species production, and anti-bacterial responses in macrophages. We sought to contribute to elucidating LACC1 biological function by extensive characterization of its expression in human tissues and cells, and through preliminary analyses of the regulatory mechanisms driving such expression. METHODS We implemented Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry analyses to investigate fatty acid metabolism-immune nexus (FAMIN; the LACC1 encoded protein) expression in subcellular compartments, cell lines and relevant human tissues. Gene-set enrichment analyses were performed to initially investigate modulatory mechanisms of LACC1 expression. A small-interference RNA knockdown in vitro model system was used to study the effect of FAMIN depletion on peroxisome function. RESULTS FAMIN expression was detected in macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and several human tissues, being highest in neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells among peripheral blood cells. Subcellular co-localization was exclusively confined to peroxisomes, with some additional positivity for organelle endomembrane structures. LACC1 co-expression signatures were enriched for genes involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathways, and PPAR ligands downregulated FAMIN expression in in vitro model systems. CONCLUSION FAMIN is a peroxisome-associated protein with primary role(s) in macrophages and other immune cells, where its metabolic functions may be modulated by PPAR signaling events. However, the precise molecular mechanisms through which FAMIN exerts its biological effects in immune cells remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Assadi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Vesterlund
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Cordeddu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danika Schepis
- Rheumatology unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladana Vukojevic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A. Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Törkvist
- Gastrocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- BioDonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Ke X, Song S, Wang X, Shen Y, Kang H, Hong S. Associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of PTPN22 and Ctla4 genes with the risk of allergic rhinitis in a Chinese Han population. Hum Immunol 2016; 78:227-231. [PMID: 27888068 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disorder of the upper airway. Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 encoded by PTPN22 gene and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated 4 encoded by Ctla4 gene are associated with autoimmune diseases. PURPOSE This study was performed to evaluate the potential association of PTPN22 and Ctla4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with AR in a Chinese Han population. METHODS A case-control study was performed in 783 Chinese AR patients and 811 healthy controls. Three SNPs in PTPN22 gene (rs2488457, rs1310182, and rs3789604) and 6 SNPs in Ctla4 gene (rs3087243, rs231779, rs11571302, rs11571315, rs231725, and rs35219727) were detected using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS For PTPN22 gene, a significantly decreased prevalence of the rs2488457 CC genotype and C allele was found in AR patients. The frequencies of the rs1310182 CC genotype, CT genotype, and C allele were significantly associated with the risk of AR. For Ctla4 gene, a significantly increased prevalence of the rs11571302 AA genotype, CA genotype and A allele was noted in AR patients. CONCLUSION SNPs of PTPN22 and Ctla4 genes are significantly associated with the risk of AR in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanghua Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Houyong Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suling Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Hamerman JA, Pottle J, Ni M, He Y, Zhang ZY, Buckner JH. Negative regulation of TLR signaling in myeloid cells--implications for autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:212-27. [PMID: 26683155 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbial ligands and signal for production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Whereas TLR-induced inflammatory mediators are required for pathogen clearance, many are toxic to the host and can cause pathological inflammation when over-produced. This is demonstrated by the role of TLR-induced cytokines in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because of the potent effects of TLR-induced cytokines, we have diverse mechanisms to dampen TLR signaling. Here, we highlight three pathways that participate in inhibition of TLR responses in macrophages and DC, and their implications in autoimmunity; A20, encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene, Lyp encoded by the PTPN22 gene, and the BCAP/PI3K pathway. We present new findings that Lyp promotes TLR responses in primary human monocytes and that the autoimmunity risk Lyp620W variant is more effective at promoting TLR-induced interleukin-6 than the non-risk Lyp620R protein. This suggests that Lyp serves to downregulate a TLR inhibitory pathway in monocytes, and we propose that Lyp inhibits the TREM2/DAP12 inhibitory pathway. Overall, these pathways demonstrate distinct mechanisms of negative regulation of TLR responses, and all impact autoimmune disease pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Pottle
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Minjian Ni
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yantao He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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Salinas-Santander MA, Bazan-Mendoza E, Espinoza-Ruiz M, Ortiz-Lopez R, Bustamante A, Sanchez-Dominguez CN. The +1858 C/T Polymorphism in the PTPN22 Gene Is Associated with Cystic Fibrosis Patients in Northeast Mexico. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:403-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nishikawa R, Nagai H, Bito T, Ikeda T, Horikawa T, Adachi A, Matsubara T, Nishigori C. Genetic prediction of the effectiveness of biologics for psoriasis treatment. J Dermatol 2016; 43:1273-1277. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nishikawa
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Toshinori Bito
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
- Bito Dermatology Clinic; Kobe Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikeda
- Department of Dermatology; Kobe City Hospital Organization Kobe Medical Center West Hospital; Kobe Japan
| | | | - Atsuko Adachi
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center; Kakogawa Japan
| | | | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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Thieblemont N, Wright HL, Edwards SW, Witko-Sarsat V. Human neutrophils in auto-immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:159-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Parallel Aspects of the Microenvironment in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4375120. [PMID: 26997761 PMCID: PMC4779817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4375120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are fundamentally different pathological conditions. In cancer, the immune response is suppressed and unable to eradicate the transformed self-cells, while in autoimmune diseases it is hyperactivated against a self-antigen, leading to tissue injury. Yet, mechanistically, similarities in the triggering of the immune responses can be observed. In this review, we highlight some parallel aspects of the microenvironment in cancer and autoimmune diseases, especially hypoxia, and the role of macrophages, neutrophils, and their interaction. Macrophages, owing to their plastic mode of activation, can generate a pro- or antitumoral microenvironment. Similarly, in autoimmune diseases, macrophages tip the Th1/Th2 balance via various effector cytokines. The contribution of neutrophils, an additional plastic innate immune cell population, to the microenvironment and disease progression is recently gaining more prominence in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, as they can secrete cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as acquire an enhanced ability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are now considered important initiators of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the contribution of macrophages and neutrophils to the cancerous or autoimmune microenvironment, as well as the role their interaction and cooperation play, may help identify new targets and improve therapeutic strategies.
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Gregersen PK, Klein G, Keogh M, Kern M, DeFranco M, Simpfendorfer KR, Kim SJ, Diamond B. The Genotype and Phenotype (GaP) registry: a living biobank for the analysis of quantitative traits. Immunol Res 2015; 63:107-12. [PMID: 26467974 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of the Genotype and Phenotype (GaP) Registry, a living biobank of normal volunteers who are genotyped for genetic markers related to human disease. Participants in the GaP can be recalled for hypothesis driven study of disease associated genetic variants. The GaP has facilitated functional studies of several autoimmune disease associated loci including Csk, Blk, PDRM1 (Blimp-1) and PTPN22. It is likely that expansion of such living biobank registries will play an important role in studying and understanding the function of disease associated alleles in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Gila Klein
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Mary Keogh
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Marlena Kern
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Margaret DeFranco
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kim R Simpfendorfer
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 50 robust loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, and follow-up studies help reveal candidate causative genetic variants and their biological relevance contributing to the development of SLE. Epigenetic modulation is emerging as an important mechanism for understanding how the implicated genes interact with environmental factors. We review recent progress toward identifying causative variants of SLE-associated loci and epigenetic impact on lupus, especially genetic-epigenetic interactions that modulate expression levels of SLE susceptibility genes. RECENT FINDINGS A few SLE-risk loci have been refined to localize likely causative variants responsible for the observed genome-wide association study signals. Few of such variants disrupt coding sequences resulting in gain or loss of function for the encoded protein, whereas most fall in noncoding regions with potential to regulate gene expression through alterations in transcriptional activity, splicing, mRNA stability and epigenetic modifications. Multiple key pathways related to the SLE pathogenesis have been indicated by the identified genetic risk factors, including type I interferon signaling pathway that can also be regulated by epigenetic changes occurred in SLE. SUMMARY These findings provide novel insights into the disease pathogenesis and promise better diagnostic accuracy and new therapeutic targets for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
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Dai C, Deng Y, Quinlan A, Gaskin F, Tsao BP, Fu SM. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: immune responses and end organ resistance to damage. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:87-96. [PMID: 25458999 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disorder. Considerable progress has been made to delineate the genetic control of this complex disorder. In this review, selected aspects of human and mouse genetics related to SLE are reviewed with emphasis on genes that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity and to genes that contribute directly to susceptibility to end organ damage. It is concluded that the interactions among these two major pathways will provide further insight into the pathogenesis of SLE. An interactive model of the two major pathways is proposed without emphasis on the importance of breaking tolerance to autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Aaron Quinlan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Felicia Gaskin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Abstract
PTPN22 encodes a tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed by haematopoietic cells and functions as a key regulator of immune homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell receptor signalling and by selectively promoting type I interferon responses after activation of myeloid-cell pattern-recognition receptors. A single nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, 1858C>T (rs2476601), disrupts an interaction motif in the protein, and is the most important non-HLA genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis and the second most important for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. PTPN22 exemplifies a shared autoimmunity gene, affecting the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis and other autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we explore the role of PTPN22 in autoimmune connective tissue disease, with particular emphasis on candidate-gene and genome-wide association studies and clinical variability of disease. We also propose a number of PTPN22-dependent functional models of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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