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Petrera MR, Aparisi Gómez MP, Guglielmi R, Guglielmi G, Bazzocchi A. Interventional Radiology for Rheumatic Diseases. Radiol Clin North Am 2024; 62:913-927. [PMID: 39059981 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Imaging plays a key role in the management of rheumatological pathologies, also as guidance for diagnostic and therapeutic interventional procedures, as it can provide better accuracy and safety compared to palpation-guided interventions. Inflammatory and degenerative conditions nonresponsive to systemic treatment may benefit from intra-articular and periarticular administration of drugs, with therapeutic and symptomatic actions or providing a bridge for surgery. Desired effects include reduction of inflammation and pain and improvement of physical function of patients. Training and knowledge of indications, appropriate procedures, contraindications, and side effects are necessary to obtain maximum accuracy and safety in performing interventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Rosaria Petrera
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G. C. Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Pilar Aparisi Gómez
- Department of Radiology, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Waipapa Taumata Rau | University of Auckland, Building 501-002, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, IMSKE, Calle Suiza, 11, València 46024, Spain
| | - Riccardo Guglielmi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Guglielmi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University School of Medicine, Foggia, Italy; Radiology Unit, "Dimiccoli" Hospital, Barletta, Italy; Department of Radiology, Hospital IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Bazzocchi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G. C. Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy.
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Garcia-Pompermayer MR, Ayton SG, Molina-Collada J, Tamborrini G, Sanchez MED, Luna KS, Elizondo MAG. The power of us: breaking barriers and bridging the gap of ultrasound in rheumatology to empower a new generation. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:2103-2116. [PMID: 38653847 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-024-06973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) knowledge, attitudes, and practices among young rheumatologists in Mexico, aiming to identify barriers and facilitators to its clinical use. METHODS An online survey distributed to a network of young rheumatologists captured demographics, institutional, and personal MSUS information. Multivariable analysis identified factors associated with positive MSUS attitudes. RESULTS Ninety-six rheumatologists (39.18% national response rate) completed the survey. Of respondents (54.2% females, median age 35.1 years), 81.2% deemed MSUS necessary in clinical rheumatology. The main barriers included limited training access (56.2%) and required training time (54.1%). Lack of scientific evidence was not a major barrier (60.4%). Positive MSUS attitudes were associated with learning from conferences (p = 0.029) and colleagues (p = 0.005), formal (p = 0.043), and in-person training (p = 0.020), MSUS use in practice (p = 0.027), and use by radiologists in their institute (p < 0.001). Interest in learning MSUS (88.5%) was significantly higher in those with positive attitudes (94.4%, p < 0.001). Elastic net analysis identified key drivers, including learning MSUS from conferences, colleagues, and in residency; using MSUS in practice; respondent-performed MSUS; and MSUS use by radiologists. Statistically significant associations were found with using MSUS for synovitis/inflammatory joint disease (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.00-2.05) and MSUS use by radiologists in respondent's institutes (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.90). CONCLUSION Most young rheumatologists in Mexico recognize the necessity of MSUS in clinical practice. By addressing identified barriers, encouraging rheumatologist-radiologist collaboration, and establishing a regulatory body to certify rheumatologist's MSUS experience, there is an opportunity to empower them with the necessary skills for effective MSUS use, ultimately benefiting patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah G Ayton
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Molina-Collada
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Karina Silva Luna
- Reumatología, Instituto de Medicina Interna, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Garza Elizondo
- Reumatología, Instituto de Medicina Interna, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Mandl P, D'Agostino MA, Navarro-Compán V, Geßl I, Sakellariou G, Abhishek A, Becce F, Dalbeth N, Ea HK, Filippucci E, Hammer HB, Iagnocco A, de Thurah A, Naredo E, Ottaviani S, Pascart T, Pérez-Ruiz F, Pitsillidou IA, Proft F, Rech J, Schmidt WA, Sconfienza LM, Terslev L, Wildner B, Zufferey P, Filippou G. 2023 EULAR recommendations on imaging in diagnosis and management of crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:752-759. [PMID: 38320811 PMCID: PMC11103298 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formulate evidence-based recommendations and overarching principles on the use of imaging in the clinical management of crystal-induced arthropathies (CiAs). METHODS An international task force of 25 rheumatologists, radiologists, methodologists, healthcare professionals and patient research partners from 11 countries was formed according to the EULAR standard operating procedures. Fourteen key questions on the role of imaging in the most common forms of CiA were generated. The CiA assessed included gout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease and basic calcium phosphate deposition disease. Imaging modalities included conventional radiography, ultrasound, CT and MRI. Experts applied research evidence obtained from four systematic literature reviews using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL. Task force members provided level of agreement (LoA) anonymously by using a Numerical Rating Scale from 0 to 10. RESULTS Five overarching principles and 10 recommendations were developed encompassing the role of imaging in various aspects of patient management: making a diagnosis of CiA, monitoring inflammation and damage, predicting outcome, response to treatment, guided interventions and patient education. Overall, the LoA for the recommendations was high (8.46-9.92). CONCLUSIONS These are the first recommendations that encompass the major forms of CiA and guide the use of common imaging modalities in this disease group in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mandl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Maria Antonietta D'Agostino
- Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Irina Geßl
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Garifallia Sakellariou
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Medical Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Emilio Filippucci
- Rheumatology Unit-Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Italy
| | - Hilde Berner Hammer
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annamaria Iagnocco
- Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Annette de Thurah
- Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Esperanza Naredo
- Department of Rheumatology and Bone and Joint Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tristan Pascart
- Department of Rheumatology, Lille Catholic University, Saint-Philibert Hospital, Lomme, France
| | - Fernando Pérez-Ruiz
- Rheumatology Department, Osakidetza, Ezkerraldea-Enkarterri-Cruces, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute and University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Irene A Pitsillidou
- EULAR Patient Research Partner, Cyprus League Against Rheumatism, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fabian Proft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology (including Nutrition Medicine), Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Luca Maria Sconfienza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Lene Terslev
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Pascal Zufferey
- Rheumatology, University of Lausanne, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Margenfeld F, Zendehdel A, Tamborrini G, Müller-Gerbl M. The advantages of utilizing different ultrasound imaging techniques on joints of human cadavers in the teaching of anatomy - A scoping review. Ann Anat 2024; 251:152179. [PMID: 37879500 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common approach to define sonoanatomy is a reciprocal exchange of macroscopic and microscopic information in ultrasound imaging. High-resolution ultrasound has been long established and is crucial as an inexpensive and adaptable tool, not just in clinical settings but also while teaching anatomy. Early application of ultrasonography provides medical students with a couple of benefits: they acquire an improved understanding of anatomy and learn how to use it. METHODS A comprehensive literature review has been carried out, with relevant studies discovered in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, BIOSIS Previews and Web of Science Core Collection. Gray literature was also considered in two different ways: (1) Regarding grey literature databases: National Gray Literature Collection. (2) For PhD theses and dissertations, the databases EThOS and Open Access Theses and Dissertations were screened for relevant studies by combining the keywords used in the search string. The reference lists of all relevant papers were scanned. Search process was performed on January 3rd, 2023. The search string was developed with the aid of and finally checked by a professional librarian. Only ultrasound studies on human cadavers were included, not animals or phantoms. If the studied subject was a joint, the article was included. Only B-Mode ultrasound was included, whereas Elastosonography, Doppler sonography and quantitative approaches including among others sound speed, backscatter attenuation were excluded. Intravascular, intraosseous, intraarticular, and three-dimensional or four-dimensional ultrasonography were also eliminated from the analysis. All appropriate information comprising articles, PhD theses, dissertations and chapters in textbooks were considered. There were solely English and German studies covered. There was no additional restriction on the publishing year. The included studies' general characteristics and ultrasound techniques were taken from them and examined. Using VOS viewer, a keyword analysis was also carried out. RESULTS 142 of the 8899 results that were returned by the search satisfied the requirements. With a quarter of the included studies, the knee joint was the most extensively studied joint, followed by the elbow joint (10.6%) and the shoulder joint (9.2%). The methodological analysis includes 125 studies. Both the sample size and the ultrasonographer's qualifications were diverse. The probe position and the ultrasound method were precisely documented so that a reader could duplicate them in about three-quarters of the included studies (72.8%). CONCLUSION The current study, in our perspective, is the first scoping review to screen ultrasound studies on human cadaver joints. A heterogeneous field was shown by the methodological investigation. We suggest using a uniform method for conducting and presenting ultrasound examinations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Margenfeld
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Musculoskeletal Research, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Adib Zendehdel
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Musculoskeletal Research, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Tamborrini
- Swiss Ultrasound Center UZR and Institute for Rheumatology, Aeschenvorstadt 68, Basel 4051, Switzerland; Rheumatology Clinic, University Hospital of Basel, Basel 4001 Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Müller-Gerbl
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Musculoskeletal Research, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Larsen AC, Møller-Hansen M, Wiencke AK, Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Heegaard S. Ultrasound-Guided Transcutaneous Injection in the Lacrimal Gland: A Description of Sonoanatomy and Technique. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:275-278. [PMID: 36944128 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To develop a method of injecting a volume up to 50% of the lacrimal gland (LG) volume while minimizing patient discomfort and maximizing accurate drug delivery. Herein we describe a series of ultrasound (US)-guided transcutaneous injections in the LG and discuss the safety and feasibility of this technique. Methods: Ultrasonography was performed in 40 patients with aqueous deficient dry eye disease using a GE Logic E10 (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) US machine with a 6-24 MHz transducer. US was performed by 2 medical experts in ultrasonography. We recorded the injection and observed an enlargement of the LG ensuring delivery within the LG before the needle was removed. Assessment of injection-related adverse event was performed immediately after the injection. Results: The position of the injection needle within the LG was documented in all 40 patients. Injection of the stem cells and vehicle (N = 20) or solely vehicle (N = 20) led to an enlargement of the glandular structures in all cases. No serious adverse reactions related to the injections were observed. Conclusion: US-guided injection into the LG enables injection on a closed eye causing minimum patient discomfort and maximum certainty of accurate drug delivery. US can provide real-time images and may be used to safely guide the needle ensuring correct placement and injection within the gland capsule. This reduces the risk of injury to the eye and adjacent structures and makes a precise transcutaneous injection possible. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04615455.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lene Terslev
- Department of Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, and Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Koppikar S, Diaz P, Kaeley GS, Eder L. Seeing is believing: Smart use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology practice. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2023; 37:101850. [PMID: 37481369 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2023.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal ultrasonography has become an increasingly valuable tool as a complement to the physical exam in rheumatology practice. Its point-of-care access, low cost, safety, portability, and reliability in trained hands, make this technique especially useful in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Growing evidence has demonstrated the value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the detection of inflammatory and structural changes in patients with joint pain without obvious joint swelling, in differentiating various inflammatory diagnoses, in the monitoring of inflammatory arthritis, and interventional procedures. The potential role of ultrasound guiding treat-to-target strategies or tapering treatment in inflammatory arthritis requires further research. However, musculoskeletal ultrasound can also have pitfalls and limitations that a clinician should be aware of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Koppikar
- Division of Rheumatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunologia Clinica y Reumatologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gurjit S Kaeley
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lihi Eder
- Division of Rheumatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Ammitzbøll-Danielsen M, Terslev L. Optimizing the anti-inflammatory strategies in (osteo)arthritis: local or systemic? THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF... 2022; 66:311-318. [PMID: 35838028 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.22.03477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis is affecting millions of people globally, involvement and distribution depending on the type of arthritis. The most common arthritic conditions are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite the pathogeneses being fundamentally different, both joint diseases share the same need for local treatment of synovitis. No current treatment can stop the progression of OA. Local articulate treatment including glucocorticoid (GC) injections, radiosynoviorthesis (RSO) and surgical synovectomy are the only options to relieve pain and temporally improve movability before surgical intervention. For RA, despite effective systemic treatments, similarly need for local articulate treatment is still present, especially early in the disease, but also in case of recurrent episodes of disease flare. Current evidence supports local GC injection as first line treatment for persistent synovitis in a single or a few joints. RSO provides an evident and effective alternative for GC refractory synovitis, especially in early RA. Surgical synovectomy is an invasive alternative, but with less documented efficacy. Whether one unsuccessful intraarticular GC injection is enough to change of mode of action for local treatment is still unclear and needs to be further investigated. In conclusion persistent single joint synovitis in OA and RA is well treated with local treatment. Intra-articular GC injection is considered as first line of treatment, but RSO provides an additional treatment alternative with less side effects and better evidence of efficacy than surgical synovectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Ammitzbøll-Danielsen
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark -
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark -
| | - Lene Terslev
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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[Ultrasound-targeted joint puncture in rheumatology]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:858-867. [PMID: 36197588 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-022-01269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Joint punctures not only have a long tradition but are also an essential component in the diagnostic differentiation of various joint diseases. In addition, therapeutic injections are an essential component of an individual targeted treatment strategy in a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-based treat-to-target concept. This article aims to convey to the reader the ultrasound-targeted joint puncture techniques in text and with many video clips that can be downloaded. This article therefore steps away from the conventional two-dimensional demonstration of anatomy-oriented puncture techniques and elucidates the diagnostic and therapeutic potency of ultrasound-targeted techniques in the daily routine. Furthermore, special importance is given to a sterile working technique, puncture material and synovial analysis.
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Smolen JS. Greetings from the editor. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [PMID: 35577363 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef S Smolen
- Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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