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Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Mandraffino G, Calatroni A, Saitta A, Campo S, Campo GM. Hyaluronan in the experimental injury of the cartilage: biochemical action and protective effects. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:5-20. [PMID: 28803264 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and function has increased enormously over the last decade or so. There is evidence demonstrating that ECM provides signals affecting cell adhesion, shape, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. ECM presents many domains that become active after proteolytic cleavage. These active ECM fragments are called matrikines which play different roles; in particular, they may act as potent inflammatory mediators during cartilage injury. FINDINGS A major component of the ECM that undergoes dynamic regulation during cartilage damage and inflammation is the non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA). In this contest, HA is the most studied because of its different activity due to the different polymerization state. In vivo evidences have shown that low molecular weight HA exerts pro-inflammatory action, while high molecular weight HA possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the beneficial HA effects on arthritis are not only limited to its viscosity and lubricant action on the joints, but it is especially due to a specific and effective anti-inflammatory activity. Several in vitro experimental investigations demonstrated that HA treatment may regulate different biochemical pathways involved during the cartilage damage. Emerging reports are suggesting that the ability to recognize receptors both for the HA degraded fragments, whether for the high-polymerized native HA involve interaction with integrins, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the cluster determinant (CD44). The activation of these receptors induced by small HA fragments, via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-kB) mediation, directly or other different pathways, produces the transcription of a large number of damaging intermediates that lead to cartilage erosion. CONCLUSIONS This review briefly summarizes a number of findings of the recent studies focused on the protective effects of HA, at the different polymerization states, on experimental arthritis in vitro both in animal and human cultured chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela D'Ascola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Calatroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
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Marsh JM, Roback DW, Ross GT. In vitro conditions affecting the synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans by normal and rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1982; 25:196-203. [PMID: 7066049 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780250213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro conditions affecting synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans by cell suspensions derived from monolayer cell cultures of normal and rheumatoid synovial tissue were examined. The capacity of cells to synthesize proteoglycans was estimated by the incorporation of 35S--sulfate into cetylpyridinium chloride--precipitable material. Synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans was maximal during log phase, and after 2--3 hours of recovery from disaggregation. Normal synovial cells appeared to be more sensitive to changes in serum concentration than were rheumatoid synovial cells, but rheumatoid synovial cells were more sensitive to changes in cell density. The proportion of newly synthesized extracellular proteoglycans increased with the duration of incubation in 35S--sulfate.
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