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Straub RH, Pongratz G, Buttgereit F, Gaber T. [Energy metabolism of the immune system : Consequences in chronic inflammation]. Z Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s00393-023-01389-4. [PMID: 37488246 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy is the currency of life. The systemic and intracellular energy metabolism plays an essential role for the energy supply of the resting and activated immune system and this also applies to chronic inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE This presentation examines both components of the systemic and cellular energy metabolism in health and chronic inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. The information is presented in the form of a narrative review. RESULTS A chronically activated immune system acquires large amounts of energy-rich substrates that are lost for other functions of the body. In particular, the immune system and the brain are in competition. The consequences of this competition are many known diseases, such as fatigue, anxiety, depression, anorexia, sleep problems, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, insulin resistance, hypertension and others. The permanent change in the brain causes long-term alterations that stimulate disease sequelae even after disease remission. In the intracellular energy supply, chronic inflammation typically involves a conversion to glycolysis (to lactate, which has its own regulatory functions) and the pentose phosphate pathway in disorders of mitochondrial function. The chronic changes in immune cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lead to a disruption of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The hypoxic situation in the inflamed tissue stimulates many alterations. A differentiation is made between effector functions and regulatory functions of immune cells. CONCLUSION Based on the energy changes mentioned, novel treatment suggestions can be made in addition to those already known in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Labor für Experimentelle Rheumatologie und Neuroendokrin-Immunologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, 93049, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Timo Gaber
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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2
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Hanlon MM, Canavan M, Barker BE, Fearon U. Metabolites as drivers and targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 208:167-180. [PMID: 35020864 PMCID: PMC9188347 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by neovascularization, immune cell infiltration, and synovial hyperplasia, which leads to degradation of articular cartilage and bone, and subsequent functional disability. Dysregulated angiogenesis, synovial hypoxia, and immune cell infiltration result in a ‘bioenergetic crisis’ in the inflamed joint which further exacerbates synovial invasiveness. Several studies have examined this vicious cycle between metabolism, immunity, and inflammation and the role metabolites play in these interactions. To add to this complexity, the inflamed synovium is a multicellular tissue with many cellular subsets having different metabolic requirements. Metabolites can shape the inflammatory phenotype of immune cell subsets during disease and act as central signalling hubs. In the RA joint, the increased energy demand of stromal and immune cells leads to the accumulation of metabolites such as lactate, citrate, and succinate as well as adipocytokines which can regulate downstream signalling pathways. Transcription factors such as HIF1ɑ and mTOR can act as metabolic sensors to activate synovial cells and drive pro-inflammatory effector function, thus perpetuating chronic inflammation further. These metabolic intermediates may be potential therapeutic targets and so understanding the complex interplay between metabolites and synovial cells in RA may allow for identification of novel therapeutic strategies but also may provide significant insight into the underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Hanlon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin.,EULAR Centre of Excellence for Rheumatology, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin.,EULAR Centre of Excellence for Rheumatology, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brianne E Barker
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin.,EULAR Centre of Excellence for Rheumatology, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin.,EULAR Centre of Excellence for Rheumatology, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Certo M, Tsai CH, Pucino V, Ho PC, Mauro C. Lactate modulation of immune responses in inflammatory versus tumour microenvironments. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:151-161. [PMID: 32839570 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment in cancerous tissues is immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic, whereas the microenvironment of tissues affected by chronic inflammatory disease is pro-inflammatory and anti-resolution. Despite these opposing immunological states, the metabolic states in the tissue microenvironments of cancer and inflammatory diseases are similar: both are hypoxic, show elevated levels of lactate and other metabolic by-products and have low levels of nutrients. In this Review, we describe how the bioavailability of lactate differs in the microenvironments of tumours and inflammatory diseases compared with normal tissues, thus contributing to the establishment of specific immunological states in disease. A clear understanding of the metabolic signature of tumours and inflammatory diseases will enable therapeutic intervention aimed at resetting the bioavailability of metabolites and correcting the dysregulated immunological state, triggering beneficial cytotoxic, inflammatory responses in tumours and immunosuppressive responses in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chin-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Brisc C, Brisc MC, Munteanu MA, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Bungau S. The Lipid Paradox as a Metabolic Checkpoint and Its Therapeutic Significance in Ameliorating the Associated Cardiovascular Risks in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249505. [PMID: 33327502 PMCID: PMC7764917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the most common manifestations associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are synovial damage and inflammation, the systemic effects of this autoimmune disorder are life-threatening, and are prevalent in 0.5–1% of the population, mainly associated with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Such effects have been instigated by an altered lipid profile in RA patients, which has been reported to correlate with CV risks. Altered lipid paradox is related to inflammatory burden in RA patients. The review highlights general lipid pathways (exogenous and endogenous), along with the changes in different forms of lipids and lipoproteins in RA conditions, which further contribute to elevated risks of CVDs like ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction etc. The authors provide a deep insight on altered levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) in RA patients and their consequence on the cardiovascular health of the patient. This is followed by a detailed description of the impact of anti-rheumatoid therapy on the lipid profile in RA patients, comprising DMARDs, corticosteroids, anti-TNF agents, anti-IL-6 agents, JAK inhibitors and statins. Furthermore, this review elaborates on the prospects to be considered to optimize future investigation on management of RA and treatment therapies targeting altered lipid paradigms in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Ciprian Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mihaela Cristina Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
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Pucino V, Certo M, Varricchi G, Marone G, Ursini F, Rossi FW, De Paulis A, Mauro C, Raza K, Buckley CD. Metabolic Checkpoints in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:347. [PMID: 32362840 PMCID: PMC7180190 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the interplay between metabolism, immunity and inflammation. Both tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells play a major role in the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the production of cytokines, adipo-cytokines and metabolic intermediates. These functions are metabolically demanding and require the most efficient use of bioenergetic pathways. The synovial membrane is the primary site of inflammation in RA and exhibits distinctive histological patterns characterized by different metabolism, prognosis and response to treatment. In the RA synovium, the high energy demand by stromal and infiltrating immune cells, causes the accumulation of metabolites, and adipo-cytokines, which carry out signaling functions, as well as activating transcription factors which act as metabolic sensors. These events drive immune and joint-resident cells to acquire pro-inflammatory effector functions which in turn perpetuate chronic inflammation. Whether metabolic changes are a consequence of the disease or one of the causes of RA pathogenesis is still under investigation. This review covers our current knowledge of cell metabolism in RA. Understanding the intricate interactions between metabolic pathways and the inflammatory and immune responses will provide more awareness of the mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis and will identify novel therapeutic options to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ospedale dei Colli, Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato De Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC and Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Dominic Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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6
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Antunes MM, Coelho BSL, Vichi TM, Santos EAD, Gondim FKB, Diniz AB, Aguilar EC, Cara DC, Porto LCJ, Castro ICD, Alvarez Leite JI, Teixeira LG. Oral supplementation with capsaicin reduces oxidative stress and IL-33 on a food allergy murine model. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100045. [PMID: 31316714 PMCID: PMC6611958 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is an abnormal immune response to antigens introduced into the body through food. Its prevalence has increased in developed and developing countries. Natural products are traditionally used to alleviate and treat diseases, and diet can play a role in both the prevention and management of food allergy. The effects of capsaicin as an anti-oxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory in the energy expenditure and suppression of fat accumulation have been demonstrated. This study evaluated the effect of oral supplementation with capsaicin on a food allergy model. METHODS OVA-sensitized mice received ovalbumin solution, and they were fed with chow supplemented with capsaicin for 7 days. The control group received AIN-93 chow with no supplementation. IgE anti-ova, inflammatory infiltration, oxidative stress and metabolic analysis were performed. RESULTS The results showed that capsaicin supplementation is not able to reduce characteristic signs of food allergy, such as production of IgE and weight loss. However, macrophages infiltration and IL-33 in proximal jejunum was reduced in OVA capsaicin group. In addition, hepatic triglycerides and intestinal hydroperoxides were reduced in both capsaicin groups. CONCLUSION Oral supplementation with capsaicin attenuated important factors associated to food allergy such as inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting better prognosis and evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Scherr Laignier Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thaís Makiya Vichi
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Elandia Aparecida dos Santos
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Karine Braga Gondim
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Jardim Porto
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Coelho de Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I. Alvarez Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lílian Gonçalves Teixeira
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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Koh JH, Park YJ, Lee S, Hong YS, Hong KS, Yoo SA, Cho CS, Kim WU. Distinct Urinary Metabolic Profile in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Possible Link between Diet and Arthritis Phenotype. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2019.26.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Koh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yune-Jung Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saseong Lee
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Shick Hong
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Feng LR, Nguyen Q, Ross A, Saligan LN. Evaluating the Role of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer-related Fatigue. J Vis Exp 2018:57736. [PMID: 29863679 PMCID: PMC6101225 DOI: 10.3791/57736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to objectively measure the severity of this condition. Here we describe an optimized method for assessing mitochondrial function of PBMCs collected from fatigued cancer patients. Using a compact extracellular flux system and sequential injection of respiratory inhibitors, we examined PBMC mitochondrial functional status by measuring basal mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and energy phenotype, which describes the preferred energy pathway to respond to stress. Fresh PBMCs are readily available in the clinical setting using standard phlebotomy. The entire assay described in this protocol can be completed in less than 4 hours without the involvement of complex biochemical techniques. Additionally, we describe a normalization method that is necessary for obtaining reproducible data. The simple procedure and normalization methods presented allow for repeated sample collection from the same patient and generation of reproducible data that can be compared between time points to evaluate potential treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Rebekah Feng
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Quang Nguyen
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Alexander Ross
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health;
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Alwarawrah Y, Kiernan K, MacIver NJ. Changes in Nutritional Status Impact Immune Cell Metabolism and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1055. [PMID: 29868016 PMCID: PMC5968375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell function and metabolism are closely linked. Many studies have now clearly demonstrated that alterations in cellular metabolism influence immune cell function and that, conversely, immune cell function determines the cellular metabolic state. Less well understood, however, are the effects of systemic metabolism or whole organism nutritional status on immune cell function and metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that undernutrition is associated with immunosuppression, which leads to both increased susceptibility to infection and protection against several types of autoimmune disease, whereas overnutrition is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation that increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, promotes autoreactivity, and disrupts protective immunity. Here, we review the effects of nutritional status on immunity and highlight the effects of nutrition on circulating cytokines and immune cell populations in both human studies and mouse models. As T cells are critical members of the immune system, which direct overall immune response, we will focus this review on the influence of systemic nutritional status on T cell metabolism and function. Several cytokines and hormones have been identified which mediate the effects of nutrition on T cell metabolism and function through the expression and action of key regulatory signaling proteins. Understanding how T cells are sensitive to both inadequate and overabundant nutrients may enhance our ability to target immune cell metabolism and alter immunity in both malnutrition and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kaitlin Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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10
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Straub RH. The brain and immune system prompt energy shortage in chronic inflammation and ageing. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:743-751. [PMID: 29021568 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sequelae frequently seen in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as fatigue, depressed mood, sleep alterations, loss of appetite, muscle wasting, cachectic obesity, bone loss and hypertension, can be the result of energy shortages caused by an overactive immune system. These sequelae can also be found in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases that are in remission and in ageing individuals, despite the immune system being less active in these situations. This Perspectives article proposes a new way of understanding situations of chronic inflammation (such as rheumatic diseases) and ageing based on the principles of evolutionary medicine, energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune crosstalk. A conceptual framework is provided to enable physicians and scientists to better understand the signs and symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases and long-term disease consequences resulting from physical and mental inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauß Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Straub RH, Cutolo M. Glucocorticoids and chronic inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:ii6-ii14. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Prevailing vitamin D status influences mitochondrial and glycolytic bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from adults. Redox Biol 2016; 10:243-250. [PMID: 27816874 PMCID: PMC5097975 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are exposed to metabolic and immunological stimuli that influence their functionality. We hypothesized that prevailing vitamin D status [25(OH)D] would modulate the bioenergetic profile of PBMCs derived from humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS 38 participants (16 males, 22 females) ranging in body fat from 14-51% were studied. PBMCs were isolated from whole blood, counted and freshly seeded for bioenergetic analysis using the Seahorse XFe96 flux analyser. Whole body energy metabolism via indirect calorimetry, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and relevant clinical biochemistry were measured. Data was analysed based on 25(OH)D cut-offs of <50nmol/L (Group 1, n=12), 50-75nmol/L (Group 2, n=15) and ≥75nmol/L (Group 3, n=11). A multivariate general linear model adjusting for age, fat mass, fat-free mass, parathyroid hormone and insulin sensitivity was used. RESULTS There were significant differences in cellular mitochondrial function between groups. Group 1 had significantly higher basal respiration (p=0.001), non-mitochondrial respiration (p=0.009), ATP production (p=0.001), proton leak (p=0.018), background glycolysis (p=0.023) and glycolytic reserve (p=0.039) relative to either Group 2 or Group 3; the latter two did not differ on any measures. There were no differences in bioenergetic health index (BHI), resting metabolic rates and systemic inflammatory markers between groups. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate vitamin D status adversely influenced bioenergetic parameters of PBMCs obtained from adults, in a pattern consistent with increased oxidative metabolism and activation of these cells.
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Wiest J, Namias A, Pfister C, Wolf P, Demmel F, Brischwein M. Data Processing in Cellular Microphysiometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:2368-2375. [PMID: 26929025 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2533868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GOAL This contribution points out the need for well-defined and documented data processing protocols in microphysiometry, an evolving field of label-free cell assays. The sensitivity of the obtained cell metabolic rates toward different routines of raw data processing is evaluated. METHODS A standard microphysiometric experiment structured in discrete measurement intervals was performed on a platform with a pH- and O 2-sensor readout. It is evaluated using three different data evaluation protocols, based on A) fast Fourier transformation of such dynamics, B) linear regression (LIN) of pH(t) and O2(t) dynamics, and C) numerical simulation (SIM) with a subsequent fitting of dynamics for parameter estimation. RESULTS We propose a sequence of well documented steps for an organized processing of raw sensor data. Figures of merit for the quality of raw data and the performance of data processing are provided. To estimate metabolic rates, a reaction-diffusion modeling approach is recommended if the necessary model input parameters such as the distribution of the active biomass, sensor response time, and material properties are available. CONCLUSION The information about cellular metabolic activity contained by measured sensor data dynamics is superimposed by manifold sources of error. Careful consideration of data processing is necessary to eliminate these errors as much as possible and to avoid an incorrect interpretation of data.
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Yamada LTP, de Oliveira MC, Batista NV, Fonseca RC, Sousa Pereira RV, Perez DA, Teixeira MM, Cara DC, Ferreira AVM. Immunologic and metabolic effects of high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet in food allergic mice. Nutrition 2016; 32:273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Renner K, Geiselhöringer AL, Fante M, Bruss C, Färber S, Schönhammer G, Peter K, Singer K, Andreesen R, Hoffmann P, Oefner P, Herr W, Kreutz M. Metabolic plasticity of human T cells: Preserved cytokine production under glucose deprivation or mitochondrial restriction, but 2-deoxy-glucose affects effector functions. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2504-16. [PMID: 26114249 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The strong link between T-cell metabolism and effector functions is well characterized in the murine system but hardly investigated in human T cells. Therefore, we analyzed glycolytic and mitochondrial activity in correlation to function in activated human CD4 and CD8 T cells. Glycolysis was barely detectable upon stimulation but accelerated beyond 24 h, whereas mitochondrial activity was elevated immediately in both T-cell populations. Glucose deprivation or mitochondrial restriction reduced proliferation, had only a transient impact on "on-blast formation" and no impact on viability, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 production, whereas TNF was reduced. Similar results were obtained in bulk T cells and T-cell subsets. Elevated respiration under glucose restriction demonstrated metabolic flexibility. Administration of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-glucose suppressed both glycolysis and respiration and exerted a strong impact on cytokine production that persisted for IFN-γ after removal of 2-deoxy-glucose. Taken together, glycolytic or mitochondrial restriction alone compromised proliferation of human T cells, but barely affected their effector functions. In contrast, effector functions were severely affected by 2-deoxy-glucose treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Geiselhöringer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Fante
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Färber
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Andreesen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
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The impact of cryopreservation on human peripheral blood leucocyte bioenergetics. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:723-33. [PMID: 25597817 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circulating immune cells are considered a source for biomarkers in health and disease, since they are exposed to nutritional, metabolic and immunological stimuli in the vasculature. Cryopreservation of leucocytes is routinely used for long-term storage and determination of phenotypic/functional changes at a later date. Exploring the role of bioenergetics and mitochondrial (dys)function in leucocytes is often examined by using freshly isolated cells. The aim of the pilot study described herein was to assess leucocyte bioenergetics in cryopreserved cells. Leucocytes were isolated from whole blood, counted and frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN2) for a period of 3 months. Cells were thawed at regular intervals and bioenergetic analysis performed using the Seahorse XFe96 flux analyser. Cryogenic storage reduced cell viability by 20%, but cell bioenergetic responses were largely intact for up to 1 month storage in LN2. However, after 1 month storage, mitochondrial function was impaired as reflected by decreasing basal respiration, ATP production, maximum (MAX) respiration, reserve capacity and coupling efficiency. Conversely, glycolytic activity was increased after 1 month, most notably the enhanced glycolytic response to 25 mM glucose without any change in glycolytic capacity. Finally, calculation of bioenergetic health index (BHI) demonstrated that this potential diagnostic parameter was sensitive to cryopreservation. The present study has demonstrated for the first time that cryopreservation of primary immune cells modified their metabolism in a time-dependent fashion, indicated by attenuated aerobic respiration and enhanced glycolytic activity. Taken together, we recommend caution in the interpretation of bioenergetic responses or BHI in cryopreserved samples.
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De Riccardis L, Rizzello A, Ferramosca A, Urso E, De Robertis F, Danieli A, Giudetti AM, Trianni G, Zara V, Maffia M. Bioenergetics profile of CD4(+) T cells in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis subjects. J Biotechnol 2015; 202:31-9. [PMID: 25701681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There are four clinical forms of MS, the most common of which is characterized by a relapsing remitting course (RRMS). The etiology of MS is unknown, but many studies suggested that genetic, environmental and infectious agents may contribute to the development of this disease. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS, it has been shown that CD4(+) T cells play a key role in MS pathogenesis. In fact, these cells are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause axonal damage with neuronal death. T cell activation critically depends on mitochondrial ATP synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interestingly, lots of studies linked the oxidative damage arising from mitochondrial changes to neurodegenerative disorders, such as MS. Based on these evidences, this work focused on the metabolic reprogramming of CD4(+) T cells in MS subjects, being this cell population directly implicated in pathogenesis of disease, paying attention to mitochondrial function and response to oxidative stress. Such aspects, once clarified, may open new opportunities for a therapeutic metabolic modulation of MS disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De Riccardis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonia Rizzello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Danieli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giorgio Trianni
- Department of Neurology, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
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Byersdorfer CA. The role of Fatty Acid oxidation in the metabolic reprograming of activated t-cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:641. [PMID: 25566254 PMCID: PMC4270246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation represents a significant bioenergetic challenge for T-cells, which must undergo metabolic reprogramming to keep pace with increased energetic demands. This review focuses on the role of fatty acid metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, following T-cell activation. Based upon previous studies in the literature, as well as accumulating evidence in allogeneic cells, I propose a multi-step model of in vivo metabolic reprogramming. In this model, a primary determinant of metabolic phenotype is the ubiquity and duration of antigen exposure. The implications of this model, as well as the future challenges and opportunities in studying T-cell metabolism, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Alan Byersdorfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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An active lifestyle induces positive antioxidant enzyme modulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of overweight/obese postmenopausal women. Life Sci 2014; 121:152-7. [PMID: 25497076 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an active lifestyle on mitochondrial functioning, viability, bioenergetics, and redox status markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of overweight/ obese postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study with postmenopausal women aged 45–64 years and body mass index N 25 kg/m2, divided into physically active (n = 23) and sedentary (n = 12) groups. Mitochondria functioning and viability, bioenergetics and redox status parameters were assessed in PBMC with spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays. KEY FINDINGS No differences were found in the enzyme activity of complexes I and II of the electron transport chain (ETC), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity, methyl-tetrazolium reduction levels and reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels between the groups. However, the physically active group presented higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P= 0.04) and increased catalase (CAT) (P= 0.029), total (P= 0.011) and cytosolic SOD (CuZnSOD) (P= 0.009) activities. SIGNIFICANCE An active lifestyle that includes aerobic exercise for at least 30 min, three times per week may improve antioxidant enzyme activities in PBMC in overweight/obese postmenopausal women, without changes in the activity of the ETC enzymes. However, this low intensity physical activity is not able to induce relevant mitochondrial adaptations.
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Hartman ML, Shirihai OS, Holbrook M, Xu G, Kocherla M, Shah A, Fetterman JL, Kluge MA, Frame AA, Hamburg NM, Vita JA. Relation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to vascular function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vasc Med 2014; 19:67-74. [PMID: 24558030 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x14521315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown mitochondrial dysfunction and increased production of reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus. Mitochondria oxygen consumption is coupled to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and also occurs in an uncoupled fashion during formation of reactive oxygen species by components of the electron transport chain and other enzymatic sites. We therefore hypothesized that diabetes would be associated with higher total and uncoupled oxygen consumption in PBMCs that would correlate with endothelial dysfunction. We developed a method to measure oxygen consumption in freshly isolated PBMCs and applied it to 26 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 28 non-diabetic controls. Basal (192 ± 47 vs 161 ± 44 pmoles/min, p = 0.01), uncoupled (64 ± 16 vs 53 ± 13 pmoles/min, p = 0.007), and maximal (795 ± 87 vs 715 ± 128 pmoles/min, p=0.01) oxygen consumption rates were higher in diabetic patients compared to controls. There were no significant correlations between oxygen consumption rates and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation measured by vascular ultrasound. Non-endothelium-dependent nitroglycerin-mediated dilation was lower in diabetics (10.1 ± 6.6 vs 15.8 ± 4.8%, p = 0.03) and correlated with maximal oxygen consumption (r = -0.64, p=0.001). In summary, we found that diabetes mellitus is associated with a pattern of mitochondrial oxygen consumption consistent with higher production of reactive oxygen species. The correlation between oxygen consumption and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation may suggest a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction that merits further study. Finally, the described method may have utility for the assessment of mitochondrial function in larger scale observational and interventional studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor-Li Hartman
- Evans Department of Medicine and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Wahl DR, Byersdorfer CA, Ferrara JLM, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Distinct metabolic programs in activated T cells: opportunities for selective immunomodulation. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:104-15. [PMID: 22889218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, it has been known that T-cell activation in vitro leads to increased glycolytic metabolism that fuels proliferation and effector function. Recently, this simple model has been complicated by the observation that different T-cell subsets differentially regulate fundamental metabolic pathways under the control of distinct molecular regulators. Although the majority of these data have been generated in vitro, several recent studies have documented the metabolism of T cells activated in vivo. Here, we review the recent data surrounding the differential regulation of metabolism by distinct T-cell subsets in vitro and in vivo and discuss how differential metabolic regulation might facilitate T-cell function vis-à-vis proliferation, survival, and energy production. We further discuss the important therapeutic implications of differential metabolism across T-cell subsets and review recent successes in exploiting lymphocyte metabolism to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wahl
- Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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He S, Kato K, Jiang J, Wahl DR, Mineishi S, Fisher EM, Murasko DM, Glick GD, Zhang Y. Characterization of the metabolic phenotype of rapamycin-treated CD8+ T cells with augmented ability to generate long-lasting memory cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20107. [PMID: 21611151 PMCID: PMC3096660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular metabolism plays a critical role in regulating T cell responses and the development of memory T cells with long-term protections. However, the metabolic phenotype of antigen-activated T cells that are responsible for the generation of long-lived memory cells has not been characterized. Design and Methods Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) peptide gp33-specific CD8+ T cells derived from T cell receptor transgenic mice, we characterized the metabolic phenotype of proliferating T cells that were activated and expanded in vitro in the presence or absence of rapamycin, and determined the capability of these rapamycin-treated T cells to generate long-lived memory cells in vivo. Results Antigen-activated CD8+ T cells treated with rapamycin gave rise to 5-fold more long-lived memory T cells in vivo than untreated control T cells. In contrast to that control T cells only increased glycolysis, rapamycin-treated T cells upregulated both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). These rapamycin-treated T cells had greater ability than control T cells to survive withdrawal of either glucose or growth factors. Inhibition of OXPHOS by oligomycin significantly reduced the ability of rapamycin-treated T cells to survive growth factor withdrawal. This effect of OXPHOS inhibition was accompanied with mitochondrial hyperpolarization and elevation of reactive oxygen species that are known to be toxic to cells. Conclusions Our findings indicate that these rapamycin-treated T cells may represent a unique cell model for identifying nutrients and signals critical to regulating metabolism in both effector and memory T cells, and for the development of new methods to improve the efficacy of adoptive T cell cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Koji Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiu Jiang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Wahl
- Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shin Mineishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Fisher
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Murasko
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gatza E, Wahl DR, Opipari AW, Sundberg TB, Reddy P, Liu C, Glick GD, Ferrara JLM. Manipulating the bioenergetics of alloreactive T cells causes their selective apoptosis and arrests graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:67ra8. [PMID: 21270339 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by glycolysis and by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Despite the importance of having sufficient ATP available for the energy-dependent processes involved in immune activation, little is known about the metabolic adaptations that occur in vivo to meet the increased demand for ATP in activated and proliferating lymphocytes. We found that bone marrow (BM) cells proliferating after BM transplantation (BMT) increased aerobic glycolysis but not OXPHOS, whereas T cells proliferating in response to alloantigens during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increased both aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS. Metabolomic analysis of alloreactive T cells showed an accumulation of acylcarnitines consistent with changes in fatty acid oxidation. Alloreactive T cells also exhibited a hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased superoxide production, and decreased amounts of antioxidants, whereas proliferating BM cells did not. Bz-423, a small-molecule inhibitor of the mitochondrial F(1)F(0) adenosine triphosphate synthase (F(1)F(0)-ATPase), selectively increased superoxide and induced the apoptosis of alloreactive T cells, which arrested established GVHD in several BMT models without affecting hematopoietic engraftment or lymphocyte reconstitution. These findings challenge the current paradigm that activated T cells meet their increased demands for ATP through aerobic glycolysis, and identify the possibility that bioenergetic and redox characteristics can be selectively exploited as a therapeutic strategy for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wahl DR, Petersen B, Warner R, Richardson BC, Glick GD, Opipari AW. Characterization of the metabolic phenotype of chronically activated lymphocytes. Lupus 2010; 19:1492-501. [PMID: 20647250 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310373109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated lymphocytes proliferate, secrete cytokines, and can make antibodies. Normally activated B and T cells meet the bioenergetic demand for these processes by up-regulating aerobic glycolysis. In contrast, several lines of evidence suggest that pathogenic lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases like lupus meet ATP demands through oxidative phosphorylation. Using (13)C-glucose as a stable tracer, we found that splenocytes from mice with lupus derive the same fraction of lactate from glucose as control animals, suggesting comparable levels of glycolysis and non-oxidative ATP production. However, lupus splenocytes increase glucose oxidation by 40% over healthy control animals. The ratio between pentose phosphate cycle (PPC) activity and glycolysis is the same for each group, indicating that increased glucose oxidation is due to increased activity of the TCA cycle in lupus splenocytes. Repetitive stimulation of cultured human T cells was used to model chronic lymphocyte activation, a phenotype associated with lupus. Chronically activated T cells rely primarily on oxidative metabolism for ATP synthesis suggesting that chronic antigen stimulation may be the basis for the metabolic findings observed in lupus mice. Identification of disease-related bioenergetic phenotypes should contribute to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Wahl
- Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Straub RH, Cutolo M, Buttgereit F, Pongratz G. Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Intern Med 2010; 267:543-60. [PMID: 20210843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Energy regulation (EnR) is most important for homoeostatic regulation of physiological processes. Neuroendocrine pathways are involved in EnR. We can separate factors that provide energy-rich fuels to stores [parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, oestrogens, androgens and osteocalcin] and those that provide energy-rich substrates to consumers [sympathetic nervous system (SNS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thyroid hormones, glucagon and growth hormone]. In chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs), balanced energy-rich fuel allocation to stores and consumers, normally aligned with circadian rhythms, is largely disturbed due to the vast fuel consumption of an activated immune system (up to 2000 kJ day(-1)). Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor or interleukins 1beta and 6, circulating activated immune cells and sensory nerve fibres signal immune activation to the rest of the body. This signal is an appeal for energy-rich fuels as regulators are switched on to supply energy-rich fuels ('energy appeal reaction'). During evolution, adequate EnR evolved to cope with nonlife-threatening diseases, not with CIDs (huge negative selection pressure and reduced reproduction). Thus, EnR is inadequate in CIDs leading to many abnormalities, including sickness behaviour, anorexia, hypovitaminosis D, cachexia, cachectic obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, fat deposits near inflamed tissue, hypoandrogenaemia, mild hypercortisolaemia, activation of the SNS (hypertension), CID-related anaemia and osteopenia. Many of these conditions can contribute to the metabolic syndrome. These signs and symptoms become comprehensible in the context of an exaggerated call for energy-rich fuels by the immune system. We propose that the presented pathophysiological framework may lead to new therapeutical approaches and to a better understanding of CID sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Straub
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Schulz M, Dotzlaw H, Mikkat S, Eggert M, Neeck G. Proteomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: selective protein processing observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3752-9. [PMID: 17705417 DOI: 10.1021/pr070285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a comparative proteome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we analyzed 130 two-dimensional gels obtained from 33 healthy control individuals and 32 patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found 16 protein spots that are deregulated in patients with RA and, using peptide mass fingerprinting and Western blot analyses, identified these spots as belonging to 9 distinct proteins. A hierarchical clustering procedure organizes the study subjects into two main clusters based on the expression of these 16 protein spots, one that contains mostly healthy control individuals and the other mostly RA patients. The majority of the proteins differentially expressed in RA patients when compared with healthy controls can be detected as protein fragments in PBMCs obtained from RA patients. This set of deregulated proteins includes several factors that have been shown to be autoantigens in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- BIOMEDRO Biomedical Research and Development Rostock Ltd., Robert-Koch-Strasse 9, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Naumann L, Feist E, Straub RH, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F. Potencies of topical glucocorticoids to mediate genomic and nongenomic effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:530-9. [PMID: 16343445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several different genomic and nongenomic mechanisms are known to mediate the important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids (GC). Genomic effects are the most important while the clinical relevance of nongenomic actions is still a matter of debate. We therefore investigated whether beclometasone and clobetasol are particularly suitable for topical application because of their specific spectrum of genomic and nongenomic actions. For these purposes we compared effects on oxygen consumption as measured with a Clark electrode (nonspecific nongenomic glucocorticoid effects), on interleukin-6 synthesis by means of ELISA (genomic effects) and on apoptosis using flow cytometry (nongenomic and genomic effects) in quiescent and mitogen-stimulated PBMC. Beclometasone and clobetasol indeed had stronger effects on the oxygen consumption of quiescent and stimulated cells at lower concentrations (10(-10) and 10(-8) M) but were less potent at higher concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) in comparison with dexamethasone. Also in terms of genomic potency, topical GC were more effective than dexamethasone at 10(-10) and 10(-8) M but gave similar results at higher concentrations. The ability of all three GC to induce apoptosis was found to be concentration-dependent and similar at concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-5) M. But, compared with 10(-4) M dexamethasone, topical GC at 10(-4) M were significantly more effective at inducing apoptosis in both PBMC and Jurkat T-cells. These results show that topical GC have different concentration--(genomic/nongenomic) effect--ratios compared with dexamethasone: besides to the well-known genomic effects there are also significant nongenomic effects of topical glucocorticoids that already at low concentrations might be more therapeutically relevant in certain clinical conditions than currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Naumann
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology), Charité University Hospital, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Johnson KM, Chen X, Boitano A, Swenson L, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Identification and validation of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase as the molecular target of the immunomodulatory benzodiazepine Bz-423. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:485-96. [PMID: 15850986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine that suppresses disease in lupus-prone mice by selectively killing pathogenic lymphocytes, and it is less toxic compared to current lupus drugs. Cells exposed to Bz-423 rapidly generate O(2)(-) within mitochondria, and this reactive oxygen species is the signal initiating apoptosis. Phage display screening revealed that Bz-423 binds to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) component of the mitochondrial F(1)F(0)-ATPase. Bz-423 inhibited the F(1)F(0)-ATPase in vitro, and reconstitution experiments demonstrated that inhibition was mediated by the OSCP. This target was further validated by generating cells with reduced OSCP expression using RNA interference and studying the sensitivity of these cells to Bz-423. Our findings help explain the efficacy and selectivity of Bz-423 for autoimmune lymphocytes and highlight the OSCP as a target to guide the development of novel lupus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, Häussler U. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44:61-98. [PMID: 15634032 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200544010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects that are used to treat diverse diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and acute kidney transplant rejection. The most commonly used systemic glucocorticoids are hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone. These glucocorticoids have good oral bioavailability and are eliminated mainly by hepatic metabolism and renal excretion of the metabolites. Plasma concentrations follow a biexponential pattern. Two-compartment models are used after intravenous administration, but one-compartment models are sufficient after oral administration.The effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by genomic and possibly nongenomic mechanisms. Genomic mechanisms include activation of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor that leads to activation or repression of protein synthesis, including cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules. Thus, inflammation and immune response mechanisms may be modified. Nongenomic mechanisms might play an additional role in glucocorticoid pulse therapy. Clinical efficacy depends on glucocorticoid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as the elimination half-life, and pharmacodynamic parameters such as the concentration producing the half-maximal effect, determine the duration and intensity of glucocorticoid effects. The special contribution of either of these can be distinguished with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. We performed simulations with a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model using T helper cell counts and endogenous cortisol as biomarkers for the effects of methylprednisolone. These simulations suggest that the clinical efficacy of low-dose glucocorticoid regimens might be increased with twice-daily glucocorticoid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Czock
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Fiorucci S, Mencarelli A, Distrutti E, Baldoni M, del Soldato P, Morelli A. Nitric oxide regulates immune cell bioenergetic: a mechanism to understand immunomodulatory functions of nitric oxide-releasing anti-inflammatory drugs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:874-82. [PMID: 15240674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl ester (NCX-4016) is a NO-releasing derivative of aspirin. In this study, we provide evidence that NCX-4016 delivered to PMBC-derived T lymphocytes and monocytes causes a transitory inhibition of cell respiration and approximately 50% reduction of cellular ATP, which translates in a time-reversible inhibition of cell proliferation and IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma secretion. Exposure of lymphocytes and monocytes to aspirin, 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl ester (NCX-4017), a non-NO-releasing analog of NCX-4016, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, reduced PG formation, but has no effect on cytokine/chemokine release. In contrast, delivering NO with (z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino] diazen-1-ium-1,2 diolate (DETA-NO) reproduced most of the metabolic and anti-cytokine activities of NCX-4016. Scavenging NO with hemoglobin or adding selective substrates of complex II, III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain reverses NCX-4016' inhibitory activities. Exposure to DETA-NO and NCX-4016 enhances glucose uptake, glycolytic rate, and lactate generation in CD3/CD28-costimulated lymphocytes, while reduced citric acid cycle intermediates. These effects were not reproduced by selective and nonselective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors. In summary, we demonstrated that exposure of lymphocytes to NCX-4016 causes a metabolic hypoxia that inhibits lymphocyte reactivity to costimulatory molecules, providing a potential counteregulatory mechanism to control activated immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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