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Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Organophosphate Nephrotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168855. [PMID: 36012118 PMCID: PMC9407954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals produced by an esterification process and some other routes. They are the main components of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides and are also widely used in the production of plastics and solvents. Acute or chronic exposure to OPs can manifest in various levels of toxicity to humans, animals, plants, and insects. OPs containing insecticides were widely used in many countries during the 20th century, and some of them continue to be used today. In particular, 36 OPs have been registered in the USA, and all of them have the potential to cause acute and sub-acute toxicity. Renal damage and impairment of kidney function after exposure to OPs, accompanied by the development of clinical manifestations of poisoning back in the early 1990s of the last century, was considered a rare manifestation of their toxicity. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, nephrotoxicity of OPs as a manifestation of delayed toxicity is the subject of greater attention of researchers. In this article, we present a modern view on the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of acute nephrotoxicity of organophosphate compounds.
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Villalvazo P, Carriazo S, Martin-Cleary C, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A. Solving the riddle of Aguascalientes nephropathy: nephron number, environmental toxins and family clustering. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1226-1230. [PMID: 35756744 PMCID: PMC9217524 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aguascalientes, Mexico, has a high incidence and prevalence of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is especially frequent in young people ages 20-40 years in whom the cause of CKD was unknown, although kidney biopsies frequently showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and glomerulomegaly. Macias-Diaz et al. have now pursued this lead by screening teenagers in Calvillo, one of the hardest hit municipalities. They uncovered clinical, laboratory, kidney biopsy and exposure findings that define a new entity, Aguascalientes nephropathy, and are consistent with familial exposure to common environmental toxins, potentially consisting of pesticides. They hypothesize that prenatal exposure to these toxins may decrease nephron number. The young age of persons with FSGS would be consistent with a novel environmental toxin introduced more than 50 years ago but not present in the environment before. Key takeaways from this research are the need to screen teenagers for albuminuria, to provide kidney-protective strategies to patients identified as having CKD and for the research community to support Aguascalientes nephrologists and health authorities to unravel the cause and potential solutions for this CKD hotspot. In this regard, the screening approach and the cohort generated by Macias-Diaz et al. represent a giant step forward. The next steps should be to screen younger children for albuminuria and kidney size and to identify the putative toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Carriazo
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Martin-Cleary
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ginseng ® Alleviates Malathion-Induced Hepatorenal Injury through Modulation of the Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Markers in Male Rats. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12050771. [PMID: 35629437 PMCID: PMC9144712 DOI: 10.3390/life12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to see if Ginseng® can reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by malathion. Four groups of forty male Wistar albino rats were alienated. Group 1 was a control group that got orally supplied corn oil (vehicle). Group 2 was intoxicated by malathion dissolved in corn oil orally at 135 mg/kg/day. Group 3 orally received both malathion + Panax Ginseng® (300 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was orally given Panax Ginseng® at a 300 mg/kg/day dose. Treatments were administered daily and continued for up to 30 consecutive days. Malathion's toxic effect on both hepatic and renal tissues was revealed by a considerable loss in body weight and biochemically by a marked increase in liver enzymes, LDH, ACP, cholesterol, and functional renal markers with a marked decrease in serum TP, albumin, and TG levels with decreased AchE and Paraoxonase activity. Additionally, malondialdehydes, nitric oxide (nitrite), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and TNFα with a significant drop in the antioxidant activities were reported in the malathion group. Malathion upregulated the inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes, while Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 were downregulated. Ginseng® and malathion co-treatment reduced malathion's harmful effects by restoring metabolic indicators, enhancing antioxidant pursuit, lowering the inflammatory reaction, and alleviating pathological alterations. So, Ginseng® may have protective effects against hepatic and renal malathion-induced toxicity on biochemical, antioxidant, molecular, and cell levels.
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Villalvazo P, Carriazo S, Martin-Cleary C, Ortiz A. Aguascalientes: one of the hottest chronic kidney disease (CKD) hotspots in Mexico and a CKD of unknown aetiology mystery to be solved. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:2285-2294. [PMID: 34754425 PMCID: PMC8573004 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent issue of Clinical Kidney Journal (CKJ), Gutierrez-Peña et al. reported a high incidence and prevalence of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Aguascalientes, Mexico. This contradicts Global Burden of Disease estimates, which should be updated. A key component of this high burden of CKD relates to young people ages 20-40 years in whom the cause of CKD was unknown [CKD of unknown aetiology (CKDu)]. The incidence of kidney replacement therapy in this age group in Aguascalientes is among the highest in the world, second only to Taiwan. However, high-altitude Aguascalientes, with a year-round average temperature of 19°C, does not fit the geography of other CKDu hotspots. Furthermore, kidney biopsies in young people showed a high prevalence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Potential causes of CKDu in Aguascalientes include the genetic background (no evidence, although podocytopathy genes should be explored) and environmental factors. The highest prevalence of CKD was found in Calvillo, known for guava farming. Thus guava itself, known to contain bioactive, potentially nephrotoxic molecules and pesticides, should be explored. Additionally, there are reports of water sources in Aguascalientes contaminated with heavy metals and/or pesticides. These include fluoride (increased levels found in Calvillo drinking water) as well as naturally occurring arsenic, among others. Fluoride may accumulate in bone and cause kidney disease years later, and maternal exposure to excess fluoride may cause kidney disease in offspring. We propose a research agenda to clarify the cause of CKDu in Aguascalientes that should involve international funders. The need for urgent action to identify and stem the cause of the high incidence of CKD extends to other CKD hotspots in Mexico, including Tierra Blanca in Veracruz and Poncitlan in Jalisco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Carriazo
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM and School of Medicine, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM and School of Medicine, UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Wan ET, Darssan D, Karatela S, Reid SA, Osborne NJ. Association of Pesticides and Kidney Function among Adults in the US Population 2001-2010. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10249. [PMID: 34639548 PMCID: PMC8507643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause is prevalent in a range of communities; however, its etiology remains unclear. We examined the association between pesticide exposures and the risk of kidney function loss using four waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify a pathological pathway. We pooled data from four cross-sectional waves of NHANES, with 41,847 participants in total. Exposure to malathion increased the risk of low kidney function (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.01-1.56) in the adjusted model. Increased risk of low kidney function was not found among those exposed to 2,4-D (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.72-1.09), 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (aOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.83-1.12), and 3-PBA (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.94-1.13). Our findings provide evidence of altered kidney function in people exposed to malathion, highlighting the potential of organophosphate pesticides' role in renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Tzu Wan
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; (E.-T.W.); (D.D.); (S.K.); (S.A.R.)
- Department of Strategy Planning, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banqiao District, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan
| | - Darsy Darssan
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; (E.-T.W.); (D.D.); (S.K.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Shamshad Karatela
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; (E.-T.W.); (D.D.); (S.K.); (S.A.R.)
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville 4870, Australia
| | - Simon A. Reid
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; (E.-T.W.); (D.D.); (S.K.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Nicholas John Osborne
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; (E.-T.W.); (D.D.); (S.K.); (S.A.R.)
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
- School of Population Health, University of NSW, Kensington 2052, Australia
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Shearer JJ, Sandler DP, Andreotti G, Murata K, Shrestha S, Parks CG, Liu D, Alavanja MC, Landgren O, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN. Pesticide use and kidney function among farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111276. [PMID: 33989625 PMCID: PMC8489787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides have been reported to be associated with malignant and non-malignant kidney disease. Few studies have examined the relationship between individual pesticides and kidney dysfunction. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the associations of pesticide use with measured kidney function among male pesticide applicators in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study, a subcohort in the Agricultural Health Study. METHODS Serum creatinine was measured in 1545 BEEA participants and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Using reported information on lifetime use of 41 pesticides, multivariable linear and logistic regression was used to examine associations with eGFR modeled continuously and with CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), respectively. Models were adjusted for possible confounding factors related to kidney function and correlated pesticides. RESULTS Lower eGFR was observed among pesticide applicators who ever used the herbicides pendimethalin (-3.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.8%, -1.5%), atrazine (-3.7%, 95% CI: 6.9%, -0.4%), and dicamba (-2.8%, 95% CI: 5.3%, -0.2%) compared with never users of each pesticide. Ever use of pendimethalin (odds ratio (OR)=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.2) and atrazine (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.0) was also associated with elevated odds of CKD, with an exposure-response association between intensity-weighted lifetime days of pendimethalin use and CKD among active farmers (N=1302; ptrend=0.04). Atrazine use within the last year was associated with lower eGFR and elevated odds of CKD when compared with never users, and we observed exposure-response associations with intensity-weighted lifetime days among recent users. Use of several other pesticides was associated with higher eGFR. DISCUSSION These results suggest that two widely used herbicides, pendimethalin and atrazine, may be associated with altered kidney function among pesticide applicators. Our findings for these herbicides are consistent with observed associations with end-stage renal disease in the Agricultural Health Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Shearer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazunori Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Srishti Shrestha
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA; Myeloma Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Li S, Yang Y, Shi MH, Wang JF, Ran XQ. miR-96-5p attenuates malathion-induced apoptosis of human kidney cells by targeting the ER stress marker DDIT3. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1080-1086. [PMID: 32897819 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1816092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are major players in cellular responses to xenobiotic compounds and toxins. However, their functions in organophosphate-induced cytotoxicity remain unclear. This study investigated the involvement of miR-96-5p in the non-cholinergic toxicity of malathion in normal human kidney cells (HK-2 cells). Malathion decreased HK-2 cell viability and the expression of miR-96-5p in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, transfection with miR-96-5p mimics attenuated malathion-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis, whereas transfection with a miR-96-5p inhibitor increased HK-2 cell apoptosis. Luciferase assays indicated that miR-96-5p could bind directly to the 3'-untranslated region of DDIT3, a well-known marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Further analyses of the expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins indicated that miR-96-5p may function to reduce malathion-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis via regulation of the DDIT3/B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2/caspase-3 signaling pathway. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that miR-96-5p protects HK-2 cells from malathion-induced ER stress-dependent apoptosis by targeting DDIT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education)/Guizhou Key Lab of Agro-Bioengineering, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education)/Guizhou Key Lab of Agro-Bioengineering, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Hui Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education)/Guizhou Key Lab of Agro-Bioengineering, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Fu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education)/Guizhou Key Lab of Agro-Bioengineering, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Qin Ran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Badr AM. Organophosphate toxicity: updates of malathion potential toxic effects in mammals and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26036-26057. [PMID: 32399888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides toxicity is still considered a major global health problem. Malathion is one of the most commonly used organophosphates nowadays, as being considered to possess relatively low toxicity compared with other organophosphates. However, widespread use may lead to excessive exposure from multiple sources. Mechanisms of MAL toxicity include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, change of oxidants/antioxidants balance, DNA damage, and facilitation of apoptotic cell damage. Exposure to malathion has been associated with different toxicities that nearly affect every single organ in our bodies, with CNS toxicity being the most well documented. Malathion toxic effects on liver, kidney, testis, ovaries, lung, pancreas, and blood were also reported. Moreover, malathion was considered as a genotoxic and carcinogenic chemical compound. Evidence exists for adverse effects associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure in both animals and humans. This review summarizes the toxic data available about malathion in mammals and discusses new potential therapeutic modalities, with the aim to highlight the importance of increasing awareness about its potential risk and reevaluation of the allowed daily exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abdel-Daim MM, Abushouk AI, Bungău SG, Bin-Jumah M, El-Kott AF, Shati AA, Aleya L, Alkahtani S. Protective effects of thymoquinone and diallyl sulphide against malathion-induced toxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10228-10235. [PMID: 31933077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Malathion is a potent organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Our experimental objective was to investigate the beneficial effects of diallyl sulphide (DAS) and thymoquinone (TQ) against malathion-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral, hepatic, and renal tissues. For 30 days, rats received corn oil alone (negative control) or malathion by intragastric gavage (200 mg/kg daily), either alone (positive control) or combined with oral DAS (200 mg/kg daily) or TQ (10 mg/kg daily) (treatment groups). Later, blood samples were collected via direct cardiac puncture and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical analysis. Malathion administration was associated with significant increases (p < 0.05) in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and 8-OHdG (DNA damage biomarker), as well as significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the serum levels of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, and AChE. Moreover, it significantly increased the tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and reduced tissue glutathione concentration and activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Treatment of malathion-intoxicated rats with DAS or TQ significantly minimized these biochemical and oxidative effects with more frequent reversal to normal ranges of serum biomarkers, tissue oxidative markers, and antioxidant enzymes in the TQ group. In conclusion, treatment with DAS or TQ ameliorated the biochemical and oxidative effects of malathion, probably through reducing the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals, as well as enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | | | - Simona G Bungău
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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