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Kakkar A, Srivastava K, Deepa S, Kashyap S, Sen S, Bhoriwal S, Kaur K, Deo SVS. HPV-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Eyelid: Diagnostic Utility of p16 Immunohistochemistry and mRNA In Situ Hybridization. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:889-898. [PMID: 37735287 PMCID: PMC10739694 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-023-01582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk (HR) Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) at several sites with mucocutaneous junctions, including the head and neck. SCC is the second most common eyelid malignancy. However, its association with transcriptionally active HR-HPV has not been adequately studied. METHODS Two index cases of eyelid HPV-associated SCC are described in detail. A retrospective cohort of eyelid SCC was examined for p16 immunoexpression. Cases demonstrating p16 positivity or equivocal staining were subjected to high-risk HPV mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed in mRNA ISH-positive cases for HPV genotyping. RESULTS The two index patients were older adult females, with upper eyelid tumours. On histology, both tumours were non-keratinizing SCC with trabecular and nested architecture reminiscent of oropharyngeal HPV-associated non-keratinizing SCC, prompting p16 immunohistochemistry, which was positive. HR-HPV mRNA ISH was positive, and qPCR detected HPV16 in both cases. Three of 20 (15%) archival cases showed p16 immunopositivity and two (10%) showed equivocal staining. However, mRNA ISH was negative. All cases showing p16 immunostaining and lacking HR-HPV were keratinizing SCCs. Thus, 9% of all eyelid SCC examined demonstrated HR-HPV. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HR-HPV in eyelid SCC is low in Indian patients. HPV-associated SCC may mimic commoner eyelid carcinomas as it lacks overt keratinization. In basaloid-appearing eyelid carcinomas, p16 immunopositivity should be followed by reflex HR-HPV mRNA ISH, as p16 immunohistochemistry alone has low specificity. The prognostic role, if any, of HPV association needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Kirti Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - S Deepa
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Division of Ocular Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Division of Ocular Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Bhoriwal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kavneet Kaur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Suryanarayan V S Deo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Lyvannak S, Sereyleak B, Khauv P, Mandziuk J, Jarzembowski J, Camitta B. Pyrites: A Conjunctival Mass. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:e1039-e1040. [PMID: 37027329 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lyvannak
- Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | | | - Phara Khauv
- Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
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Peterson C, Parikh RN, Ahmad MT, Campbell AA, Daoud Y, Mahoney N, Siadati S, Eberhart CG. Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Squamous Lesions of the Conjunctiva Using RNA and DNA In-Situ Hybridization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137249. [PMID: 35806252 PMCID: PMC9266440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In-situ hybridization provides a convenient and reliable method to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Cases of conjunctival papillomas, conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), conjunctival carcinoma in situ (cCIS), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in which low-risk (LR) and/or high-risk (HR) HPV types were evaluated by RNA or DNA in-situ hybridization, were retrospectively identified. LR HPV types were frequently detected in conjunctival papillomas (25/30, 83%), including 17/18 (94%) with RNA probes, compared to 8/12 (75%) with DNA probes. None of the CIN/cCIS or SCC cases were positive for LR HPV by either method. HR HPV was detected by RNA in-situ hybridization in 1/16 (6%) of CIN/cCIS cases and 2/4 (50%) of SCC cases, while DNA in-situ hybridization failed to detect HPV infection in any of the CIN/cCIS lesions. Reactive atypia and dysplasia observed in papillomas was generally associated with the detection of LR HPV types. Collectively, our findings indicate RNA in-situ hybridization may provide a high-sensitivity approach for identifying HPV infection in squamous lesions of the conjunctiva and facilitate the distinction between reactive atypia and true dysplasia. There was no clear association between HPV infection and atopy in papillomas or dysplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Rupin N. Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Meleha T. Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Ashley A. Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Yassine Daoud
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicholas Mahoney
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
| | - Sepideh Siadati
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (R.N.P.); (M.T.A.); (A.A.C.); (Y.D.); (N.M.)
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(410)-502-5185
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Julius P, Siyumbwa SN, Moonga P, Maate F, Kaile T, Haynatski G, Minhas V, Snow J, Peterson K, Gihozo P, Streeter S, Kaur S, Evans A, Gonzalez D, Samwel K, Kang G, West JT, Wood C, Angeletti PC. Epstein–Barr Virus, But Not Human Papillomavirus, Is Associated With Preinvasive and Invasive Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasias in Zambian Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864066. [PMID: 35494029 PMCID: PMC9047892 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe etiopathogenesis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is not fully understood. We assessed the frequency of oncogenic viruses in OSSN by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Kaposi sarcoma virus, and adenovirus. Cases from Zambia were prospectively enrolled using a cross-sectional study design between November 2017 and March 2020.MethodsDemographic and clinical data [age, sex, HIV status, antiretroviral therapy (ART) history, CD4 count, plasma viral load] and tumor biopsies were collected from 243 consenting patients. Tumor samples were bisected, and half was used for DNA isolation, while the other half was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) for histopathology analysis. The expressions of latent EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), CDKN2A/p16INK4A (p16), and MCPyV large T-antigen (LT) were tested by IHC. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 16 HPV genotypes and four other DNA tumor viruses [Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), EBV, MCPyV, and adenovirus]. Relationships between HIV status, viral DNA and protein expression, and tumor grades were determined by statistical analysis.ResultsOSSN tumors from patients were 29.6% preinvasive and 70.4% invasive. Patients presented with unilateral tumors that were 70.4% late stage (T3/T4). OSSN patients were HIV positive (72.8%). IHC on 243 FFPE biopsies resulted in the detection of EBNA1 (EBV), p16 high-risk HPV (HR-HPV), and MCPyV LT expression in 89.0%, 4.9%, and 0.0%, respectively. EBNA1 was expressed in all grades of preinvasive [cornea–conjunctiva intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, 100%; CIN2, 85.7%; CIN3, 95.8%; and carcinoma in situ (CIS), 83.8%] and in invasive (89.2%) OSSN. PCR on 178 samples detected EBV, HR-HPV, and MCPyV in 80.3%, 9.0%, and 13.5% of tumors, respectively. EBV was detected in all grades of preinvasive and invasive OSSN. EBV detection was associated with high HIV viral loads (p = 0.022). HR-HPV was detected in 0.0% CIN1, 0.0% CIN2, 5.6% CIN3, 13.0% CIS, and 7.0% invasive OSSN.ConclusionsOur findings of EBV DNA and EBNA1 protein in all the grades of preinvasive and especially invasive OSSN are consistent with a potential causal role for EBV in OSSN. A role of HPV in OSSN was not clearly established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Julius
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Phyllis Moonga
- University Teaching Hospital, Eye Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fred Maate
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Trevor Kaile
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gleb Haynatski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Veenu Minhas
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jazmine Snow
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Kerstin Peterson
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Patience Gihozo
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Sam Streeter
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Salan Kaur
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Annika Evans
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Daniela Gonzalez
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Guobin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Peter C. Angeletti
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter C. Angeletti,
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Charles NC, Stagner AM, Raju LV, Belinsky I. Conjunctival Exophytic Schneiderian-type Papillomas: A Rare Occurrence. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 37:e179-e181. [PMID: 34284422 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival papillomas are common tumors that exhibit an exophytic growth pattern, comprised of multiple filiform fronds of squamous epithelium that contain fibrovascular cores. The inverted (endophytic) variety of papilloma, often termed "Schneiderian," rarely occurs on the conjunctiva, with only 15 cases reported to date. Endophytic and exophytic papillomas are well described arising in the sinonasal Schneiderian epithelium where a low rate of malignant transformation may occur in the endophytic type; malignant transformation in exophytic sinonasal papillomas is exceedingly rare. The authors describe 2 cases of exophytic conjunctival papillomas with the morphology of a sinonasal or Schneiderian-type papilloma. Both were pink, sessile acquired growths in women in the sixth decade of life involving the inferior conjunctival fornix or nasal limbus. Nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium along with numerous goblet cells, intraepithelial mucinous cysts, and microabscesses were present. Immunohistochemistry showed reactivity for cytokeratin 7 and wild-type staining for p16 and p53, paralleling the findings in common conjunctival papillomas; both were also driven by low-risk human papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Charles
- Departments of Ophthalmology
- Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna M Stagner
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Leela V Raju
- Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Irina Belinsky
- Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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Ramberg I, Møller‐Hansen M, Toft PB, Funding M, Heegaard S. Human papillomavirus infection plays a role in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:478-488. [PMID: 33191633 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. Furthermore, we aimed to explore whether geographical differences or different detection modalities are associated with the conflicting information regarding HPV and the development of the disease. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases for studies reporting on HPV and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma. The pooled prevalence proportions, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated assuming a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression explored possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 39 studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled prevalence of HPV in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma was 26%, with HPV16, 18, and 33 being the most frequently reported genotypes. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was associated with an increased risk of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma (OR 8.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7-19.1); lower in studies from African countries (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.5) than other countries (OR 16.1, 95% CI 5.8-44.3), p = 0.013. CONCLUSION Human papillomavirus infection increases the odds of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma by 8.4 compared to healthy conjunctival mucosa or other ocular surface diseases. There seem to be geographical differences regarding HPV in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV18 and HPV33, meaning that most of the HPV-related conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma may be prevented by the HPV vaccines that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Ramberg
- Department of Pathology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Møller‐Hansen
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerre Toft
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikkel Funding
- Department of Ophthalmology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Hollhumer R, Williams S, Michelow P. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: Population demographics, pathogenesis and risk factors. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v79i1.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a unifying term used to describe conjunctival intra-epithelial neoplasia, squamous cell carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.Aim: The aim of this article was to describe the demographics, clinical features, pathogenesis and risk factors of OSSN.Method: A literature search was conducted using the search criteria ‘ocular surface squamous neoplasia’, ‘diagnosis’, ‘epidemiology’, ‘pathogenesis’ and ‘risk factors’.Results: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is the most common ocular tumour, with incidence rates ranging from 0.01 to 3.4 per 100 000 persons/year. There are two main patterns of disease presentation: older white males in temperate climates where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) are not associated; and a younger patient population in tropical climates where HIV and HPV are more prevalent. The pathogenesis primarily revolves around ultraviolet B exposure and HPV infection that cause genetic mutations and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, whilst HIV infection and vitamin A impair tumour surveillance mechanisms. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is first suspected clinically before formal confirmation of the diagnosis. Morphologically, it can be divided into three groups: placoid, nodular and diffuse. Placoid lesions can further be sub-divided into gelatinous, leukoplakic and papilliform lesions. Nodular lesions have the poorest prognosis, with the highest risk of metastasis and recurrence.Conclusion: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is a common ocular tumour associated with ultraviolet radiation, HPV and HIV infection. The pathogenesis revolves around acquired genetic mutations, unregulated cellular proliferation and impaired tumour surveillance mechanisms.
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Bolek B, Wylęgała A, Teper S, Kokot J, Wylęgała E. Treatment of conjunctival papilloma with topical interferon alpha-2b - case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19181. [PMID: 32049852 PMCID: PMC7035065 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Conjunctival papilloma is a benign neoplastic lesion of epithelial origin, with a minimal tendency toward malignancy and an exophytic growth type. Etiological factors that contribute to the appearance of papilloma are UV exposure, HPV infection, smoking, and immunodeficiency. A case report of limbal conjunctival papilloma treatment with topical interferon alpha-2b eye drops applied to the conjunctival sac. PATIENT CONCERNS A 49-year-old female patient treated in the Clinical Department of Ophthalmology for conjunctival lesion located in the temporal quadrant near the limbus of the right eye. Ocular examination of the patient's eye did not show any abnormalities: visual acuity-20/20, intraocular pressure-16 mmHg. DIAGNOSES During physical examination, a broad-based pink lesion of size 4 mm × 6 mm was found in interpalpebral bulbar conjunctiva with prominent feeder vessels and soft consistency. Lesion in the biomicroscopic examination did not show any sign of malignancy. In Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) there was no sign of infiltration into sclera or cornea. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) examination, revealed loss of the normal conjunctival epithelium - hyper-reflective cells, variation of cell size. A clinical diagnosis of limbal conjunctival papilloma was made. INTERVENTIONS Interferon alpha-2b 1 million IU/ml eye drops were applied 4 times a day for 5 months. The treatment lasted 5 months without changing the dosing regimen. Three months after the start of the interferon treatment, a complete regression of the lesion was achieved. Treatment was continued for the following 2 months. Controlled IVCM after 6 months showed only few hyper-reflective cells and fibrotic tissue. OUTCOMES Treatment of conjunctival papilloma with topical interferon alpha-2b led to the complete regression of the lesion. Although after the therapy the conjunctiva appears normal both in slit lamp and in the OCT examination, there is a noticeable fibrosis of the tissue in confocal microscopy. During the 14-month follow-up period, there were no recurrent lesions. LESSONS In this study, topical interferon alpha-2b has been shown to be an effective and safe therapy for small-to-medium-size conjunctival papilloma without any sign of malignancy.
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Theotoka D, Morkin MI, Galor A, Karp CL. Update on Diagnosis and Management of Conjunctival Papilloma. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 31236424 PMCID: PMC6580461 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-019-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival papilloma is an acquired benign squamous cell tumor that can present at any age, but most frequently in the third and fourth decades of life. Papillomas have been associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, usually types 6 and 11. Although histopathological diagnosis remains the gold standard, the advent of newer non-invasive imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) is transforming the way we diagnose and treat ocular surface tumors, including conjunctival papilloma. Management of these lesions can prove a challenge to the treating physician since not all lesions respond to medical and/or surgical therapy and in fact may worsen after surgical manipulation. In this review, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, and diagnosis of conjunctival papilloma including the use of OCT are discussed. Indications, efficacy, and side effects of currently available management options are also reviewed to guide the selection of the best treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Theotoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Melina I. Morkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, 33125 FL USA
| | - Carol L. Karp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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Chalkia AK, Bontzos G, Spandidos DA, Detorakis ET. Human papillomavirus infection and ocular surface disease (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1503-1510. [PMID: 30896784 PMCID: PMC6438422 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated as a primary cause of lesions in the anogenital region, skin, oropharynx and respiratory tract. Additionally, the role of HPV in the pathogenesis of ocular surface disease has also been extensively studied. Conjunctival papilloma development has been strongly associated with the HPV infection of certain subtypes. On the other hand, the role of HPV in conjunctival pterygium, conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) remains controversial. Genetic predisposition and environmental factor is important in HPV hosts as regards the pathogenesis of ocular surface disease. Several studies have indicate a synergic role of HPV with ultraviolet radiation in pterygium establishment. A higher recurrence risk rate and more aggressive disease of ophthalmic pterygium is observed in cases of HPV infection. The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic review of the literature and to assist in a better understanding of the role of HPV in ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini K Chalkia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Bontzos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Red Cross Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Association of Epithelial Atypia With Recurrence After Surgical Excision in Conjunctival Papilloma. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44 Suppl 1:S77-S81. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination and Incidence of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2018; 57:57-74. [PMID: 27898614 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Human Papillomavirus–Driven Squamous Lesions: High-Risk Genotype Found in Conjunctival Papillomas, Dysplasia, and Carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Novel treatment of papillomatous conjunctival lesions using pattern scanning laser photocoagulation: 1-Year results. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:337-340. [PMID: 29655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and 1-year effect of pattern scanning laser photocoagulation treatment for pedunculated papillomatous and sessile conjunctival lesions in a low-resource setting with extremely limited operating room access. METHODS Adult patients with clinical diagnosis of conjunctival papilloma underwent complete ophthalmologic exam including anterior segment photography. After topical anesthesia and toluidine blue 1% instillation, the lesion was treated by pattern scanning photocoagulation using a duration time that varied from 20 to 100 ms and power from 600 to 1800 mW, treating the entire lesion surface with a 2 mm margin. Patients were examined weekly for a month then monthly and underwent retreatment as necessary. RESULTS Six patients and seven eyes that had clinically significant non-malignant pedunculated or sessile papillomatous lesions were treated. All lesions responded to treatment, with complete resolution after an average of 2.3 sessions. Procedures were well tolerated with only minor mild discomfort persisting up to two days post-treatment. Patients were followed for a mean follow-up time of 13 months with no recurrences reported. CONCLUSION Short-term results of the pattern scanning laser photocoagulation approach, with toluidine blue for papillomatous conjunctival lesions are favorable with a 100% success rate in this cohort. This rate is comparable to surgical excision. This novel strategy proved to be a less resource intensive alternative that not only could demonstrate its usefulness in settings with chronic operating room shortages, but also in recurrent cases. Longer follow-ups with a larger sample size and cost-analysis are necessary to confirm our findings.
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Salceanu SO, Constantin C, Cijevschi I, Ursu RG, Grigorovici M, Iancu LS. Human papillomavirus 52 positive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:166-9. [PMID: 25827551 PMCID: PMC4399129 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.154406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is strongly associated with several human cancers; the most known genotypes involved being HPV 16 and HPV 18. We report the detection of HPV 52 in a sample taken from a 47-year-old patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the left eye. The method used for the detection of HPV was real time polymerase chain reaction. The evolution was favorable after surgical removal of the tumor and the patient was explained that long-term follow-up is essential to avoid recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramona Gabriela Ursu
- Department of Microbiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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16
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Evaluation for High-risk HPV in Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Precursor Lesions Arising in the Conjunctiva and Lacrimal Sac. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:519-28. [PMID: 26735858 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) is a well-established causative agent of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In addition, HR-HPV has occasionally been reported to be present in dysplastic and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva and lacrimal sac, although its overall incidence and etiological role in periocular SCC are controversial. Sequential surgical samples of 52 combined cases of invasive SCC (I-SCC) and SCC in situ (SCCIS) from 2 periocular sites (conjunctiva and lacrimal sac) diagnosed over a 14-year period (2000 to 2014) were selected for evaluation, and relevant patient characteristics were documented. p16 immunohistochemistry was performed as a screening test. All p16-positive cases were further evaluated for HR-HPV using DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH), and a subset was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 43 ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSNs), 30% (n=13; 8 SCCIS and 5 I-SCC cases) were positive for HR-HPV. HPV-positive OSSNs occurred in 8 men and 5 women with a mean age of 60 years (range, 39 to 94 y). HPV type-16 was detected in all conjunctival cases evaluated by PCR. All 5 conjunctival I-SCCs were nonkeratinizing (n=4) or partially keratinizing (n=1) and managed by simple excision. In contrast, HPV-negative conjunctival I-SCCs were predominantly keratinizing (11 keratinizing and 2 nonkeratinizing). Of 9 lacrimal sac I-SCCs (LSSCCs), 66.7% (n=6) were positive for HR-HPV by p16 and DNA ISH; HPV subtypes were HPV-16 (n=5) and HPV-58 (n=1). In addition, 2 p16-positive cases with negative DNA ISH results were HR-HPV positive (HPV-16 and HPV-33) when evaluated by PCR, suggesting that the rate of HR-HPV positivity among the LSSCCs may be as high as 89% (n=8). The combined group of HR-HPV-positive LSSCCs was seen in 4 men and 4 women with a mean age of 60 years (range, 34 to 71 y). Seven of the 8 HPV-positive LSSCCs (87.5%) had a nonkeratinizing or partially keratinizing histomorphology, whereas 1 case (12.5%) was predominantly keratinizing. The presence of HR-HPV in 30% of OSSNs and at least 66.7% of LSSCCs suggests the possibility of an etiologic role for HR-HPV at these sites.
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Hamed-Azzam S, Edison N, Briscoe D, Mukari A, Elmalah I. Identification of human papillomavirus in pterygium. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:e195-7. [PMID: 25864511 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the involvement of human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of primary and recurrent pterygium in northern Israel. METHODS A retrospective study examined 100 randomly chosen pterygium specimens with solar elastosis, from 100 patients who underwent pterygium surgery during 2012-2013 at the Emek Medical Center. All the specimens were analysed for evidence of human papillomavirus infection by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Human papillomavirus was not detected in any of the 100 pterygia samples by immunohistochemistry. These used samples were taken from 100 patients with mean age of 51.5 years and a primary: recurrent ratio of 8.09:1. CONCLUSION We conclude from our study that human papillomavirus infection does not appear to be an important pathogenic factor of pterygium in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Edison
- The Tissue Diagnostics and Cancer Research Institute; Emek Medical Center; Afula Israel
| | - Daniel Briscoe
- Department of Ophthalmology; Emek Medical Center; Afula Israel
| | - Abed Mukari
- Department of Ophthalmology; Emek Medical Center; Afula Israel
| | - Irit Elmalah
- The Tissue Diagnostics and Cancer Research Institute; Emek Medical Center; Afula Israel
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Asadi-Amoli F, Ghanadan A. Survey of 274 patients with conjunctival neoplastic lesions in Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran 2006-2012. J Curr Ophthalmol 2015; 27:37-40. [PMID: 27239573 PMCID: PMC4877714 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate conjunctival epithelial neoplastic lesions in a 7-year period. Materials and methods The data of all primary cases of conjunctival neoplasia diagnosed in the Pathology Department of Farabi Eye Hospital were analyzed. Results The patient group consisted of 179 (65.3%) males and 95 (34.6%) females, with an age range of 14–90 years and a mean age of 57.9 years. The most common primary conjunctival epithelial neoplastic lesion was invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (40.8%), followed by dysplasia (17%), papilloma (16.4%), In situ SCC (16%), actinic keratosis (7.3%), basal cell carcinoma (0.7%), xeroderma pigmentosum (0.7%), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (0.3%). Of 274 lesions, 47 (17.1%) were benign, 159 (58%) were malignant, and 68 (24.8%) were precancerous. Compared to the results of a previous study of this center (1990–2004), the incidence of precancerous lesions has slightly increased whereas the incidence of SCC has decreased (22.1% vs. 24.8% and 59% vs. 40.8%, respectively). Conclusion SCC is the most common conjunctival epithelial neoplasm in this study, and its prevalence in males is nearly two times higher than in females. The high percentage of squamous cell carcinoma can likely be attributed to elevated sun exposure and ultraviolet light in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Asadi-Amoli
- Department of Pathology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanadan
- Department of Pathology, Razi Skin Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chong PP, Tung CH, Rahman NABA, Yajima M, Chin FW, Yeng CLS, Go ES, Chan CML, Yawata N, Yamamoto N. Prevalence and viral load of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in pterygia in multi-ethnic patients in the Malay Peninsula. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e569-79. [PMID: 25043991 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in primary and recurrent pterygia samples collected from different ethnic groups in the equatorial Malay Peninsula. METHODS DNA was extracted from 45 specimens of freshly obtained primary and recurrent pterygia from patients and from 11 normal conjunctival swabs from volunteers with no ocular surface lesion as control. The presence of HPV DNA was detected by nested PCR. PCR-positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing to determine the HPV genotypes. Real-time PCR with HPV16 and HPV18 type-specific TaqMan probes was employed to determine the viral DNA copy number. RESULTS Of 45 pterygia samples with acceptable DNA quality, 29 (64.4%) were positive for HPV DNA, whereas all the normal conjunctiva swabs were HPV negative. Type 18 was the most prevalent (41.4% of positive samples) genotype followed by type 16 (27.6%). There was one case each of the less common HPV58 and HPV59. Seven of the samples harboured mixed infections of both HPV16 and HPV18. All the four known recurrent pterygia samples were HPV-positive, whereas the sole early-stage pterygium sample in the study was HPV-negative. There was no significant association between HPV-positive status with gender or age. A high proportion of patients from the Indian ethnic group (five of six) were HPV-positive, whereas the Malay patients were found to have higher HPV positivity than the Chinese. The viral load of HPV18 samples ranged between 2 × 10(2) and 3 × 10(4) copies per μg, whereas the viral load of HPV16 specimen was 4 × 10(1) to 10(2) copies per μg. CONCLUSION This report describes for the first time the quantitative measurement of HPV viral DNA for pterygium samples. The high prevalence of oncogenic HPVs in our samples suggests a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of pterygia. Moreover, the relatively low HPV viral load is concordant with the premalignant nature of this ocular condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei Chong
- Department of Biomedical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
- Translational Infectious Diseases Laboratory; Centre for Translational Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore City Singapore
| | - Chee Hong Tung
- Department of Biomedical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asyikin bt Abdul Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Misako Yajima
- Translational Infectious Diseases Laboratory; Centre for Translational Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore City Singapore
- Department of Virology; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Fee Wai Chin
- Department of Biomedical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Crystale Lim Siew Yeng
- Faculty of Allied Sciences; University College Sedaya International; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Eng Soon Go
- Opthalmology Unit; Department of Surgery; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | | | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Infection and Immunity Programme; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences; Agency for Science, Research and Technology; Singapore City Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore City Singapore
- Duke-Nus Graduate Medical School; Clinical Sciences; Singapore City Singapore
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Translational Infectious Diseases Laboratory; Centre for Translational Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore City Singapore
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Alsbeih G. HPV Infection in Cervical and Other Cancers in Saudi Arabia: Implication for Prevention and Vaccination. Front Oncol 2014; 4:65. [PMID: 24744990 PMCID: PMC3978341 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is closely associated with cervical cancer that the incidence of this tumor is regarded as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in countries lacking epidemiological studies. HPV is also implicated in subsets of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Although cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, its reported incidence is low in Saudi Arabia, ranking number 12 between all cancers in females and accounts only for 2.4% of all new cases, despite the lack of national screening programs. However, the limited available studies from Saudi Arabia indicate that HPV prevalence and genotypes' distribution in invasive cervical cancer show similar pattern as in the world. Cytology screening (Pap smear) and HPV vaccinations are the two preventive measures against cervical cancer. The two available vaccines are effective against the two most common HPV genotypes (HPV-16 and -18). Since 92% of cervical tumors in the Kingdom are infected with HPV of which 78% are HPV-16 and -18 genotypes, vaccination is expected to protect against more than two-third of cervical cancers in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, due to its low incidence (2.1/100,000 women), a proper cost-effectiveness analysis is required to justify the implementation of a costly vaccine bearing in mind that HPV could potentially be associated with about 3% of all cancers. However, further studies are needed to ascertain the real prevalence of HPV at the population level at large, its association with various types of cancers, and also the impact of local tradition and emerging behavioral trends that could affect HPV transmission and consequently the effectiveness of applying national vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Alsbeih
- Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology and an aetiological model of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in Africa. METHODS Systematic and non-systematic review methods were used. Incidence was obtained from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the reference lists of articles retrieved. Meta-analyses were conducted using a fixed-effects model for HIV and cigarette smoking and random effects for human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS The incidence of OSSN is highest in the Southern Hemisphere (16° South), with the highest age-standardised rate (ASR) reported from Zimbabwe (3.4 and 3.0 cases/year/100 000 population for males and females, respectively). The mean ASR worldwide is 0.18 and 0.08 cases/year/100 000 among males and females, respectively. The risk increases with exposure to direct daylight (2-4 h, OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.4 and ≥5 h OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) and outdoor occupations (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Meta-analysis also shows a strong association with HIV (6 studies: OR = 6.17, 95% CI: 4.83-7.89) and HPV (7 studies: OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.27-5.49) but not cigarette smoking (2 studies: OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.94-2.09). The effect of atopy, xeroderma pigmentosa and vitamin A deficiency is unclear. CONCLUSIONS Africa has the highest incidence of OSSN in the world, where males and females are equally affected, unlike other continents where male disease predominates. African women probably have increased risk due to their higher prevalence of HIV and HPV infections. As the survival of HIV-infected people increases, and given no evidence that anti-retroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk of OSSN, the incidence of OSSN may increase in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondon, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College LondonUK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondon, UK
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Carreira H, Coutinho F, Carrilho C, Lunet N. HIV and HPV infections and ocular surface squamous neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1981-8. [PMID: 24030075 PMCID: PMC3790185 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSNs) has been increasing in populations with a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). We aimed to quantify the association between HIV/AIDS and HPV infection and OSSN, through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The articles providing data on the association between HIV/AIDS and/or HPV infection and OSSN were identified in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE searched up to May 2013, and through backward citation tracking. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute summary relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was quantified with the I(2) statistic. RESULTS HIV/AIDS was strongly associated with an increased risk of OSSN (summary RR=8.06, 95% CI: 5.29-12.30, I(2)=56.0%, 12 studies). The summary RR estimate for the infection with mucosal HPV subtypes was 3.13 (95% CI: 1.72-5.71, I(2)=45.6%, 16 studies). Four studies addressed the association between both cutaneous and mucosal HPV subtypes and OSSN; the summary RR estimates were 3.52 (95% CI: 1.23-10.08, I(2)=21.8%) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.57-2.05, I(2)=0.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION Human immunodeficiency virus infection increases the risk of OSSN by nearly eight-fold. Regarding HPV infection, only the cutaneous subtypes seem to be a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Carreira
- 1] Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health of the University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal
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Chalkia AK, Spandidos DA, Detorakis ET. Viral involvement in the pathogenesis and clinical features of ophthalmic pterygium (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:539-43. [PMID: 23856952 PMCID: PMC3782552 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a potentially vision-threatening fibrovascular lesion originating from the conjunctiva that often extends on the corneal surface. Although it has been extensively studied, its pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. Recent evidence on molecular genetic abnormalities in pterygium suggested neoplastic changes of limbal stem cells potentially associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus, associated with squamo-proliferative lesions of the anogenital region, skin and oropharynx. Several studies have shown HPV involvement in the pathogenesis of conjunctival neoplastic lesions, including papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma. The involvement of HPV as a co-factor in the pathogenesis of pterygium, although suggested by several studies using PCR and immunohistochemical techniques, remains controversial. Moreover, a marked variation in the prevalence of HPV in ophthalmic pterygium has been reported by different studies. Ethnic susceptibility and methodological differences in the detection of HPV may account for this variation. Surgical excision, often using sophisticated techniques, is the standard current method of therapy for pterygium. However, recurrences are frequent and recurrent lesions tend to be more aggressive. If indeed HPV is involved in pterygium pathogenesis or recurrence, anti-viral medications or vaccination may be new options in pterygium therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini K Chalkia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Newman H, Gooding C. Viral ocular manifestations: a broad overview. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:281-94. [PMID: 23797960 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The viruses able to affect the eye are taxonomically diverse, ranging from double-stranded DNA viruses, to single stranded RNA viruses, to retroviruses. Any part of the eye may be affected, frequently producing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, cataract and retinitis. The more common ocular viral infections include the Herpesviruses such as HSV-1, VZV and CMV. The HIV pandemic is placing a serious burden on ophthalmology clinics, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa as the number of viral ocular diseases is increasing. In particular, CMV retinitis is becoming more prevalent where antiretroviral therapy is not available and is replaced by immune-recovery uveitis where antiretrovirals are given. This review aims to improve knowledge of the common viral ocular diseases, their diagnosis and management, as well as the fairly uncommon viral ocular diseases that may also cause considerable morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Newman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
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Said AK, Leao JC, Fedele S, Porter SR. Focal epithelial hyperplasia - an update. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:435-42. [PMID: 23061874 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is an asymptomatic benign mucosal disease, which is mostly observed in specific groups in certain geographical regions. FEH is usually a disease of childhood and adolescence and is generally associated with people who live in poverty and of low socioeconomic status. Clinically, FEH is typically characterized by multiple, painless, soft, sessile papules, plaques or nodules, which may coalesce to give rise to larger lesions. Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially genotypes 13 and 32, have been associated and detected in the majority of FEH lesions. The clinical examination and social history often allow diagnosis, but histopathological examination of lesional tissue is usually required to confirm the exact diagnosis. FEH sometimes resolves spontaneously however, treatment is often indicated as a consequence of aesthetic effects or any interference with occlusion. There remains no specific therapy for FEH, although surgical removal, laser excision or possibly topical antiviral agents may be of benefit. There remains no evidence that FEH is potentially malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Said
- Oral Medicine Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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Kalogeropoulos C, Koumpoulis I, Papadiotis E, Zioga A, Gkrepi K, Pappa C, Paschides C, Malamou-Mitsi V, Aspiotis M. Squamous cell papilloma of the conjunctiva due to human papillomavirus (HPV): presentation of two cases and review of literature. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:1553-61. [PMID: 23055678 PMCID: PMC3460712 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s34999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We describe two patients with squamous cell papilloma of the conjunctiva due to human papilloma virus (HPV) and review the literature. Patients and methods Two patients with conjunctival tumors were examined and treated in the University Eye Clinic and diagnosed in the University Pathology Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece. The first patient was a 48-year-old man presenting with an extended papillomatous lesion in bulbar conjunctiva covering part of the cornea of his right eye. The second patient was a 24-year-old man presenting with a polypoidal papillomatous lesion on the caruncle of his right eye. The two lesions were removed surgically, cryotherapy was applied to the adjacent conjunctiva, and topical mitomycin-C was used. The amniotic membrane was used to restore the conjunctival defect in the first patient. The two removed lesions were sent to the Pathology Department for histopathological examination. Immunohistochemistry, DNA in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were performed. Results In the first patient, histopathology showed the presence of a benign squamous papilloma with koilocytosis. DNA in situ hybridization with broad-spectrum probes showed that this patient was positive for HPV DNA. In the second patient, histopathology showed the presence of a squamous papilloma with mild dysplasia and koilocytosis. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for HPV protein and p16 protein. DNA in situ hybridization with broad-spectrum probes showed that the patient was positive for HPV DNA. PCR analysis showed the presence of HPV 6. According to morphological and molecular findings, both patients were diagnosed with squamous cell papilloma due to HPV. Conclusion HPV can infect the ocular surface. According to clinical results, the ophthalmologist in cooperation with the pathologist can recommend appropriate laboratory examinations to confirm the diagnosis and successfully treat conjunctival papillomas.
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Di Girolamo N. Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia. Eye (Lond) 2011; 26:202-11. [PMID: 22134594 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more microorganisms that colonize the human body than resident cells; some are commensal whereas others are pathogenic. Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the innate or adaptive immune system, an immune response is initiated, and the infection is often cleared. Some microorganisms have developed strategies to evade immune defenses, ensuring their long-term survival with potentially devastating consequences for the host. Approximately 18% of all cancers can be attributed to infective agents; the most common being Helicobacter pylori, Human papilloma virus (HPV) and Hepatitis B and C virus in causing stomach, cervical and liver carcinoma, respectively. This review focuses on whether HPV infection is necessary for initiating pterygia, a common benign condition and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), a rare disease with metastatic potential. The search engine PubMed was used to identify articles from the literature related to HPV and pterygium or conjunctival neoplasia. From 34 investigations that studied HPV in pterygia and OSSN, a prevalence rate of 18.6% (136/731) and 33.8% (144/426), respectively, was recorded. The variation in HPV prevalence (0-100%) for both disease groups may have arisen from study-design faults and the techniques used to identify the virus. Overall, the data suggest that HPV is not necessary for initiating either condition but may be a co-factor in susceptible hosts. Currently, over 60 million people worldwide have been immunized with HPV vaccines, but any effect on pterygium and OSSN development may not be known for some time as these lesions can evolve over decades or occur in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Di Girolamo
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Peralta R, Valdivia A, Estañol P, Villegas V, Pimienta C, Treviño E, Marrero D, Mendoza M, Jimenez F, Villalvazo L, Tejeda M, Salcedo M. Low frequency of human papillomavirus infection in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma of Mexican patients. Infect Agent Cancer 2011; 6:24. [PMID: 22099431 PMCID: PMC3226560 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and conjunctiva cancer is controversial. HPV detection will provide more information about the role of this infectious agent in the biology of conjunctiva cancer. In the present study, DNA extracted and purified from 36 Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinomas (CSCC) was evaluated by PCR for HPV DNA sequences. The results were correlated with the clinical and histopathological variables. Results The results showed that HPV DNA was present in 8 CSCC samples (22%); HPV16 was the sole type detected. Significant association was found between HPV detection and the limbus tumor subtype (p = 0.03). All the samples were non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions The HPV presence in CSCC from Mexican patients is not a common event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Peralta
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica, UIMEO, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, Col, Doctores, 06720, Mexico DF, Mexico.
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Riddel C, Rashid R, Thomas V. Ungual and periungual human papillomavirus–associated squamous cell carcinoma: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:1147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Topical therapies offer a nonsurgical method for treating conjunctival tumors by delivering high drug concentrations to the ocular surface. Over the past ten years, topical agents have been used by investigators to treat various premalignant and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva, such as primary acquired melanosis with atypia, conjunctival melanoma, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva, and pagetoid spread of the conjunctiva arising from sebaceous cell carcinoma. Despite the enthusiasm generated by the success of these agents, there are unanswered questions regarding the clinical efficacy of this new nonsurgical approach, and whether a single topical agent can achieve cure rates comparable with traditional therapies. Furthermore, the long-term consequences of prolonged courses of topical chemotherapeutic drugs on the ocular surface are unknown, and the ideal regimen for each of these agents is still being refined. In this review, we present specific guidelines for treating both melanocytic and squamous neoplasms of the conjunctiva, utilizing the available data in the literature as well as our own clinical experience at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Kim
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prevalence and possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the formation of pterygia in patients in Taiwan, a tropical country with high prevalence of pterygium. METHODS A total of 62 patients with 65 pterygia were retrospectively examined. Ten normal conjunctiva, 8 conjunctival nevi, and 2 malignant conjunctival melanomas served as controls. HPV detection and typing were accomplished using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the viral sequences. HPV-positive specimens underwent further investigation with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clinical histories were recorded for each patient. RESULTS Based on polymerase chain reaction analysis, 2 of 65 pterygia harbored HPV type 18, and they were also fluorescence in situ hybridization positive. No conjunctival control had HPV. There was no statistically significant correlation between pterygium and the presence of HPV. The presence of HPV was not significantly different between primary and recurrent pterygia. CONCLUSIONS The limited presence of HPV DNA in pterygium does not conclude that HPV is necessary or acting alone in the formation of pterygium, but HPV may still be implicated to play a role in some pterygia in Taiwan.
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Jain RK, Mehta R, Badve S. Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma Due to Ocular Prostheses: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 16:609-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Piecyk-Sidor M, Polz-Dacewicz M, Zagórski Z, Zarnowski T. Occurrence of human papillomavirus in pterygia. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 87:890-5. [PMID: 19302081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in pterygium. METHODS The study involved 89 patients undergoing surgical procedures at the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland. Group 1 included 58 patients with clinically diagnosed pterygium. Group 2 consisted of 31 individuals with normal conjunctiva. The material was collected during elective surgical procedures. The presence of HPV genome was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Once the presence of HPV DNA was confirmed, 28 HPV genotypes were determined using reverse hybridization. RESULTS The determinations confirmed the presence of HPV DNA in pterygium. In the material collected from 58 cases of pterygium (group 1), HPV DNA was identified in 16 patients (27.6%). In the material from 31 diagnostic specimens of normal conjunctiva (group 2), the presence of HPV was demonstrated in three cases (9.7%). A statistically significant difference was found in the presence of HPV DNA between the patients from groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.041). HPV type 16 was most common and was demonstrated in 56% of HPV-positive cases of pterygium. HPV 16 and HPV 6 co-infections were found in 19% of cases, while HPV 18 and HPV 6 co-infections were observed in 13%. In group 2, all three patients with HPV showed HPV 18. CONCLUSION It seems that HPV is not necessary to induce pterygium; however, it might play a synergistic role in the multi-stage process of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piecyk-Sidor
- Tadeusz Krwawicz Chair of Ophthalmology and First Eye Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Manderwad GP, Kannabiran C, Honavar SG, Vemuganti GK. Lack of association of high-risk human papillomavirus in ocular surface squamous neoplasia in India. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:1246-50. [PMID: 19653719 DOI: 10.5858/133.8.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) represents a spectrum of ocular surface tumors ranging from intraepithelial to invasive. The genesis of OSSN is multifactorial, possibly including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the role of which is controversial. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of high-risk HPV16 and HPV18 in OSSN. DESIGN Retrospective and prospective noncomparative case series. In this study, histologically proven cases of OSSN were evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections (n = 50) and fresh tissues (n = 7) for the presence of HPV by polymerase chain reaction using MY09/MY11 consensus primers, HPV16 and HPV18 type-specific primers, and in situ hybridization-catalyzed reporter deposition (ISH-CARD). Cervical tumors (n = 19) along with SiHa and HeLa cell lines served as positive controls for HPV analysis. RESULTS The study included 48 patients with OSSN who accounted for 57 specimens, with a median patient age of 28.5 years (range, 1.5-70 years). These specimens included 36 squamous cell carcinomas and 21 conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasias. All of the cases were found to be negative for high-risk HPV using polymerase chain reaction and ISH-CARD assay, whereas the SiHa and HeLa cell lines were appropriately positive. Of the cervical tumors that served as positive controls, 18 were positive for HPV16, and 1 was positive for HPV18. CONCLUSIONS Sensitive, type-specific polymerase chain reaction for detection of HPV16 and HPV18, polymerase chain reaction assay for consensus HPV sequences, and ISH-CARD did not show the presence of high-risk HPV in OSSN. Thus, HPV appears to play no significant role in the etiology of OSSN in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Manderwad
- Ophthalmic Pathology Services, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Otlu B, Emre S, Turkcuoglu P, Doganay S, Durmaz R. Investigation of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNAs in pterygium tissue. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19:175-9. [PMID: 19253231 DOI: 10.1177/112067210901900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies postulated the presence of a probable relationship between pterygium and neoplasia. This study aimed to investigate the role of two oncogenic viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in the development of conjunctival pterygia. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the presence of HPV and EBV in 30 primary and 10 recurrent pterygia samples. Twenty conjunctival samples obtained from patients undergoing cataract surgeries were used as the control group. Patient groups had similar sex, race, and age distribution to eliminate bias. For exploration of HPV in groups, two different PCR methods (in-house PCR with two different primer sets and one real-time PCR method) were studied. The presence of EBV was shown by real-time PCR method. RESULTS HPV was identified in none of the pterygia and control group patients. However, EBV was detected in 3 out of 30 (10%) primary pterygia patients and in none of the recurrent pterygia and control patients. CONCLUSIONS Up to now, HPV has been blamed as the major viral pathogen in the etiopathogenesis of pterygium. The current results suggest that EBV may also be involved in the pathogenesis of pterygium, but further larger studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Otlu
- Microbiology, Inonu University Medical Faculty, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Research Hospital, Malatya - Turkey
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Abstract
We present the case of an 83-year-old patient with an isolated epithelial dysplasia of the cornea. After corneal abrasion the lesion reoccurred 14 days later. The abrasion was then increased to cover the whole corneal epithelium and adjacent limbal and conjunctival areas were also biopsied. Histology revealed a corneal epithelial dysplasia stage 3, whereas the limbal and conjunctival biopsies showed normal epithelium. After resection two cycles of local mitomycin C application (2 cycles of 14 days each) were administered and 9 months after the second intervention the cornea remained clear with good vision. The investigation for human papillomavirus showed a type 6, which is not associated with an increased risk of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eberwein
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106 Freiburg.
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de Koning MNC, Waddell K, Magyezi J, Purdie K, Proby C, Harwood C, Lucas S, Downing R, Quint WGV, Newton R. Genital and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types in relation to conjunctival squamous cell neoplasia: a case-control study in Uganda. Infect Agent Cancer 2008; 3:12. [PMID: 18783604 PMCID: PMC2551585 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the role of infection with genital and cutaneous human papillomavirus types (HPV) in the aetiology of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (which includes both conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinoma) using data and biological material collected as part of a case-control study in Uganda. RESULTS Among 81 cases, the prevalence of genital and cutaneous HPV types in tumour tissue did not differ significantly by histological grade of the lesion. The prevalence of genital HPV types did not differ significantly between cases and controls (both 38%; Odds ratio [OR] 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-2.7, p = 1.0). The prevalence of cutaneous HPV types was 22% (18/81) among cases and 3% (1/29) among controls (OR 8.0, 95% CI 1.0-169, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION We find no evidence of an association between genital HPV types and ocular surface squamous neoplasia. The prevalence of cutaneous HPV was significantly higher among cases as compared to controls. Although consistent with results from two other case-control studies, the relatively low prevalence of cutaneous HPV types among cases (which does not differ by histological grade of tumour) indicates that there remains considerable uncertainty about a role for cutaneous HPV in the aetiology of this tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karin Purdie
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charlotte Proby
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sebastian Lucas
- Dept. Histopathology, KCL School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert Downing
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Programme on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Wim GV Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Voorburg, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Newton
- Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Rai N, Jenkins GJS, McAdam E, Hibbitts SJ, Fiander AN, Powell NG. Human papillomavirus infection in Barrett's oesophagus in the UK: an infrequent event. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:250-2. [PMID: 18718811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been reported in squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus and has been recently described in Barrett's oesophagus, a premalignant condition which may give rise to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. OBJECTIVES To investigate HPV infection in Barrett's oesophagus in a UK population. STUDY DESIGN DNA was extracted from 73 Barrett's oesophagus biopsies and examined for the presence of DNA for 14 high risk (HR) and 6 low risk (LR) HPV types. RESULTS HPV DNA was present in only 1 of 73 samples; genotyping indicated this was a high risk type 51 infection. CONCLUSIONS HPV infection appears unlikely to be a significant factor in the aetiology of Barrett's oesophagus in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Sen S, Sharma A, Panda A. Immunohistochemical localization of human papilloma virus in conjunctival neoplasias: a retrospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007; 55:361-3. [PMID: 17699945 PMCID: PMC2636007 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.33822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of association of human papilloma virus (HPV) in human conjunctival neoplasias has been debated in studies originating from different parts of the world, but no substantial evidence has been generated on Indian subjects. This prompted us to carry out a retrospective study on conjunctival neoplasias diagnosed over the past 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 65 specimens of ocular neoplasias and 30 normal controls diagnosed between 1991 and 2002 at a tertiary eye care hospital, was undertaken. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were reviewed for confirming histopathological diagnosis, presence of koilocytosis and changes related to actinic keratosis. Immunohistochemical analysis was done using HPV-specific monoclonal antibodies. Clinicopathological correlation and the association of HPV antigen with the histopathological features were performed. RESULTS Out of the 65 cases analyzed, 35 were papillomas and 30 were ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSN). The mean age was 48 years with a male preponderance. Histologically, koilocytosis was observed in 17.1% of papillomas and 36.6% of OSSN. Actinic keratosis was present in 33% of OSSN. Immunohistochemically 17.1% conjunctival papillomas stained positive for HPV antigen, all cases of OSSN were negative for HPV. There was no correlation between koilocytosis or actinic keratosis and the detection of HPV antigen. CONCLUSIONS The association between HPV and conjunctival neoplasias is variable in different geographical areas and also depends on the methods of detection used. This study warrants the need for applying more advanced techniques at a molecular level to determine the possible etiology of HPV in conjunctival neoplasias among Asian-Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sen
- Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Pterygia have been reported to share some of the genetic defects seen in cancers, including microsatellite instability (MSI). We examined pterygia for the presence of proteins typically missing or defective in adenocarcinomas with MSI. We also performed microsatellite analysis on DNA from pterygia to test for instability in the size of the microsatellites, using markers conventionally used to characterize MSI in tumors (Bethesda convention markers). METHODS We examined 13 pterygia by immunohistochemistry for MLH1 and MSH2, 2 proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair. In addition, we amplified the pterygial DNA with primers specific for 5 Bethesda markers (BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250). RESULTS MLH1 staining was present at low levels in the basal cells of the cornea and migrating limbal cells of the pterygia. MSH2 staining was present in basal and in maturing epithelial cells of the cornea and migrating limbal cells of pterygia. We observed no reproducible examples of MSI or loss of heterozygosity (LOH). CONCLUSIONS We were unable to confirm the presence of MSI and LOH by using the markers we examined. MSH2 staining appeared to be normal in pterygia. MLH1 staining was present but in reduced amounts compared with that seen in the conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Peck N, Lucarelli MJ, Yao M, Lee D, Albert D. Human papillomavirus 6a lesions of the lower eyelid and genitalia. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 22:311-3. [PMID: 16855513 DOI: 10.1097/01.iop.0000226922.38732.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 42-year-old white man presented with a lower eyelid lesion and recurrent condylomata acuminata of his genitalia due to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6a. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of both lesions was performed. The eyelid lesion was excised and found to be a papilloma caused by HPV6a infection. An extensive literature search revealed one previous report of concurrent conjunctival papilloma and genital papilloma involving HPV6a. Rare cases of solitary lesions of the eyelid secondary to HPV6a infection have been reported. HPV should be considered as a possible cause of an eyelid papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Peck
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
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Endo T, Hata J, Togashi S, Yanagibayashi S, Nakayama Y. Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Orbit 40 Years After Enucleation. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 22:299-301. [PMID: 16855506 DOI: 10.1097/01.iop.0000222521.92518.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma developed in a 51-year-old man 40 years after he had enucleation of his left eye because of an explosion injury. He had worn several ocular prostheses for more than 40 years. Recently he had noticed an increasing sanguineous conjunctival discharge, a foreign body sensation, and swelling of his left lower eyelid. Incisional biopsies of an underlying conjunctival mass revealed squamous cell carcinoma. His work history did not involve exposure to radiation, chemicals, or the sun. The authors concluded that squamous cell carcinoma in this case was caused by chronic irritation as the result of long-standing use of a poorly fitting ocular prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Endo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaragi 305-8575, Japan.
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Minchiotti S, Masucci L, Serapiao Dos Santos M, Perrella E, Graffeo R, Lambiase A, Bonini S. Conjunctival papilloma and human papillomavirus: identification of HPV types by PCR. Eur J Ophthalmol 2006; 16:473-7. [PMID: 16761254 DOI: 10.1177/112067210601600320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the identification of human papillomavirus types in four cases of conjunctival papillomas and to review the literature regarding human conjunctival papillomavirus (HPV). METHODS Specimens from conjunctival papillomas of four patients were analyzed for the presence of HPV by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent filter hybridization. HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33 were investigated. Histologic sections were analyzed for the presence of koilocytosis. RESULTS Histologic examination confirmed HPV infection in all cases. HPV type 11 was detected in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS HPV is frequently implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative squamous lesions. HPV type 11 was the most frequently found in benign conjunctival lesion in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minchiotti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Roma 'Campus Bio-Medico', Roma, Italy
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Kuo KT, Chang HC, Hsiao CH, Lin MC. Increased Ki-67 proliferative index and absence of P16INK4 in CIN-HPV related pathogenic pathways different from cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:894-9. [PMID: 16540490 PMCID: PMC1857176 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.086314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM It is generally assumed that similar pathways are involved in human papillomavirus (HPV) induced pathogenesis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and cancers and a subset of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN)-that the malignancies or pre-cancerous lesions arise through HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7, which disrupt the pathways of p53 and the product of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene and, in turn, increase the protein product of gene p16INK4 through the mechanism of positive feedback. Several cell cycle molecules are detected to test this hypothesis. METHODS Nine cases of CIN and eight non-CIN cases were analysed for the expression of Ki-67, pRb, p53, and p16INK4 via immunohistochemistry. Nine cases of cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and 10 cases of cervical low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were included for stain control of p16INK4a, and comparison of p16INK4a expression to CIN cases. A nested polymerase chain reaction and a genechip HPV typing were used to detect HPV infection and types in the CIN and non-CIN samples RESULTS HPV positivity was demonstrated in all of the CIN lesions but in none of the non-CIN lesions. The Ki-67 proliferative index (Ki-67 PI) was statistically higher in the CIN group than the non-CIN group; however, there were no differences of expression of pRb and p53 between the two groups and no expression of p16INK4 in all cases. All nine cases of HSIL, and seven out of 10 cases of LSIL used for stain control were immunoreactive for p16INK4a. There were statistically significant differences in overexpression of p16INK4a between the CINs and SILs CONCLUSIONS The Ki-67 proliferative index may be a sensitive marker for CIN lesions and these results, with significant differences in overexpression of p16INK4a between CINs and SILs, may provide new evidence that HPV related mucosal dysplasia in different anatomical locations may lead to dissimilar molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-T Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Hospital, Department of Health, Taiwan
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Chen HC, Chang SW, Huang SF. Adjunctive Treatment With Interferon ??-2b May Decrease the Risk of Papilloma-Associated Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasm Recurrence. Cornea 2004; 23:726-9. [PMID: 15448502 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000126320.36014.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of bilateral papilloma virus-positive conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm and the treatment results of using adjunctive interferon alpha-2b. METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS A 73-year-old man underwent subtotal excisional biopsy of the 270-degree gelatinous limbal lesion of the right eye to avoid creating a limbal deficiency and cicatricial change. Total excisional biopsy of the temporal elevated leukoplakic limbal lesion was performed on his left eye. Histology examination showed bilateral intraepithelial neoplasia, and human papilloma virus-16 and -18 were detected by polymerase chain reaction in both lesions. Two supplemental perilesional injections of interferon alpha-2b in the right eye were given, and the residual mass decreased in size gradually and completed clinical resolution 7 weeks following initial surgery. Although no recurrence was noticed in the right eye, recurrence of the conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm lesion was noticed in the left eye. CONCLUSION Adjunctive therapy might lower CIN recurrence rate, especially in extensive lesions, when surgical excision cannot ensure a tumor-free margin. Our bilateral case provided a good control example for the recurrence with or without adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the emergence of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, it is apparent that the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma, in particular, and lymphoma in patients with AIDS is declining, especially in regions of the world where these regimens are routinely available. The burden of HIV infection and AIDS is greatest in the developing world, and no doubt neoplastic complications are increasingly encountered. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments of this aspect of the AIDS epidemic in the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS It was readily apparent that the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma sharply increased after the onset of the AIDS epidemic in developing countries. By the end of the second decade of the epidemic, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is increasing in incidence and the natural history of Burkitt lymphoma is evolving in the backdrop of HIV infection as well. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in many developing countries, yet the true impact of HIV infection on the development of this neoplasm is not fully understood. Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva appears to be a unique AIDS-associated neoplasm that is encountered in sub-Saharan Africa as well. Finally, although the epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features for many AIDS-associated neoplasms are well characterized in developing regions of the world, there is a paucity of data on the therapeutic approach to these tumors in this setting. SUMMARY It is apparent that as the AIDS pandemic proceeds, the burden of neoplastic diseases is increasing in developing nations. Current therapeutic approaches are not well documented. Pragmatic prevention and therapeutic interventions suitable for the resource-constrained setting are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Orem
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital and the Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
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Guthoff R, Lieb WE, Ströbel P, Zettl A. Exenteration of invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:1093-4. [PMID: 15258033 PMCID: PMC1772270 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.038588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kallen C, Reinhard T, Schilgen G, Cartsburg O, Böcking A, Auw-Hädrich C, Sundmacher R. [Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: probably a risk factor for the development of conjuntival carcinoma]. Ophthalmologe 2004; 100:808-14. [PMID: 14618353 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-003-0809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost half of the patients with atopic dermatitis experience chronic inflammation of the eyelids, the conjunctiva and the cornea. Chronic inflammation is a possible cause for the development of malignancies, especially if associated with some kind of immunological defect as in atopic patients. So far, a correlation between atopic conjunctivitis and conjunctival malignancies has not yet been reported. Here, we present 7 atopic patients with conjunctival carcinoma or carcinoma in situ detected between February 2000 and August 2001. PATIENTS All 7 patients had a long history of atopic dermatitis and chronic of inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. In all patients smears were examined by cytology and DNA cytometry. Furthermore, in 6 of the 7 patients a histopathological examination of conjunctival biopsies was performed. RESULTS In 4 of the 7 patients invasive conjunctival carcinoma and in 2 carcinoma in situ were detected. Cytology and cytometry revealed conjunctival carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in the remaining patient. Histopathological examination could not be performed since the patient refused to have a conjunctival biopsy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that atopic keratoconjunctivitis might be a risk factor for the development of conjunctival carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kallen
- Augenklinik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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Palazzi MA, Yunes JA, Cardinalli IA, Stangenhaus GP, Brandalise SR, Ferreira SA, Sobrinho JSP, Villa LL. Detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus in sporadic retinoblastoma. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 81:396-8. [PMID: 12859268 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2003.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in tumour tissue from patients with unilateral retinoblastoma. METHODS Samples of paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from 43 children with unilateral retinoblastoma were collected to investigate the presence of HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot blot hybridization. RESULTS Oncogenic HPV DNA types 16 and 35 were detected in 12 (27.9%) of 43 tumour specimens. A higher frequency of differentiated tumours (63.3%) was observed among the HPV-positive tumours. CONCLUSIONS Future studies are necessary to demonstrate an association between HPV and sporadic retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Palazzi
- Boldrini Children's Centre, Rua Décio de Almeida Filho 421, Campinas 13084-710, São Paulo, Brazil.
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