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Chiang T, Kloosterboer A, Örge F, Sobol W, Echegaray JJ. Autosomal Recessive ADAMTSL4-Related Isolated Ectopia Lentis in the Ohio Old Order Amish and Mennonite Communities. JOURNAL OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES 2024; 8:442-451. [PMID: 39148561 PMCID: PMC11323518 DOI: 10.1177/24741264241249024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: To present a series of 4 patients from the Ohio Amish or Mennonite populations with isolated ectopia lentis. Methods: A case series was evaluated. Results: Four cases with bilateral lens subluxations were diagnosed with a homozygous c.767_786del pathogenic variant in ADAMTSL4. Their ages ranged from 2 to 22 years. Three cases were symptomatic and were managed surgically with lensectomy, vitrectomy, and endolaser photocoagulation with or without secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. One asymptomatic patient was observed. The postoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/60 in nonamblyopic eyes. Conclusions: The pathogenic homozygous c.767_786del variant in ADAMTSL4 may be a cause of bilateral isolated ectopia lentis in the Ohio Amish and Mennonite populations, likely as a result of a founder effect. Vitrectomy and lens extraction with or without secondary IOL implantation may lead to good visual outcomes. There were no cases of retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- TsunKang Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amy Kloosterboer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Faruk Örge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Warren Sobol
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jose J. Echegaray
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Retina Consultants of Orlando, LLC, Altamonte Springs, FL, USA
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Guo D, Li S, Xiao X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Jin G, Wang J, Ouyang J, Jia X, Sun W, Wang P, Zheng D, Zhang Q. Clinical and Genetic Landscape of Ectopia Lentis Based on a Cohort of Patients From 156 Families. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38190127 PMCID: PMC10777873 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To extend the mutation spectrum and explore the characteristics of genotypes and ocular phenotypes in ectopia lentis (EL). Methods Variants in all 14 reported EL-associated genes were selected from in-house data sets as well as literature review, and available clinical data were analyzed. Results Likely pathogenic variants in three genes were identified in 156 unrelated families with EL from the in-house cohort, of which 97.4% resulted from variants in FBN1, whereas the remaining were caused by variants in ADAMTSL4 (1.3%) and LTBP2 (1.3%). A comparative analysis of the in-house data and literature review suggested several characteristics: (1) a higher proportion of cysteine involvement variants in FBN1, either variants introducing or eliminating cysteine, and an earlier diagnosis age were presented in our cohort than in published literature; (2) the axial length (AL) and refractive error increased more rapidly with age in preschool EL children than normal children, and the increased rate of AL was slower in patients with surgery than those without surgery; (3) aberrant astigmatism was common in EL; and (4) worse vision and earlier onset age were observed in patients with non-FBN1 variants (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Variants in FBN1 are the predominant cause of EL, with the most common cysteine involvement variants. Early-stage EL manifests refractive error but gradually converts to axial myopia through defocus introduced by lens dislocation. Aberrant astigmatism is a suggestive sign of EL. Non-FBN1 variants cause early-onset and severe phenotypes. These results provide evidence for early diagnosis as well as timely treatment for EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Wei H, Meng X, Qin H, Li X. A novel ADAMTSL4 compound heterozygous mutation in isolated ectopia lentis: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:532. [PMID: 38146062 PMCID: PMC10750424 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital ectopia lentis is characterized by dislocation of the lens caused by partial or complete abnormalities in the zonular fibers. It can be caused by either systemic diseases or isolated ocular diseases. Gene detection techniques can provide valuable information when an etiological diagnosis is challenging. Herein, we report the case of a six-year-old girl with a confirmed diagnosis of isolated ectopia lentis caused by a compound heterozygous ADAMTSL4 gene mutation. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 6-year-old Chinese Han girl with strabismus in the right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed that the lens in the right eye was opacified and dislocated, without an ectopic pupil. Gene detection demonstrated the presence of a compound heterozygous mutation in the ADAMTSL4 gene [c. 2270dupG (p.Gly758Trpfs *59) and c. 2110A > G (p.Ser704Gly)], and the diagnosis of isolated ectopia lentis was confirmed. She underwent lens extraction, and a sutured scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) was placed in the right eye. The best-corrected visual acuity was 0.1 one month postoperatively. CONCLUSION Gene detection plays a crucial role in diagnosing disorders with similar symptoms, such as isolated ectopia lentis and Marfan syndrome. In this study, we used whole exons sequencing to diagnose isolated ectopia lentis and identified the variant c.2110A > G (p.Ser704Gly), which may be associated with the development of ectopia lentis and early-onset cataract in the patient. These pathogenic gene mutations have significant implications for the genetic diagnosis of congenital ectopia lentis, treatment, surveillance, and hereditary and prenatal counseling for the patient and their family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengguang Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyun Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Xu P, Ng K, Jin L, Young CA, Liu S, Liang X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Jin G, Zheng D. Visual prognosis and complications of congenital ectopia lentis: study protocol for a hospital-based cohort in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072542. [PMID: 37369426 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) is a rare ocular disease characterised by the dislocation or displacement of the lens. Patients with mild lens dislocations can be treated with conservative methods (eg, corrective eyeglasses or contact lenses). In contrast, patients with severe CEL usually require surgical management. However, few studies have focused on the visual prognosis and complications in conservative and surgical management of patients. This study aims to investigate the prognosis and complications in patients with CEL with conservative and surgical management, which is vital for CEL management, especially the choice of surgical timing and surgical method. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A cohort study will be conducted at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. We plan to recruit 604 participants diagnosed with CEL and aged ≥3 years old. Patients with mild lens subluxation and stable visual conditions will be included in the non-surgical group and follow-up at 1, 2 and 3 years after enrolment. Patients with severe lens subluxation who accept CEL surgery will be included in the surgical group. Different surgical techniques, including phacoemulsification, in-the-bag intraocular lens implantation (with or without capsular tension ring) and trans-scleral fixation, will be used depending on the severity of dislocation. Patients will be followed up at 3 months, and 1, 2 and 3 years postoperatively. Over a 5-year follow-up period, patients will receive a detailed ocular examination, including optometry, biological measurement, specular microscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy, anterior segment and posterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, echocardiography and questionnaires on vision-related quality of life. The primary outcome is the change of best-corrected visual acuity and the incidence of complications in both groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (number: 2022KYPJ207). Study findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05654025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kityee Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu L, Li Y, Guo D, Ye H, Qi H, Zou B, Zheng D, Jin G. Metabolomic Profile in the Aqueous Humor of Congenital Ectopia Lentis. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:270-277. [PMID: 36314870 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2142943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the metabolic profiles in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with congenital ectopia lentis (CEL). METHODS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the metabolites of AH samples of patients with CEL (n = 22) and age-matched patients (n = 22) with congenital cataract by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The metabolomic characteristics were visualized by principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and heat map. The levels of the differential metabolites were also compared between CEL patients with and without FBN1 mutations. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed by using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to select potential biomarkers. RESULTS There were 175 differential metabolites identified between the two groups. Eight metabolites were found to be potential biomarkers in AH of CEL patients. The CEL group showed a significant increase in α-ketoglutarate and decrease in citrate, suggesting that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was disturbed. l-proline, prolyl-hydroxyproline, and l-histidine were reduced, which prompted enhanced degradation of microfibrils and collagen. Insidious retinal nerve damage was implied because N-Acetyl-aspartylglutamic acid and N-Acetyl-l-aspartic acid were found to be significantly increased. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that disturbances in amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were the key processes in the pathogenesis of CEL and that TCA cycle disorder may be the driving force behind disease occurrence. CONCLUSION These data reveal the characteristics in the metabolomic profiles of the AH of CEL patients, which help provide insights into the pathogenesis of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li JT, Chen ZX, Chen XJ, Jiang YX. Mutation analysis of SUOX in isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency with ectopia lentis as the presenting feature: insights into genotype-phenotype correlation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:392. [PMID: 36303223 PMCID: PMC9615255 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) caused by sulfite oxidase gene (SUOX) mutations is a rare neurometabolic disease associated with ectopia lentis (EL). However, few genotype–phenotype correlations have been established yet. Methods Potentially pathogenic SUOX mutations were screened from a Chinese cohort of congenital EL using panel-based next-generation sequencing and analyzed with multiple bioinformatics tools. The genotype–phenotype correlations were evaluated via a systematic review of SUOX mutations within our data and from the literature. Results A novel paternal missense mutation, c.205G > C (p.A69P), and a recurrent maternal nonsense mutation, c.1200 C > G (p.Y400*), of SUOX were identified in a 4-year-old boy from 312 probands. The biochemical assays manifested elevated urine sulfite and S-sulfocysteine accompanied by decreased homocysteine in the blood. The patient had bilateral EL and normal fundus, yet minimal neurological involvement and normal brain structure. Molecular modeling simulation revealed the p.A69P mutant had an unstable structure but an unchanged affinity for sulfite, while the truncated p.Y400* mutant showed decreased binding capacity. Genotype–phenotype analysis demonstrated patients with biallelic missense mutations had milder symptoms (P = 0.023), later age of onset (P < 0.001), and a higher incidence of regression (P = 0.017) than other genotypes. No correlations were found regarding EL and other neurological symptoms. Conclusion The data from this study not only enrich the known mutation spectrum of SUOX but also suggest that missense mutations are associated with mild and atypical symptoms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02544-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Xu Chen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Rd, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Jiang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Rd, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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Zhao J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhang K, Shang L, Li J. Correlation between novel compound heterozygous ADAMTSL4 variants and primary phenotypes of ectopia lentis et pupillae. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109243. [PMID: 36089008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate molecular pathogenesis of congenital ectopia lentis accompanied by various ophthalmic manifestations in a pedigree. METHODS Three female siblings, their spouse and offspring underwent ophthalmic and general medical examinations. Genetic variants were screened with the whole exome sequencing and analyzed in either a dominant or recessive inheritance manner. Gene mutations were ascertained with the Sanger sequencing after the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS All three female siblings were diagnosed as the Ectopia lentis et pupillae (ELeP) through combination of clinical examination and genetic analysis. No characteristic pathological changes of skeletal, metabolic and cardiac abnormalities were observed. Thirteen genetic variants were selected out through analyzing in the dominant or recessive inheritance manner, but they were not associated with EL. Among them, ALOX15B variant may explain the skin disease in this pedigree. After inspection the known genes related to EL, novel compound heterozygous mutations (p.Ser264LeufsX37/p.Gly757ValfsX62) in ADAMTSL4 were discreetly identified in this ELeP pedigree. CONCLUSIONS Novel compound heterozygous ADAMTSL4 variants are responsible for ELeP in the current pedigree. Correlation between ADAMTSL4 variants and ELeP was firstly established based on our 12 years follow-up studies and previous reports of ELeP and of ADAMTSL4-related eye disorders. The primary phenotypes caused by ADAMTSL4 variants include EL, EP, poor pupillary dilation, and axial elongation. Highly varying phenotypes including glaucoma, high myopia retinapathy, and poor vision and so on may be the secondary impairments. All these secondary impairments may be improved if proper clinical interventions are implemented in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, China
| | - Kejin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Junlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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