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Gilardi V, Kotsaris S, Exadaktylos A, Klukowska-Rötzler J. Injury patterns of non-fatal accidents related to ice hockey, an analysis of 7 years of admission to a Level-1 Emergency Centre in Switzerland. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0268912. [PMID: 36735749 PMCID: PMC9897527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to identify the frequency and types of injuries in adult ice hockey, in order to better understand injury patterns and identify potential areas for injury prevention. METHODS We conducted a retrospective database review of acute injuries reported in ice hockey in patients presenting to a Level-1 adult Emergency Centre in Switzerland. Patients between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2019 and over 16 years of age were identified in our computerised patient database. Each consultation was reviewed to derive information on demographics, playing level and the features of the injury, including location, type, mechanism and consequences. Different age groups were compared, as were amateur and professional players. A statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 230 patients were identified. The most common diagnoses were fracture (28.3%), contusion/abrasion (23.9%), laceration (12.6%) and concussion (10.4%). The most commonly affected body parts were the face (31.3%), the shoulder/clavicle (13.0%) and the head (12.2%). Most lesions were caused by player-player contact (37.4%), contact with the puck (24.3%) and falls (10.9%). In comparison to the younger cohorts, patients >36 years of age more frequently suffered injuries caused by falls, (p < 0.001) and were less frequently injured by player-player contact (p = 0.01813). In amateur players, significantly more injuries were caused by stick contact (OR 0, 95% CI (0.00-0.83), p = 0.02) and surgery was more rarely performed (OR 2.35, 95% CI 0.98-5.46, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Injuries continue to play a major role in ice hockey, especially in the face and due to player-player contact. Future investigations should focus on player-player contact and possible effective preventive measures. Players must be encouraged to employ face protection and to wear a mouth guard at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Gilardi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Spyridon Kotsaris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Grillo R, da Silva YS, Tavares MG, Borba AM, Samieirad S, Naclério-Homem MDG. Which sports have a higher risk of maxillofacial injuries? JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101341. [PMID: 36414173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sports etiology is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. This work aimed to provide an up-to-date review of sports-related maxillofacial injuries. METHODS An updated review was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar. No publication year and language restrictions were applied. Two different search strategies were performed, the first addressed which sports, generally associated with maxillofacial injuries, and the second search was conducted to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries associated with each sport individually. RESULTS The first search returned 26 articles distributed across different sports, from different countries, and with varied age distribution. The second search displayed 85 articles on individual sports group. Papers were rated and categorized according by the sport associated to the reported injury. A useful sports risk scale for maxillofacial injuries has been developed. Peculiar themes from all participating sports were evaluated. The use of protective equipment and other preventive measures were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Some sports with ball and cycling can be considered riskier sports for maxillofacial injuries. Athlete education and the mandatory use of mouthguards, helmets, and eye protection, among other things, are crucial to prevent these injuries. Tailor-made mouthguards and protective masks, which are becoming cheaper, are in vogue. The Sports-related Maxillofacial Injuries Risk scale can be useful for athletes, athletic coaches, and maxillofacial surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grillo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculdade Patos de Minas, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Alexandre Meireles Borba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Cuiaba, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Sahand Samieirad
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Mashhad dental school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria da Graça Naclério-Homem
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Catalfamo LM, Scozzaro C, Cicchiello S, Scozzaro MP, Romeo C, De Rinaldis D, Saccà S, Nava C, Calvo A, De Ponte FS. Maxillofacial Injuries in Padel Game. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2022; 21:1393-1396. [PMID: 36896067 PMCID: PMC9989071 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maxillofacial injuries are very frequent in the sports environment. Padel is a new sport of Mexican origin, very popular in Mexico, Spain, and Italy, but with a rapid spread in Europe and other continents. Aims The aim of this article is to report our experience of 16 patients with maxillofacial injuries that occurred during padel matches in 2021. All these injuries occurred due to the racket bouncing against the glass of the padel court. The bounce of the racquet is given either because the player was trying to hit the ball near the glass or by throwing the racket against the glass for an act of nervousness. Methods We carried out a literature review about sports traumas, and we calculated the possible force with which the racket, once bounced off the glass, hits the players' faces. Results and Conclusions The racket, bouncing off the glass wall, arrives with a specific force in the face of the player who threw the racket, being able to cause skin wounds, injuries, and fractures mainly at the level of the dentoalveolar junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Catalfamo
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - C. Scozzaro
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - S. Cicchiello
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - M. P. Scozzaro
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - C. Romeo
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - D. De Rinaldis
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - S. Saccà
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - C. Nava
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - A. Calvo
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
| | - F. S. De Ponte
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- AOU Policlinico “G. Martino”, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, ME Italy
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Galgano AC, Cohn JE, Licata JJ, Othman S, Stucker FJ, Bundrick P. Slippery Slopes: Skiing-Related Facial Trauma in Adults. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2022; 15:122-127. [DOI: 10.1177/19433875211020933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Objective: To determine the incidence of skiing-related facial trauma and to identify their patterns in terms of potential risk factors, mechanism of injury, anatomical location, and degree of severity. Methods: Data was collected using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and included snow skiing-related incidents during the years 2009 to 2018. Specifically, injuries limited to the facial region including the head, face, eye(s), mouth, neck or ear(s) were reported. Patients with fractures were further classified by the study variables. Descriptive statistics were used to classify continuous variables while chi-square analysis was used to compare categorical variables. Results: A total of 514 (n = 514) patients met the inclusion criteria within the study period. The majority of injuries were due to concussions (59%), followed by lacerations (18%), fractures (11%), contusions (11%) and dental injuries (1%). Of the fractures seen, the majority were nasal (30%) and cervical spine (30%), followed by midface (27%), mandible (9%) and skull (4%). In our population, head injuries were more common in females (80%) than in males (60%), whereas, mouth injuries were more common in males (8%) than females (1%) [χ2 = 30.2, p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Skiing-related craniofacial trauma remains a significant mechanism of injury. Our data illustrates a need to correlate these injuries to the use of personal protective equipment. Furthermore, this data calls for the strict implementation of such equipment and the development of safety protocols to further prevent deleterious injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason E. Cohn
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jordan J. Licata
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sammy Othman
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fred J. Stucker
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Paige Bundrick
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Eng J, Sivam S. General Overview of the Facial Trauma Evaluation. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2021; 30:1-9. [PMID: 34809879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The initial evaluation of maxillofacial trauma in athletes should first focus on the management of life-threatening injuries that require emergent care. Airway, breathing, and circulation are the 3 areas to be addressed first and foremost, as set forth by Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines. Following the stabilization of the patient, a thorough physical examination and systematic review of any relevant imaging studies are imperative to ensure that injuries are not missed. Ultimately, management by the facial plastic surgeon should balance the goals of facial trauma restoration with the overall needs of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eng
- Divison of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Boulevard, Suite E5.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunthosh Sivam
- Divison of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Boulevard, Suite E5.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Larrabee KA, Kao AS, Barbetta BT, Jones LR. Midface Including Le Fort Level Injuries. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2021; 30:63-70. [PMID: 34809887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Le Fort fractures occur at uniform weak areas in the midface often due to blunt impact to the face. Sporting injuries are a common cause of facial trauma; however, use of protective equipment has reduced the number of sports-related injuries. All patients with traumatic injuries should be evaluated using Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. Le Fort fractures can contribute to airway obstruction, and urgent intubation may be indicated. Surgery is indicated for most displaced Le Fort fractures to restore function and facial harmony. To facilitate reduction, the original occlusive relationship should be restored by placing the patient in MMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Larrabee
- Department of Otolaryngology HNS, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Andrew S Kao
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Benjamin T Barbetta
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Lamont R Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology HNS, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Pueringer J, Cohn JE, Othman S, Shokri T, Ducic Y, Sokoya M. Tennis-related adult maxillofacial trauma injuries. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:64-67. [PMID: 32400246 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1768451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Tennis participation continues to increase amongst adults across the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in adult tennis-related facial injury epidemiology, demographics, diagnoses, and locations of injury. Materials and methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was evaluated for tennis-related facial injuries in adults from 2009 through 2018. Number of injuries were extrapolated, and data were analyzed for age, sex, specific injury diagnoses, locations, and discharge disposition. Descriptive statistics were used to present and describe variables of interest. Chi-squared testing (χ2) was performed to compare categorical variables. Results: During the study period, 342 tennis-related facial trauma ED visits were analyzed. Lacerations were the most common injury (45%), followed by contusions or abrasions (33.3%), concussions (11.7%), and fractures (8.5%). The most common sites of injury were the face (47.4%) and head (27.2%) regions. Males accounted for 62.0% of injuries, while females accounted for the remaining 38.0%. Patients between 34-65 years-old accounted for 47.7% of all injuries, and athletes over 65 years-old had the highest rate of fractures (10.1%). Conclusions: Facial trauma incurred secondary to tennis may follow patient-specific patterns. The incidence of tennis-related facial trauma is smaller compared to other sports, but the severity of such injuries remain a danger. Facial protection and enforcement in tennis is virtually absent, and these findings strengthen the need to educate athletes, families, and physicians on injury awareness and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pueringer
- Medical Student, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason E Cohn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sammy Othman
- Medical Student, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tom Shokri
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center , Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yadranko Ducic
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates , Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Mofiyinfolu Sokoya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, AZ, USA
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Wada T, Churei H, Yokose M, Iwasaki N, Takahashi H, Uo M. Application of Glass Fiber and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics in Face Guards. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010018. [PMID: 33374594 PMCID: PMC7793102 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Face guards (FGs) are protectors that allow for the rapid and safe return of athletes who are to play after sustaining traumatic facial injuries and orbital fractures. Current FGs require significant thickness to achieve sufficient shock absorption abilities. However, their weight and thickness render the FGs uncomfortable and reduce the field of vision of the athlete, thus hindering their performance. Therefore, thin and lightweight FGs are required. We fabricated FGs using commercial glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (GFRTP) and carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) resins to achieve these requirements and investigated their shock absorption abilities through impact testing. The results showed that an FG composed of CFRTP is thinner and lighter than a conventional FG and has sufficient shock absorption ability. The fabrication method of an FG comprising CFRTP is similar to the conventional method. FGs composed of commercial FRTPs exhibit adequate shock absorption abilities and are thinner and lower in weight as compared to conventional FGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Wada
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.Y.); (M.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-03-5803-5469
| | - Hiroshi Churei
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
| | - Mako Yokose
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.Y.); (M.U.)
| | - Naohiko Iwasaki
- Department of Oral Biomaterials Development Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (N.I.); (H.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Oral Biomaterials Development Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (N.I.); (H.T.)
| | - Motohiro Uo
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.Y.); (M.U.)
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Bojino A, Roccia F, Giaccone E, Cocis S. Comprehensive analyses of maxillofacial fractures due to non-professional sports activities in Italy. Dent Traumatol 2020; 36:632-640. [PMID: 32790896 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sports activities have become increasingly popular among amateurs and this has led to an increase in maxillofacial fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the management of amateur sport-related maxillofacial fractures and appropriate preventive measures. METHODS A trauma database was used to analyze 3231 patients with maxillofacial fractures admitted to the Maxillofacial Surgery Division of Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy, from January 2001 to December 2019. Only patients with non-professional sports-related maxillofacial fractures were included. The following data were collected: age, gender, type of sport, mechanisms of injury, sites of fracture, Facial Injury Severity Scale, associated injuries, month of trauma, time to treatment, treatment, length of stay, and interval before return to sport. RESULTS There were 432 patients, 378 males and 54 females, with a mean age of 29.2 (5-76 years). Sport-related maxillofacial fractures' relative percent ranged from 11.1% in 2001 to 17.5% in 2019. Soccer was the most common cause of sport-related maxillofacial fractures (54.2%), and impact with a player/opponent was the main mechanism of injury (72%). An intentional violent act (player hit by a fist) was the cause of fracture in 8.5% of the soccer-related injuries. Fractures of the middle third of the face occurred in 61.2% of patients. Maxillofacial fractures were treated within 24 h in 25% of patients. There were 343 out of 412 patients who received open reduction and internal fixation (mean length of hospital stay: 3.7 days). There was no contraindication to resuming sport activities at 30/40 days after treatment, except for combat sports. CONCLUSIONS This study provided further evidence of a relative increase in sports-related maxillofacial fractures. Soccer is related to the majority of sport maxillofacial fractures. Adherence to the rules is necessary to limit violent acts that cause such injuries. In non-professional players, resumption of the full activity is allowed after 40 days for non-combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bojino
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery (head: Prof. G. Ramieri), Surgical Science Department, Città della Salute e delle Scienze Hospital, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Roccia
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery (head: Prof. G. Ramieri), Surgical Science Department, Città della Salute e delle Scienze Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Giaccone
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery (head: Prof. G. Ramieri), Surgical Science Department, Città della Salute e delle Scienze Hospital, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefan Cocis
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery (head: Prof. G. Ramieri), Surgical Science Department, Città della Salute e delle Scienze Hospital, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Fronza HP, Stolf SC, Taguchi CMC, Coto NP, Padilha ACL. Determinants for traumatic orofacial injuries in sport: Extrinsic factors in a scoping review. Dent Traumatol 2020; 36:598-606. [PMID: 32790910 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sports practices carry a risk for orofacial injuries and, to avoid them, preventive measures are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate a web of extrinsic determinants for orofacial trauma in sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a scoping review, eight extrinsic risk factors for sports-related orofacial trauma emerged from the thematic analysis. These were sports modality, sports philosophy, competition rules, level of competition, accessory equipment, environmental conditions, acting regimen, pitch conditions, and human resources. The data collection was conducted on seven databases, using terms based on health science descriptors and keywords related to orofacial trauma and sports. RESULTS From the 1155 articles found, 157 were selected based on eligibility criteria and classified according to the mentioned factors. After the full reading of the articles, the most cited risk factor was sports modality while acting regimen and environmental factors were the least mentioned. Therefore, a scheme following the web of determinants was constructed with the purpose of establishing a risk profile, which was based on the interactions between the determinants and on the frequency that they were mentioned as contributors to injury. From this, it was observed that each traumatic event is possibly a result of the interrelationships among the eight suggested determinants. CONCLUSION Sports modality was the most cited extrinsic determinant observed in the literature, while environmental conditions and acting regimen were the least cited. In addition, more than establishing the determinants, it is necessary to comprehend how they relate, once preventive strategies should intercede on these relations, to help reduce sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pickler Fronza
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Neide Pena Coto
- Division of Maxillofacial Prosthesis/Sports Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthetics and Traumatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ruslin M, Brucoli M, Boffano P, Forouzanfar T, Benech A. Maxillofacial fractures associated with sport injuries: a review of the current literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-6621.19.02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Accelerated Return to Play for Professional Rugby Players After Facial Fractures. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:1121-1124. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Błaszczyk B, Studziński M, Ładziński P. Coincidence of craniocerebral and craniofacial injuries. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 47:287-292. [PMID: 30581084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence of craniocerebral injuries in patients who experienced upper facial or midfacial traumas associated with the disorders of consciousness. To find which types of craniofacial traumas predisposed to craniocerebral injuries. To analyze a relationship between the site of the force application and the type of resultant craniocerebral injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 3,481 patients with upper facial and midfacial traumas. All 425 patients with craniofacial traumas and disorders of consciousness at the time of the event or hospital admission, were qualified for computed tomography (CT) of the head. RESULTS In 85/425 patients (20%), 70 men and 15 women (age 14-71 years), craniofacial trauma coincided with a craniocerebral injury. Upper facial dislocation and zygomatic-orbital-maxillary complex fracture significantly more often co-existed with skull, dura mater or cranial nerve injuries, and zygomatico-orbital fracture with the injuries of the brain. Application of force both centrally and laterally to the horizontal plane predisposed to skull, dura mater and cranial nerve injuries. CONCLUSION The recommendation to perform head CT in each patient with craniofacial trauma who experienced the disorders of consciousness is as simple as possible, yet provides high diagnostic sensitivity, facilitating proper management at initial stages post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Studziński
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Barbara Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Piotr Ładziński
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Barbara Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Patel Y, Goljan P, Pierce TP, Scillia A, Issa K, McInerney VK, Festa A. Management of Nasal Fractures in Sports. Sports Med 2018; 47:1919-1923. [PMID: 28417330 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nasal fractures represent approximately 60% of all maxillofacial injuries that occur in athletic activities; however, there are no current guidelines regarding immediate sideline management of these injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to (1) summarize the anatomy, etiology, and incidence of nasal fractures, and (2) evaluate the current body of literature regarding immediate on-field and subsequent outpatient management. It is imperative to establish that the athlete's airway is not compromised and there are no other severe concomitant injuries, such as a concussion, ocular injury, or leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. Immediate closed reduction should not be attempted unless there is airway compromise or the practitioner has experience in performing it. The majority of athletes with these injuries in isolation may return to play; however, in our practice, we recommend they wear a face mask for 6 weeks after their injury. Despite our recommendations, we know there is a paucity of clinical studies on immediate sideline and longer-term management. Future studies should focus on establishing therapeutic algorithms that will allow physicians to make treatment recommendations to patients with strong evidence to support their decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Patel
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Peter Goljan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Todd P Pierce
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Anthony Scillia
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Kimona Issa
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Vincent K McInerney
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Anthony Festa
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 S Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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Yamamoto K, Matsusue Y, Horita S, Murakami K, Sugiura T, Kirita T. Trends and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures sustained during sports activities in Japan. Dent Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
| | - Yumiko Matsusue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
| | - Satoshi Horita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sugiura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Japan
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Improvement of the Shock Absorption Ability of a Face Guard by Incorporating a Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic and Buffering Space. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6503568. [PMID: 29854774 PMCID: PMC5964619 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6503568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the shock absorption ability of trial face guards (FGs) incorporating a glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (GF) and buffering space. The mechanical properties of 3.2 mm and 1.6 mm thick commercial medical splint materials (Aquaplast, AP) and experimental GF prepared from 1.6 mm thick AP and fiberglass cloth were determined by a three-point bending test. Shock absorption tests were conducted on APs with two different thicknesses and two types of experimental materials, both with a bottom material of 1.6 mm thick AP and a buffering space of 30 mm in diameter (APS) and with either (i) 1.6 mm thick AP (AP-APS) or (ii) 1.6 mm thick GF (GF-APS) covering the APS. The GF exhibited significantly higher flexural strength (64.4 MPa) and flexural modulus (7.53 GPa) than the commercial specimens. The maximum load of GF-APS was 75% that of 3.2 mm AP, which is widely used clinically. The maximum stress of the GF-APS only could not be determined as its maximum stress is below the limits of the analysis materials used (<0.5 MPa). Incorporating a GF and buffering space would enhance the shock absorption ability; thus, the shock absorption ability increased while the total thickness and weight decreased.
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Lee KH, Qiu M, Sun J. Temporal distribution of alcohol related facial fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 124:450-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lock JZ, Hegde R, Young S, Lim TC, Amrith S, Sundar G. A study of sports-related orbital fractures in Singapore. Orbit 2017; 36:301-306. [PMID: 28718704 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2017.1337167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With an increased popularity of sport and active living worldwide, our study aims to explore the incidence and features of sports-related orbital fractures in Singapore. 1421 computer tomography (CT) imaging scans of the face and orbits done at the National University Hospital over a 24-month period from January 2013 and December 2014 were reviewed retrospectively for orbital fractures. We identified 483 orbital fractures of which sports injury was the fourth most common etiology (n = 65; 13.5%) after road traffic accident (n = 131; 27.1%), geriatric fall (n = 81; 16.8%) and workplace injury (n = 67; 13.9%). The three most common sport in orbital fractures were soccer (n = 20; 30.8%), bicycling (n = 11; 16.9%) and jogging (n = 8; 12.3%). The three most common fracture patterns were zygomatico-maxillary complex fractures (n = 24; 36.9%), isolated one wall blowout fractures (n = 19; 29.2%) and naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures (n = 7; 10.8%). Sports-related orbital fractures were associated with a low mean age of patients (45.9 years, range, 14-79 years), a higher proportion of males (n = 58; 89.2%) than that from geriatric falls (n = 37, 45.6%) (P < 0.01), a higher likelihood of unilaterality (n = 62; 95.4%) than that from traffic accidents (n = 99; 75.6%) (P < 0.01) and a lower likelihood of pan-facial involvement (n = 4; 6.15%) than that from traffic accident (n = 60; 45.8%) (P < 0.01). Sports-related orbital fractures are the fourth most common cause of orbital fractures. Though commonly seen in young male adults, in view of the aging population and people exercising more regularly, education of safety measures among sports users is paramount to preventing sports-related orbital fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhan Lock
- a Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Raghuraj Hegde
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Akshara Eye Hospital , Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Stephanie Young
- c Orbit & Oculofacial Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology , National University Hospital, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Lim
- d Division of Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, National University Hospital , Singapore
| | - Shantha Amrith
- c Orbit & Oculofacial Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology , National University Hospital, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Gangadhara Sundar
- a Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
- c Orbit & Oculofacial Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology , National University Hospital, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Waterkamp V, Ricklin M, Schaller B, Katsoulis K, Exadaktylos A. Severity and pattern of injuries caused by the traditional Swiss team sport 'Hornussen': first retrospective study at a level I trauma centre in Switzerland. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000122. [PMID: 27900183 PMCID: PMC5117079 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article addresses typical injury patterns related to the traditional Swiss team sport of Hornussen. A small plastic disk is struck with a special elastic racket and then intercepted in the field. Severe injuries have occasionally been reported. We present a systematic review of all cases of Hornussen injuries treated in the University Hospital of Bern from 2000 to 2014. METHODS To assess the frequency, type and outcome of Hornussen injuries, we performed a database search of all inpatient and outpatient cases related to Hornussen and that were admitted to and/or treated in Bern University Hospital from 2000 to 2014. RESULTS A total of 28 such patients could be identified. Apart from 1 woman injured as a bystander and treated as an outpatient, all patients were male and active players. Typical injury patterns comprised midfacial fractures and severe ocular traumata, very often in combination. Almost all of these patients had to be hospitalised due to the severity of the trauma suffered and underwent surgery. 1 patient had to be admitted to the intensive care unit prior to the operation. CONCLUSIONS Eye and face injuries caused by Hornussen can be devastating. This resembles the potential risk of other bat-and-ball sports, such as cricket and baseball. Apart from the economic loss due to treatment costs and sick leave, these injuries can be disabling for life. It should therefore be mandatory for all players to wear protective gear, as is already the case for Hornussen players born in 1984 or later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Waterkamp
- Department of Anaesthesiology , Siloah Hospital , Gümligen , Switzerland
| | - Meret Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine , University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schaller
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery , University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
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Abstract
Sports and exercise are important causes of maxillofacial injuries. Different types of sports might differ in frequency and type of fractures. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible relation between the types of sport practiced and the frequency and nature of the facial bone fractures of patients presenting in an oral and maxillofacial surgery department of a Dutch university center. This study is based on an analysis of patient records containing maxillofacial fractures sustained between January 1, 2000 and April 1, 2014 at the Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center (VUmc) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The present study comprised data from 108 patients with 128 maxillofacial fractures. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were male and 21% were female. The patients ranged in age from 10 to 64 years old with a mean age of 30.6 ± 12.0. The highest incidence of sport-related maxillofacial fractures occurred in individuals between the ages of 20 and 29. The most common sport-related fractures were zygoma complex fractures, followed by mandible fractures. Soccer and hockey were the most prominent causes of sport-related maxillofacial trauma in the present study. Coronoid process fractures were only observed in soccer players and not in other sports groups. Mandible angle fractures were relatively more frequent in rugby than in other sports. The results of this study suggest a relation between type of sport and the nature and frequency of the fractures it causes.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports-related maxillofacial injuries contribute a significant proportion of the workload in a maxillofacial unit. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of maxillofacial sports-related injuries, treatments required, and assess the impact of the injury on future sport participation. METHOD A retrospective review was carried out on all maxillofacial trauma referrals from September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2010. Patient records were reviewed and the following variables were recorded: age, sex, sport involved, injury sustained, mechanism of injury, treatment, subsequent participation, and interval before return to sport. RESULTS The study population included 162 patients with sports-related facial injuries. The most common sporting injuries were as follows: Gaelic football 35.3% (N = 57), soccer 22.3% (N = 36), rugby 12.4% (N = 20), and equine sports 12.4% (N = 20). The most common injury sustained was zygomatic complex fracture 36.4% (N = 59). Mandibular fracture occurred in 20% (N = 33), orbit fracture in 14.2% (N = 23), and nasal bone fracture in 12.3% (N = 20). The most common mechanism of injury was from a clash of heads (23.4%) followed by an elbow to the face (17.2%). The majority of patients (84%) resumed participation in their chosen sport at mean interval of 7.3 weeks (range 1-18 weeks). CONCLUSIONS This study identified a significant number of sporting facial injuries, which presented over 1 year. In total, 113 patients underwent a surgical procedure for the management of their injuries. This study highlights the need to educate all players regarding use of personal protective equipment and adherence to the rules of sports.
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Scheyerer MJ, Döring R, Fuchs N, Metzler P, Sprengel K, Werner CML, Simmen HP, Grätz K, Wanner GA. Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2015; 9:4. [PMID: 26085840 PMCID: PMC4469581 DOI: 10.1186/s13032-015-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background A significant proportion of patients admitted to hospital with multiple traumas exhibit facial injuries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and cause of facial injuries in severely injured patients and to examine the role of plastic and maxillofacial surgeons in treatment of this patient collective. Methods A total of 67 patients, who were assigned to our trauma room with maxillofacial injuries between January 2009 and December 2010, were enrolled in the present study and evaluated. Results The majority of the patients were male (82 %) with a mean age of 44 years. The predominant mechanism of injury was fall from lower levels (<5 m) and occurred in 25 (37 %) cases. The median ISS was 25, with intracranial bleeding found as the most common concomitant injury in 48 cases (72 %). Thirty-one patients (46 %) required interdisciplinary management in the trauma room; maxillofacial surgeons were involved in 27 cases. A total of 35 (52 %) patients were treated surgically, 7 in emergency surgery, thereof. Conclusion Maxillofacial injuries are often associated with a risk of other serious concomitant injuries, in particular traumatic brain injuries. Even though emergency operations are only necessary in rare cases, diagnosis and treatment of such concomitant injuries have the potential to be overlooked or delayed in severely injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Scheyerer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Döring
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Fuchs
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Metzler
- Division of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Sprengel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clement M L Werner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Simmen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Grätz
- Division of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido A Wanner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ruslin M, Wolff J, Boffano P, Brand HS, Forouzanfar T. Dental trauma in association with maxillofacial fractures: an epidemiological study. Dent Traumatol 2015; 31:318-23. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ruslin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry; University of Hasanuddin; Makassar Indonesia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wolff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Henk S. Brand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Medical-Dental Interaction; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology; VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Weiler RME, Santos FM, Kulic MA, De Souza Lima MPC, Pardini SR, Mori M, de Souza Vitalle MS. Prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in female adolescent athletes and non-athletes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:519-24. [PMID: 23312530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in female adolescent athletes and non-athletes and to examine the association between signs and symptoms of TMD in female adolescents in different Tanner stages. METHODS The subjects were 89 female basketball and handball players ages 10-18 years and 72 female non-athlete adolescents ages 10-19 years selected from the Department of Pediatrics (School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo) as a control group. A survey was used to assess the signs and symptoms of TMD. According to the answers on the survey the adolescents were classified in two categories: no signs or symptoms present (score A-absent), at least one sign or symptom present (score P-present). The ones who got score "P" were submitted to a standardized functional examination of the masticatory system by four previously calibrated examiners. Pubertal status was assessed based on physical examination by physicians from our Division. The adolescents were classified according to Tanner stages into three subgroups: subgroup 1 (before the growth spurt), subgroup 2 (growth spurt period), subgroup 3 (end of growth spurt). Significant differences between athletes and non-athletes were assessed for categorical variables (Chi-square and Fisher's exact test) and for continuous variables (Mann-Whitney test). The level of significance used was 5%. There was significant agreement between raters, kappa-values (0.621-1.000) and ICC values (0.757-0.899). RESULTS There was no significant difference between the athletes and non-athletes in exhibiting at least one sign or symptom of TMD (p=0.301). When comparing the adolescents who presented at least one symptom of TMD to the different subgroups of Tanner stages no statistically significant differences were found (p=0.124). CONCLUSION The lack of significant differences among female adolescent athletes and non-athletes and among the subgroups of Tanner stages may suggests that although contact sports increase the risk of temporomandibular joint lesions and estrogen levels are risk factor for onset of TMD, they do not impact significantly on the onset of this disorder, when considered alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Eid Weiler
- Adolescent Sector, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of S Paulo, Rua Botucatu 715, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
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A review of facial protective equipment use in sport and the impact on injury incidence. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 50:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abe K, Takahashi H, Churei H, Iwasaki N, Ueno T. Flexural properties and shock-absorbing capabilities of new face guard materials reinforced with fiberglass cloth. Dent Traumatol 2012; 29:23-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chrcanovic BR. Factors influencing the incidence of maxillofacial fractures. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 16:3-17. [PMID: 21656125 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-011-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maxillofacial injuries occur in a significant proportion of trauma patients. Trauma causes considerable economic expense due to procedural costs, the time a patient is off work, and the associated loss of income. For these reasons, it is an important health and economic issue. The aim of this study is to discuss the factors that may influence the incidence of maxillofacial fractures. As it is necessary to determine trends to help guide the development of new methods of injury prevention, preventative measures are also discussed. METHODS An electronic search was undertaken in March 2011, including articles published between 1980 and 2011 with the terms "facial fractures" and "maxillofacial fractures" in the title. The texts of epidemiological studies were reviewed in order to identify factors that may influence the incidence of maxillofacial fractures. RESULTS From the selected articles, ten factors were identified: age, gender, geographic region and cultural aspects, socioeconomic status, temporal and climatic influence, use of alcohol and drugs, compliance with road traffic legislation, domestic violence, osteoporosis, and etiology of the maxillofacial trauma. CONCLUSIONS Care of injured patients should include not only management of the acute phase, but also combine preventive programs and interventional programs aimed at reducing the incidence of maxillofacial fractures. Therefore, there is a need to ensure strict compliance of traffic rules and regulations, implement improvement in automotive safety devices, organize prevention programs to minimize assaults, implement school education in alcohol abuse and handling potentially hostile situations (especially for men), improve protection during sporting activities, and legislate wearing of protective headgear in workers. Preventive strategies remain the cheapest way to reduce direct and indirect costs of the sequelae of trauma. Societal attitudes and behaviors must be modified before a significant reduction in the incidence of maxillofacial fractures will be seen.
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Elhammali N, Bremerich A, Rustemeyer J. Demographical and clinical aspects of sports-related maxillofacial and skull base fractures in hospitalized patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39:857-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Facial Trauma: How Dangerous Are Skiing and Snowboarding? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
In this paper, we report a retrospective study of 236 patients with facial bone fractures from various sports who were treated at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea, between February 1996 and April 2007. The medical records of these patients were reviewed and analyzed to determine the clinical characteristics and treatment of the sports-related facial bone fractures. The highest frequency of sports-related facial bone fractures was in the age group 11 to 20 years (40.3%); there was a significant male predominance in all age groups (13.75:1). The most common causes of the injury were soccer (38.1%), baseball (16.1%), basketball (12.7%), martial arts (6.4%), and skiing or snowboarding (11%). Fractures of the nasal bone were the most common in all sports; mandible fractures were common in soccer and martial arts, orbital bone fractures were common in baseball, basketball, and ice sports, and fractures of the zygoma were frequently seen in soccer and martial arts. The main causes of the sports injuries were direct body contact (50.8%), and the most commonly associated soft tissue injuries were found in the head and neck regions (92.3%). Nasal bone fractures were the most common (54.2%), and tripod fractures were the most common type of complex injuries (4.2%). The complication rate was 3.0%. Long-term epidemiological data regarding the natural history of sports-related facial bone fractures are important for the evaluation of existing preventative measures and for the development of new methods of injury prevention and treatment.
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A 4-year retrospective study of facial fractures on Jeju, Korea. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 38:192-6. [PMID: 19577480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of researchers from various regions have reported statistical and clinical studies of facial fractures. The results of those studies show slight differences depending on regional, cultural, social and economic backgrounds. This report presents a statistical analysis of facial fractures occurring over 4 years on Jeju, Korea. The statistics come from the 318 patients who presented to Cheju National University Hospital for facial fractures, and ours is a retrospective study analyzing patient ages, gender, fracture etiology, alcohol involvement and the anatomical site of the fracture. The most common cause of facial fractures on Jeju was violence (40.9%), followed by traffic accidents (17%). The most frequently fractured site was the nasal bone (42.5%). According to the Jeju Statistics Agency, the people of Jeju are highly dependent on alcohol and previous research has reported the close relationship between alcohol consumption and violence. We paid close attention to violence as a primary cause for facial fractures in the cultural and social context of Jeju. Data analysis regarding facial fractures may provide crucial information for recognition of causes and planning for prevention.
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Soccer-related facial fractures: postoperative management with facial protective shields. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20:15-20. [PMID: 19164981 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181909c55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial fractures are one of the most common orofacial injury sustained during participation in sporting events.The frequency of maxillofacial lesions varies according to the popularity that each sport has in a particular country. Soccer is the most popular sport in Italy, and it is responsible for a large number of facial traumas.Traumas and fractures in soccer mainly involve the zygomatic and nasal regions and are especially caused by direct contact that takes place mainly when the ball is played with the forehead. In particular, elbow-head and head-head impacts are the most frequent dangerous contacts.Soccer is not a violent sport, and the use of protective helmets is not allowed because it could be dangerous especially when players play the ball with the head. The use of protective facial shields are exclusively permitted to preserve players who underwent surgery for facial fractures.The use of a facial protection mask after a facial fracture treatment has already been reported. This article describes a clinical experience of management of 4 soccer-related facial fractures by means of fabrication of individual facial protective shields.
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Sasaki R, Ogiuchi H, Kumasaka A, Ando T, Nakamura K, Ueki T, Okada Y, Asanami S, Chigono Y, Ichinokawa Y, Satomi T, Matsuo A, Chiba H. Analysis of the Pattern of Maxillofacial Fracture by Five Departments in Tokyo: A Review of 674 Cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1348-8643(09)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kamulegeya A, Lakor F, Kabenge K. Oral maxillofacial fractures seen at a Ugandan tertiary hospital: a six-month prospective study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:843-8. [PMID: 19759877 PMCID: PMC2745137 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial fractures and associated fractures in patients seen in the Oral Surgery Unit of Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. METHODOLOGY A six-month prospective study was conducted. Data collected included socio-demographic factors, type and etiology of injury, additional fractures, and post-surgery complications. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two (132) cases ranging from 5-70 yrs of age were reported, with a male: female ratio of 7.7:1. The 21-30 yr age group was the largest, comprising 51.51% of cases (n=68). Road traffic accidents contributed to 56.06% (n=74) of fractures. In total, 66% of the sample (n=87) suffered isolated mandibular fractures. Symphyseal and maxillary fractures were the most common mandibular and mid-facial fractures, respectively. Among associated fractures, the femur was most affected. A total of 39 (29.54%) of patients had post-operative complications, of which infection accounted for 48.71% (n=19), and malocclusion accounted for 17.94% (n=7). CONCLUSIONS Anticipated changes in maxillofacial trauma trends necessitate regular epidemiologic studies of facial fractures to allow for development and implementation of timely novel preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Kamulegeya
- Oral Maxillofacial Unit of the Department of Dentistry, Mulago Hospital, Complex Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda.
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