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Romero-Blanco C, Artiga González MJ, Gómez-Cabello A, Vila-Maldonado S, Casajús JA, Ara I, Aznar S. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism related to sarcopenia and physical fitness in active older women. Climacteric 2020; 24:89-94. [PMID: 32602369 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1776248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population is getting older, physical activity promotion becomes a good strategy to increase quality of life in the elderly; but genetic condition also plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with physical fitness and muscle mass in physically active older women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with two groups of older women who practiced physical exercise regularly. The first cohort comprised 164 women (age 69.7 ± 3.2 years) and the second cohort 131 women (age 78.5 ± 3.0 years). The main outcome measures were anthropometric measures with assessment of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, self-reported physical activity EXERNET questionnaire (EEPAQ), evaluation of physical fitness (muscle strength and flexibility test), and ACTN3 genotyping. RESULTS Women above 75 years old with allele R presented a higher risk of experiencing sarcopenia compared to ACTNR XX homozygous women (odds ratio 0.356, 95% confidence interval 0.139-0.915, p = 0.026). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the chair stand test (p = 0.04), as well as in the sit and reach test (p = 0.01), with better results for women below 75 years old with the ACTN3 XX genotype. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and physical fitness show differences based on the ACTN3 R577X genotype in active older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romero-Blanco
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Vila-Maldonado
- GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Ara
- CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - S Aznar
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
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ACTN3 R/X gene polymorphism across ethnicity: a brief review of performance gene. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Romero-Blanco C, Artiga-González MJ, Gómez-Cabello A, Vila-Maldonado S, Casajús JA, Ara I, Aznar S. Strength and Endurance Training in Older Women in Relation to ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D Polymorphisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041236. [PMID: 32075076 PMCID: PMC7068405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of two genetic polymorphisms, ACTN3R577X, and ACE I/D, on physical condition in a sample of active older women after a two-year training period. The sample was composed of 300 healthy women over the age of 60 who underwent a two-year training program. Adapted tests from the Senior Fitness Test were used. The genotyping of the polymorphisms was obtained from the participants’ DNA via buccal swabs. The analysis of the ACE polymorphism did not reveal differences between genotypes. The analysis of the R577X polymorphism showed a favorable effect for the ACTN3 XX genotype in tests for leg strength (p: 0.001) after training, compared to the other genotypes, and also in the analysis of the combined effect of the polymorphism (ACE II + ACTN3 RX/XX). The intragroup effect revealed an improvement in arm strength for carriers of the X allele after 24 months of training (p < 0.05). The endurance values significantly worsened in all study groups. Conclusions: The R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 may have an important role in capacities related to muscle strength, providing a beneficial effect for carriers of the X allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romero-Blanco
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain;
| | | | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Sara Vila-Maldonado
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (S.V.-M.); (I.A.)
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (S.V.-M.); (I.A.)
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aznar
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain;
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-268-800 (ext. 5545)
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Moraes V, Trapé A, Ferezin L, Gonçalves T, Monteiro C, Bueno Junior C. Association of ACE ID and ACTN3 C>T genetic polymorphisms with response to a multicomponent training program in physical performance in women from 50 to 70 years. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ma T, Lu D, Zhu YS, Chu XF, Wang Y, Shi GP, Wang ZD, Yu L, Jiang XY, Wang XF. ACTN3 genotype and physical function and frailty in an elderly Chinese population: the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study. Age Ageing 2018; 47:416-422. [PMID: 29447359 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the associations of the actinin alpha 3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism with physical performance and frailty in an older Chinese population. Methods Data from 1,463 individuals (57.8% female) aged 70-87 years from the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study were used. The associations between R577X and timed 5-m walk, grip strength, timed Up and Go test, and frailty index (FI) based on deficits of 23 laboratory tests (FI-Lab) were examined. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to evaluate the genetic effects of ACTN3 R577X on physical performance and FI-Lab. Results The XX and RX genotypes of the ACTN3 R557X polymorphism accounted for 17.1 and 46.9%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that in men aged 70-79 years, the ACTN3 577X allele was significantly associated with physical performance (5-m walk time, regression coefficient (β) = 0.258, P = 0.006; grip strength, β = -1.062, P = 0.012; Up and Go test time β = 0.368, P = 0.019). In women aged 70-79 years, a significant association between the ACTN3 577X allele and the FI-Lab score was observed, with a regression coefficient of β = 0.019 (P = 0.003). These findings suggest an age- and gender-specific X-additive model of R577X for 5-m walk time, grip strength, Up and Go Test time, and FI-Lab score. Conclusion The ACTN3 577X allele is associated with an age- and sex-specific decrease in physical performance and an increase in frailty in an older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Unit of epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Deyi Lu
- University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL 60601, USA
| | - Yin-Sheng Zhu
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Feng Chu
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Rugao People’s Hospital, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Li Yu
- Jipu biological technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Unit of epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Clinical Research center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Abstract
As human longevity increases, recent research has focused on the maintenance of optimal health during old age. One such area of focus is that of muscle function in the elderly, with a loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of negative outcomes such as sarcopenia and a decrease in bone mineral density. In this mini-review, we focus on the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ACTN3, shown to impact muscle phenotype in elite athletes, on loss of muscle function, maintenance of bone mineral density, and metabolic disorder risk in an elderly population. From the surveyed research, this polymorphism has a clear and demonstrable impact on muscle phenotype and bone mineral density in this population, and acts as a potential modulator for metabolic disorders. As such, knowledge of an individual's ACTN3 genotype may better inform the management of risk factors in the elderly, as well as driving innovations in exercise program design. Subsequently, such insights may contribute to the prolonged maintenance of health and function long into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Garton F, Seto J, Quinlan K, Yang N, Houweling P, North K. α-Actinin-3 deficiency alters muscle adaptation in response to denervation and immobilization. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1879-93. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Garatachea N, Lucía A. Genes and the ageing muscle: a review on genetic association studies. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:207-233. [PMID: 22037866 PMCID: PMC3543750 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Western populations are living longer. Ageing decline in muscle mass and strength (i.e. sarcopenia) is becoming a growing public health problem, as it contributes to the decreased capacity for independent living. It is thus important to determine those genetic factors that interact with ageing and thus modulate functional capacity and skeletal muscle phenotypes in older people. It would be also clinically relevant to identify 'unfavourable' genotypes associated with accelerated sarcopenia. In this review, we summarized published information on the potential associations between some genetic polymorphisms and muscle phenotypes in older people. A special emphasis was placed on those candidate polymorphisms that have been more extensively studied, i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D, α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X, and myostatin (MSTN) K153R, among others. Although previous heritability studies have indicated that there is an important genetic contribution to individual variability in muscle phenotypes among old people, published data on specific gene variants are controversial. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism could influence muscle function in old women, yet there is controversy with regards to which allele (R or X) might play a 'favourable' role. Though more research is needed, up-to-date MSTN genotype is possibly the strongest candidate to explain variance among muscle phenotypes in the elderly. Future studies should take into account the association between muscle phenotypes in this population and complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Garatachea N, Lucia A. Genes, physical fitness and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:90-102. [PMID: 23022740 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Persons aged 80 years and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. As more individuals live longer, we should try to understand the mechanisms involved in healthy ageing and preserving functional independence in later life. In elderly people, functional independence is directly dependent on physical fitness, and ageing is inevitably associated with the declining functions of systems and organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels, skeletal muscles) that determine physical fitness. Thus, age-related diminished physical fitness contributes to the development of sarcopenia, frailty or disability, all of which severely deteriorate independent living and thus quality of life. Ageing is a complex process involving many variables that interact with one another, including - besides lifestyle factors or chronic diseases - genetics. Thus, several studies have examined the contribution of genetic endowment to a decline in physical fitness and subsequent loss of independence in later life. In this review, we compile information, including data from heritability, candidate-gene association, linkage and genome-wide association studies, on genetic factors that could influence physical fitness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.
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Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gómez-Gallego F, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2409-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia. Hum Genet 2011; 131:1-31. [PMID: 21706341 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is characterized by a progressive decrease of skeletal muscle mass and function with aging, is closely related to several common diseases (such as cardiovascular and airway diseases) and functional impairment/disability. Strong genetic determination has been reported for muscle mass and muscle strength, two most commonly recognized and studied risk phenotypes for sarcopenia, with heritability ranging from 30 to 85% for muscle strength and 45-90% for muscle mass. Sarcopenia has been the subject of increasing genetic research over the past decade. This review is designed to comprehensively summarize the most important and representative molecular genetic studies designed to identify genetic factors associated with sarcopenia. We have methodically reviewed whole-genome linkage studies in humans, quantitative trait loci mapping in animal models, candidate gene association studies, newly reported genome-wide association studies, DNA microarrays and microRNA studies of sarcopenia or related skeletal muscle phenotypes. The major results of each study are tabulated for easy comparison and reference. The findings of representative studies are discussed with respect to their influence on our present understanding of the genetics of sarcopenia. This is a comprehensive review of molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia, and an overarching theme for this review is that the currently accumulating results are tentative and occasionally inconsistent and should be interpreted with caution pending further investigation. Consequently, this overview should enhance recognition of the need to validate/replicate the genetic variants underlying sarcopenia in large human cohorts and animal. We believe that further progress in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia will provide valuable insights into important fundamental biological mechanisms underlying muscle physiology that will ultimately lead to improved ability to recognize individuals at risk for developing sarcopenia and our ability to treat this debilitating condition.
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Gentil P, Pereira RW, Leite TKM, Bottaro M. ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism and Neuromuscular Response to Resistance Training. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10:393-399. [PMID: 24149888 PMCID: PMC3761844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The R577X polymorphism at the ACTN3 gene has been associated with muscle strength, hypertrophy and athletic status. The X allele, which is associated with the absence of ACTN3 protein is supposed to impair performance of high force/velocity muscle contractions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of the R577X polymorphism with the muscle response to resistance training in young men. One hundred forty one men performed two resistance training sessions per week for 11 weeks. Participants were tested for 1RM bench press, knee extensors peak torque, and knee extensors muscle thickness at baseline and after the training period. Genotyping was conducted using de DdeI restriction enzyme. Genotype distribution was 34.4% for RR, 47% for RX and 18.6% for the XX genotype. According to the results, the R577X polymorphism at the ACTN3 gene is not associated with baseline muscle strength or with the muscle strength response to resistance training. However, only carriers of the R allele showed increases in muscle thickness in response to training. Key pointsACTN3 Genotype distribution in the present study was similar to others populations (34.4% for RR, 47% for RX, and 18.6% for the XX).The R577X polymorphism at the ACTN3 gene is not associated with baseline muscle strength or with the muscle strength response to resistance training.It appears that the R allele carriers respond better to muscle thickness gains in response to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia , Brazil
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The effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle aging. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Are 'endurance' alleles 'survival' alleles? Insights from the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17558. [PMID: 21407828 PMCID: PMC3048287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise phenotypes have played a key role for ensuring survival over human evolution. We speculated that some genetic variants that influence exercise phenotypes could be associated with exceptional survival (i.e. reaching ≥100years of age). Owing to its effects on muscle structure/function, a potential candidate is the Arg(R)577Ter(X) polymorphism (rs1815739) in ACTN3, the structural gene encoding the skeletal muscle protein α-actinin-3. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotype/allele frequencies between the following groups of ethnically-matched (Spanish) individuals: centenarians (cases, n = 64; 57 female; age range: 100–108 years), young healthy controls (n = 283, 67 females, 216 males; 21±2 years), and humans who are at the two end-points of exercise capacity phenotypes, i.e. muscle endurance (50 male professional road cyclists) and muscle power (63 male jumpers/sprinters). Although there were no differences in genotype/allele frequencies between centenarians (RR:28.8%; RX:47.5%; XX:23.7%), and controls (RR:31.8%; RX:49.8%; XX:18.4%) or endurance athletes (RR:28.0%; RX:46%; XX:26.0%), we observed a significantly higher frequency of the X allele (P = 0.019) and XX genotype (P = 0.011) in centenarians compared with power athletes (RR:47.6%; RX:36.5%;XX:15.9%). Notably, the frequency of the null XX (α-actinin-3 deficient) genotype in centenarians was the highest ever reported in non-athletic Caucasian populations. In conclusion, despite there were no significant differences with the younger, control population, overall the ACTN3 genotype of centenarians resembles that of world-class elite endurance athletes and differs from that of elite power athletes. Our preliminary data would suggest a certain ‘survival’ advantage brought about by α-actinin-3 deficiency and the ‘endurance’/oxidative muscle phenotype that is commonly associated with this condition.
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Judson RN, Wackerhage H, Hughes A, Mavroeidi A, Barr RJ, Macdonald HM, Ratkevicius A, Reid DM, Hocking LJ. The Functional ACTN3 577X Variant Increases the Risk of Falling in Older Females: Results From Two Large Independent Cohort Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:130-5. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Rodríguez-Romo G, Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Fiuza-Luces C, González-Freire M, Gómez-Gallego F, Morán M, Lucia A. Does the ACE I/D polymorphism, alone or in combination with the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, influence muscle power phenotypes in young, non-athletic adults? Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1099-106. [PMID: 20734058 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, alone or in combination with the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism, with jumping (vertical squat and counter-movement jump tests) and sprint ability (30 m dash) in non-athletic, healthy young adults [N = 281 (214 male), mean (SD) age 21 (2) years]. We did not observe any effect of the ACE I/D polymorphism on study phenotypes. We repeated the analyses separately in men and women and the results did not materially change. Likewise, the mean estimates of the study phenotypes were similar in subjects with the genotype combinations ACE II + ID and ACTN3 XX or ACE DD and ACTN3 RR + RX. We found no association between the ACE DD and ACTN3 RR + RX genotype combination and performance (≥90th of the sex-specific percentile). In summary, though the ACE I/D polymorphism is a strong candidate to modulate some exercise-related phenotypes or athletic performance status, this polymorphism, alone or in combination with the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, does not seem to exert a major influence in the muscle 'explosive' power of young healthy adults, as assessed during multi-joint exercise tests.
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Delmonico MJ, Zmuda JM, Taylor BC, Cauley JA, Harris TB, Manini TM, Schwartz A, Li R, Roth SM, Hurley BF, Bauer DC, Ferrell RE, Newman AB. Association of the ACTN3 genotype and physical functioning with age in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:1227-34. [PMID: 19038838 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.11.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism on muscle function and physical performance in older adults. METHODS We measured knee extensor torque, midthigh muscle cross-sectional area, muscle quality, short physical performance battery score, and 400-meter walk time at baseline and after 5 years in white older adults aged 70-79 years in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study cohort (n = 1367). Incident persistent lower extremity limitation (PLL) over 5 years was additionally assessed. We also examined white men in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, a longitudinal, observational cohort (n = 1152) of men 65 years old or older as a validation cohort for certain phenotypes. RESULTS There were no significant differences between genotype groups in men or women for adjusted baseline phenotypes. Male X-homozygotes had a significantly greater adjusted 5-year increase in their 400-meter walk time compared to R-homozygotes and heterozygotes (p =.03). In women, X-homozygotes had a approximately 35% greater risk of incident PLL compared to R-homozygotes (hazard ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.44-0.94). There were no other significant associations between any of the phenotypes and ACTN3 genotype with aging in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS The ACTN3 polymorphism may influence declines in certain measures of physical performance with aging in older white adults, based on longitudinal assessments. However, the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism does not appear to have a strong effect on skeletal muscle-related phenotypes based on the strength and consistency of the associations and lack of replication with regard to specific phenotypes.
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Walsh S, Liu D, Metter EJ, Ferrucci L, Roth SM. ACTN3 genotype is associated with muscle phenotypes in women across the adult age span. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1486-91. [PMID: 18756004 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90856.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The R577X polymorphism in the alpha-actinin-3 encoding gene (ACTN3) has been associated with elite athletic performance, and recently with differences in isometric and dynamic muscle strength and power in the general population. In this study we sought to determine the association of ACTN3 R577X genotype with muscle strength and mass phenotypes in men and women across the adult age span. Eight hundred forty-eight (n = 848) adult volunteers (454 men and 394 women) aged 22-90 yr were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X. Knee extensor (KE) shortening and lengthening peak torque values were determined using isokinetic dynamometry and fat-free mass (FFM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women deficient in alpha-actinin-3 (X/X; n = 53) displayed lower KE shortening peak torque (30 degrees /s: 89.5 +/- 3.5 vs. 99.3 +/- 1.4 N.m, P = 0.011; 180 degrees /s: 60.3 +/- 2.6 vs. 67.0 +/- 1.0 N.m, P = 0.019) and KE lengthening peak torque (30 degrees /s: 122.8 +/- 5.7 vs. 137.0 +/- 2.2 N.m, P = 0.022; 180 degrees /s: 121.8 +/- 5.8 vs. 138.5 +/- 2.2 N.m, P = 0.008) compared with R/X + R/R women (n = 341). Women X/X homozygotes also displayed lower levels of both total body FFM (38.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 40.1 +/- 0.2 kg, P = 0.040) and lower limb FFM (11.9 +/- 0.2 vs. 12.5 +/- 0.1 kg, P = 0.044) compared with R/X + R/R women. No genotype-related differences were observed in men. In conclusion, our results indicate that the absence of alpha-actinin-3 protein (i.e., ACTN3 X/X genotype) influences KE peak torque and FFM in women but not men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Walsh
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA
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Maté-Muñoz JL, Moran M, Pérez M, Chamorro-Viña C, Gómez-Gallego F, Santiago C, Chicharro L, Foster C, Nogales-Gadea G, Rubio JC, Andreu AL, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A. Favorable responses to acute and chronic exercise in McArdle patients. Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17:297-303. [PMID: 17620784 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0b013e3180f6168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study reports acute exercise responses in a large (N = 46) series of patients with McArdle disease and responses to exercise training in a smaller (n = 9) set of patients. DESIGN Patients were studied during both incremental and steady-state cycle ergometer exercise, using cardiopulmonary testing, and the patients were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. SETTING The study was performed in a university setting (clinical exercise physiology laboratory). PARTICIPANTS The 46 patients showed common features of McArdle disease. They were definitively diagnosed by histochemistry, biochemistry, and/or molecular genetic analysis. The 46 controls were healthy, sedentary individuals. INTERVENTION Nine patients were studied before and after an 8-month supervised aerobic exercise training program (including five weekly sessions of walking and/or cycling exercise with a duration no greater than 60 minutes). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The main indicators of exercise capacity that we measured were peak power output, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and ventilatory threshold (VT). RESULTS Exercise capacity (peak power output, 35% control; VO2peak, 44% control; VT, 66% control) was markedly depressed in the patients. The patients who trained improved peak power output (25%), VO2peak (44%), and VT (27%), with no evidence of negative outcomes from training. Although not achieving normal values, the response to training put the patients into the lower limit of normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Under carefully controlled conditions, patients with McArdle disease may perform acute exercise safely, and they may respond favorably to training. This may offer an additional therapeutic option to help normalize the lifestyles of these patients.
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Delmonico MJ, Kostek MC, Doldo NA, Hand BD, Walsh S, Conway JM, Carignan CR, Roth SM, Hurley BF. Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism influences knee extensor peak power response to strength training in older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:206-12. [PMID: 17339648 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism has been associated with muscle power performance in cross-sectional studies. METHODS We examined baseline knee extensor concentric peak power (PP) and PP change with approximately 10 weeks of unilateral knee extensor strength training (ST) using air-powered resistance machines in 71 older men (65 [standard deviation = 8] years) and 86 older women (64 [standard deviation = 9] years). RESULTS At baseline in women, the XX genotype group had an absolute (same resistance) PP that was higher than the RR (p =.005) and RX genotype groups (p =.02). The women XX group also had a relative (70% of one-repetition maximum [1-RM]) PP that was higher than that in the RR (p =.002) and RX groups (p =.008). No differences in baseline absolute or relative PP were observed between ACTN3 genotype groups in men. In men, absolute PP change with ST in the RR (n = 16) group approached a significantly higher value than in the XX group (n = 9; p =.07). In women, relative PP change with ST in the RR group (n = 16) was higher than in the XX group (n = 17; p =.02). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the response of quadriceps muscle power to ST in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Delmonico
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Paparini A, Ripani M, Giordano GD, Santoni D, Pigozzi F, Romano-Spica V. ACTN3 Genotyping by Real-Time PCR in the Italian Population and Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:810-5. [PMID: 17468578 DOI: 10.1097/mss.0b013e3180317491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of two novel sets of primers and probes to detect R577X and Q523R polymorphisms of the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene by real-time PCR. We report the allelic frequencies observed in Italian individuals from the general population and athletes. Athletic performance is influenced by training, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Actn3 belongs to a family of actin-binding proteins and is supposed to influence sport performance. METHODS Primer-probe set design and protocol optimization for real-time PCR genotyping of R577X and Q523R polymorphisms. The assay was verified using a traditional PCR-RFLP approach and applied on an Italian population sample (102 male subjects and 42 athletes). RESULTS Haplotype distribution confirmed the presence of linkage disequilibrium between the polymorphisms, both in the Italian general population and athletes (respectively: chi = 54.4, P < or = 0.001 and chi = 24.5, P < or = 0.001). Within the general population, a large percentage of homozygous subjects (21.6%) was deficient for Actn3. No significant differences were observed in athletes. The concordance between PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR results was 100and 93% for polymorphisms Q523R and R577X, respectively. CONCLUSION Real-time PCR represents an effective approach for typing ACTN3 alleles. Allelic frequencies in the Italian population are consistent with those seen in other studies on Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paparini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Movement Sciences, Rome, Italy
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