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Eunson TH, Saw AE, Kountouris A, Orchard JW. Traumatic Head and Neck Injuries in Elite Australian Cricket Players: Retrospective Analysis from 12 Seasons. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1584-1591. [PMID: 37766950 PMCID: PMC10519901 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To describe traumatic head and neck injuries in elite Australian cricket players, for the purposes of understanding risk and the role of protective equipment and regulations. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods This study reviewed twelve seasons of clinical data for elite male and female cricket players who sustained a traumatic head or neck injury (excluding isolated concussion) whilst participating in a cricket match or training. Results 199 events of head and neck injuries were recorded over the 12 seasons, equating to an average incidence of 5.6 per 100 players per season. Since the introduction of helmet regulations in 2016, the average incidence was 7.3. Including concurrent injuries, 232 injuries revealed contusions were the most common type of injury (41%, 35-48%), and the face was the most common location (63%, 57-69%). Injuries resulted in the player being unavailable for cricket for one or more days in 15% (11-22%) of events. Since the introduction of cricket helmet regulations, the proportion of injuries sustained while batting decreased from 54% (43-65%) to 38% (30-47%) (p = 0.026), and the proportion of injuries sustained while wicket keeping decreased from 19% (11-29%) to 6% (3-11%) (p=0.004). Conclusion Traumatic head and neck injuries occur at an incidence of approximately 7.3 per 100 players per season in elite Australian male and female cricket players. Whilst most injuries cause a low burden with respect to days unavailable, the risk of potentially serious or catastrophic consequences warrants further risk reduction strategies including tightening of the existing industry standard for helmets and governing body regulations. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tane H. Eunson
- Sports Medicine Glengarry, 1/64 Arnisdale Rd, Duncraig, WA Australia
| | - Anna E. Saw
- Cricket Australia, 60 Jolimont St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
| | - Alex Kountouris
- Cricket Australia, 60 Jolimont St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - John W. Orchard
- Cricket Australia, 60 Jolimont St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
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2
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Yang F, Yi X, Liu J. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURIES IN YOUNG BOXERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Boxing is a fighting sport, and many factors cause physical injuries in athletes because of how they compete and train. Injuries are common for athletes who usually participate in this sport. Based on this, the relationship between positive psychological quality at the sport level should be explored, providing a theoretical basis for cultivating optimistic personalities in young athletes. Objective: Analyze the psychological injuries in young boxers to establish a standard to improve the psychological quality evaluation system of young athletes in China. Methods: By comparing the characteristics of different injuries, the possibility of injury occurrence in different activities can be explored, providing a theoretical basis to guide injury prevention, then promoting sports injury prevention. Results: The study shows that through professional training methods to improve the psychological quality of young boxers, these sportsmen should also recognize the importance of psychological training. Conclusion: Technical help in this approach can complete healthy training, aiming to meet the demands of the sport and collaborate to achieve better results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Sichuan International Studies University, China
| | | | - Jinjun Liu
- Dayi Middle School of Sichuan Province, China
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3
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Filbay SR, Bullock GS, Sanchez-Santos MT, Arden NK, Peirce N. A Higher Playing Standard, Bowling, and Intermittent Helmet Use Are Related to a Greater Odds of Injury or Concussion in Cricket. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e300-e307. [PMID: 34009794 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if playing position, a higher playing standard, and nonhelmet use are related to an increased odds of joint-specific injury and concussion in cricket. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight thousand one hundred fifty-two current or former recreational and high-performance cricketers registered on a national database were invited to participate in the Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study. Eligibility requirements were aged ≥18 years and played ≥1 cricket season. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Main playing position (bowler/batter/all-rounder), playing standard (high-performance/recreational), and helmet use (always/most of the time/occasionally/never). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cross-sectional questionnaire data included cricket-related injury (hip/groin, knee, ankle, shoulder, hand, back) resulting in ≥4 weeks of reduced exercise and self-reported concussion history. Crude and adjusted (adjusted for seasons played) odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 2294 participants (59% current cricketers; 97% male; age 52 ± 15 years; played 29 ± 15 seasons; 62% recreational cricketers), 47% reported cricket-related injury and 10% reported concussion. Bowlers had greater odds of hip/groin [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.9 (1.0-3.3)], knee [2.0 (1.4-2.8)], shoulder [2.9 (1.8-4.5)], and back [2.8 (1.7-4.4)] injury compared with batters. High-performance cricketers had greater odds of injury and concussion than recreational cricketers. Wearing a helmet most of the time [2.0 (1.4-3.0)] or occasionally [1.8 (1.3-2.6)] was related to higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet. Concussion rates were similar in cricketers who always and never wore a helmet. CONCLUSIONS A higher playing standard and bowling (compared with batting) were associated with greater odds of injury. Wearing a helmet occasionally or most of the time was associated with higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Filbay
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre for Health Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garrett S Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T Sanchez-Santos
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- England and Wales Cricket Board, Lord's Cricket Ground, London, United Kingdom ; and
- National Centre For Sports and Exercise Medicine and National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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4
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Kodikara D, Twomey DM, Plumb MS. A systematic review of head, neck and-facial injuries in cricket. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:496-504. [PMID: 34729732 DOI: 10.1055/a-1684-9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to identify the incidence, nature and mechanisms of head, neck and facial (HNF) injuries in cricket and the reported use of helmets. Five databases were searched up to 30th November 2020. From peer-reviewed cricket injury studies published in English, studies reporting on HNF cricket injuries as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were selected. Twenty-nine studies were included. HNF injuries had a cumulative total of 794/5,886 injuries equating to 13% of all injuries. Non- specified HNF injuries (n=210, 26%) were the most prevalent type of injury followed by non-specified head injuries (n=130, 16%), other non-specified fractures (n=119, 15%) and concussions (n=60, 8%).The impact of the ball was reported as the most common mechanism for sustaining HNF injuries in cricket. The use of helmet was reported in only three studies (10%). From studies reporting on HNF cricket injuries, facial fractures, and concussions were the most common specified-types of injury. There is little evidence on reporting of HNF cricket injuries as per the international cricket consensus injury definitions, as well as the use of helmets at the time of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulan Kodikara
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Dara M Twomey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Mandy S Plumb
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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5
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McCabe T, Peirce N, Gorczynski P, Heron N. Narrative review of mental illness in cricket with recommendations for mental health support. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000910. [PMID: 33537152 PMCID: PMC7849879 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidemiology reporting within the cricketing medical literature has emerged over the past 2 years, with a focus on physical injuries. Despite mental health in elite sport gaining increasing recognition, few studies have addressed mental health symptoms and disorders within cricket. Recently, cricketers have been prominent in the mainstream media describing their lived experiences of mental illness. As a result, some have withdrawn from competition and suggested there is an unmet need for mental health services within the sport. Objectives (i) To appraise the existing evidence on mental health symptoms and disorders amongst cricketers. (ii) To provide guidance on shaping mental health research and services within cricket. Design A narrative review of the literature from inception of available databases until 26 July 2019, with analysis and recommendations. Results Five studies were included in this narrative review. Studies covered a range of mental health symptoms and disorders, including distress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, suicide, adverse alcohol use, illicit drug use, eating disorders and bipolar disorder. Results indicated that cricketers are at high risk for distress, anxiety, depression and adverse alcohol use. When compared with the general population, cricketers are more likely to experience anxiety and depressive symptoms. Rates of suicide were proposed to be high for test cricketers. Overall, studies to date have been of low quality, demonstrating non-rigorous research methods. Some studies have relied on non-validated questionnaires to collect self-reported data on mental health symptoms and disorders, while others have presented biographical data obtained through searches of the media. Conclusions The results of this narrative review highlight the lack of evidence underpinning mental health services for athletes within cricket. We suggest the following recommendations for future research and practice: (i) normalising mental health symptoms and disorders; (ii) working with and helping vulnerable demographic segments within the target population; (iii) designing and implementing early recognition systems of mental health symptoms and disorders; (iv) addressing the mental health needs of cricketers on a population basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McCabe
- NHS Ayrshire and Arran, Kilmarnock, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Centre For Sports Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK.,National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre of Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.,Department of Primary Care, Keele University, Staffordhsire, UK
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6
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Whitehouse DP, Kelleher‐Unger IR, Newcombe VFJ. Head injury and concussion in cricket: Incidence, current guidance, and implications of sports concussion literature. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Saw AE, Howard DJ, Kountouris A, McIntosh AS, Orchard JW, Saw R, Hill T. Situational factors associated with concussion in cricket identified from video analysis. JOURNAL OF CONCUSSION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2059700220947197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Video analysis of situational factors associated with head impacts and concussion has been completed in several sports, however has yet to be completed in cricket. This study aimed to identify situational factors associated with concussion in elite Australian male and female cricket. Match video of head impacts were coded for player position, impacting object, source of ball, location of impact, and where the ball went after impact. Head impacts were then categorised as either concussion or no concussion based on clinical diagnosis. Data for 197 head impacts included 35 (18%) which were diagnosed as concussion. Head impacts typically occurred to an on-strike batter facing a pace bowler (84%). If the ball stopped or rebounded towards the source, 21% were diagnosed as concussion (13% if the ball deflected away from the source). If impact was to an unprotected head, 38% were diagnosed as concussion (16% if impact was to a helmet). If impact was to the back of the helmet or head, 40% were diagnosed as concussion (11–21% for other areas of the head or helmet). The combination of situational factors most consistent with concussion were impact from ball that hit the back of helmet or head and stopped or rebounded towards the source (PPV 80%, p = 0.002). Consideration of the situational factors of a head impact may improve the speed and accuracy of clinical decision making on whether to remove a player from the field for further assessment, particularly if clinical signs are unclear. Video may be used as a tool to support this process. Improved impact attenuation of cricket helmets, particularly at the back, may reduce the risk of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Saw
- Cricket Australia, Jolimont, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Howard
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital Health Service, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Kountouris
- Cricket Australia, Jolimont, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S McIntosh
- McIntosh Consultancy and Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ACRISP and School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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8
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Goggins L, Peirce N, Ranson C, McCaig S, Newman D, Langley B, Griffin S, Young M, McKay C, Stokes K, Williams S. Injuries in England and Wales elite men's domestic cricket: A nine season review from 2010 to 2018. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:836-840. [PMID: 32303476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study primarily aimed to explore injury incidence rates in the three main domestic competition formats in England and Wales (First-Class, One-Day and Twenty20 [T20]). For the first time, the study also describes the epidemiology of elite men's domestic cricket injuries across nine seasons (2010-2018 inclusive). DESIGN Prospective cohort analysis. METHODS Injury incidence and prevalence from all injuries calculated according to the updated international consensus statement on injury surveillance in cricket, with statistical process control charts (SPC) used to detect trends in the data. RESULTS The average match injury incidence was 102 injuries/1000 days of play, with highest incidence in One-Day (254 injuries/1000 days of play), followed by T20 (136 injuries/1000 days of play) and First-Class Cricket (68 injuries/1000 days of play). Most match injuries were sustained during bowling (41.6 injuries/1000 days of play), followed by fielding (26.8 injuries/1000 days of play) and batting (22.3 injuries/1000 days of play). The thigh was the body area most commonly injured (7.4 injuries/100 players per season), with lumbar spine injuries the most prevalent (1.3% of players unavailable on any given day during the season). On average, 7.5% of players were unavailable on any given day during the domestic season when all injuries were considered (match and training). The SPC charts showed relatively consistent match injury incidence for all competitions, reproduced across all nine seasons. CONCLUSION These findings provide a robust empirical base for the extent of the injury problem in domestic cricket played in England and Wales, with similar injury profiles across the three formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Goggins
- Sport Injury Prevention at Bath, Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- England and Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Ranson
- English Institute of Sport, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, United Kingdom
| | - Steve McCaig
- English Institute of Sport, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, United Kingdom
| | - David Newman
- England and Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Langley
- England and Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Griffin
- England and Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Young
- Geelong Cats Football Club, GMHBA Stadium, Australia
| | - Carly McKay
- Sport Injury Prevention at Bath, Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Stokes
- Sport Injury Prevention at Bath, Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Williams
- Sport Injury Prevention at Bath, Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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9
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Zuckerman SL, Totten DJ, Rubel KE, Kuhn AW, Yengo-Kahn AM, Solomon GS. Mechanisms of Injury as a Diagnostic Predictor of Sport-Related Concussion Severity in Football, Basketball, and Soccer: Results From a Regional Concussion Registry. Neurosurgery 2018; 63 Suppl 1:102-112. [PMID: 27399374 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Zuckerman
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Kolin E Rubel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew W Kuhn
- MedSpor-Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Gary S Solomon
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Wilkins L, Mann D, Dain S, Hayward T, Allen P. Out with the old, in with the new: how changes in cricket helmet regulations affect the vision of batters. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:13-19. [PMID: 29806785 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1479944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The International Cricket Council recently introduced new regulations for helmets in cricket. Amongst other changes, these regulations limit batters from adjusting the gap between the peak and the grille, resulting in some controversy over whether the new helmet design reduces visibility of the ball. This study compared the visual field of individuals when wearing an old helmet that does not conform to the new regulations, and the equivalent replacement which does. The visual field of 10 male participants was tested whilst wearing an old and new helmet. The new helmet resulted in a significant reduction in the visual field of the wearer (M = 66.1 out of 76 points seen in the new helmet vs. 74.8 seen with the old helmet), with the restriction predominantly confined to the superior visual field. The new regulations do appear to restrict the visual field of batters, confirming the anecdotal reports of players. However, the majority of this restriction occurs in the superior field, suggesting that the impact on batting performance may be limited. The importance of considering the impact that new helmet regulations can have on vision, batting performance, and player safety is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wilkins
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, The Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - David Mann
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije University , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Dain
- d School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Thomas Hayward
- e Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Peter Allen
- e Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK.,f Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus , Cambridge , UK
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11
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Peirce NS, Ranson C. Preventing recreational sports injuries: practicalities and governance. Med J Aust 2018; 208:253-254. [DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Peirce
- National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Ranson
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Kindschi K, Higgins M, Hillman A, Penczek G, Lincoln A. Video analysis of high-magnitude head impacts in men's collegiate lacrosse. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3:e000165. [PMID: 29259805 PMCID: PMC5731229 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Lacrosse is one of the fastest growing sports in the USA. Efforts to minimise head injuries focus on promoting safe play through player and coach education, rules enforcement and use of effective protective equipment. The study aims to determine event characteristics of high-magnitude head impacts in men’s collegiate lacrosse competitions through video analysis. Methods Seventeen Division I men’s collegiate lacrosse players wore instrumented helmets that collected biomechanical measures of head impacts. During 15 competitions, the magnitude of linear acceleration, rotational velocity and helmet impact location were recorded. Impacts with linear accelerations above a 70 g threshold were correlated with video to confirm impact location and to determine event characteristics—source of impact and player activity at the time of impact. Results A total of 122 high-magnitude impacts were reviewed on video. Player-to-player contact (n=94, 77.0%) was the most common impact mechanism, followed by stick-to-player contact (n=11, 9.0%). Impacts occurred most often when the athlete was delivering a body check (n=39, 32.0%), fighting for loose ball possession (n=35, 28.7%) or attacking the goal (n=35, 28.7%). The most frequent impact locations were the front of the helmet (n=46, 37.8%) and the left side of the helmet (n=26, 21.3%). Conclusions In men’s collegiate lacrosse games, the majority of high-magnitude head impacts resulted from player-to-player contact when the sensored athlete did not have possession of the ball. Video analysis provides the game context for head impact mechanisms, which is critical to developing sport-specific injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Kindschi
- Department of Sports Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Andrea Hillman
- Kinesiology Department, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Penczek
- Kinesiology Department, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Lincoln
- Department of Sports Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Tripathi M, Shukla DP, Bhat DI, Bhagavatula ID, Mishra T. Craniofacial injuries in professional cricket: no more a red herring. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 40:E11. [PMID: 27032914 DOI: 10.3171/2016.2.focus15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The issue of head injury in a noncontact sport like cricket is a matter of great debate and it carries more questions than answers. Recent incidents of fatal head injuries in individuals wearing a helmet have caused some to question the protective value of the helmet. The authors discuss the pattern, type of injury, incidents, and location of cranio-facio-ocular injuries in professional cricket to date. They evaluate the history of usage of the helmet in cricket, changes in design, and the protective value, and they compare the efficacy of various sports' helmets with injury profiles similar to those in cricket. The drop test and air cannon test are compared for impact energy attenuation performance of cricket helmets. A total of 36 cases of head injuries were identified, of which 5 (14%) were fatal and 9 (22%) were career-terminating events. Batsmen are the most vulnerable to injury, bearing 86% of the burden, followed by wicketkeepers (8%) and fielders (5.5%). In 53% of cases, the ball directly hit the head, while in 19.5% of cases the ball entered the gap between the peak and the faceguard. Ocular injuries to 3 wicketkeepers proved to be career-terminating injuries. The air cannon test is a better test for evaluating cricket helmets than the drop test. Craniofacial injuries are more common than popularly believed. There is an urgent need to improve the efficacy and compliance of protective restraints in cricket. A strict injury surveillance system with universal acceptance is needed to identify the burden of injuries and modes for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Tripathi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhaval P Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhananjaya Ishwar Bhat
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Indira Devi Bhagavatula
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tejesh Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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14
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Philipoff AC, Rowcroft A, Weber DG. Novel presentation of a cricket ball-related intra-abdominal injury: genitofemoral nerve referred pain. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-208024. [PMID: 26323973 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-208024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious intra-abdominal injuries are very uncommon in cricket; traumatic cricket injuries are traditionally musculoskeletal, soft tissue or maxillofacial in origin. The cause of such cricket injuries can be broadly divided into collision type injuries (a result of direct contact with the ball or bat, another player, the ground or boundary) or overuse injuries (due to running, throwing, batting, bowling, repetitive movements and overexertion). This case report describes a rare cause of small bowel perforation and suspected genitofemoral nerve injury secondary to the direct impact of a cricket ball, and includes a brief review of blunt abdominal injuries resulting in isolated small bowel perforations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Philipoff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Department of General Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair Rowcroft
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dieter G Weber
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Department of General Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Research on the mechanism of concussion in recent years has been focused on the mechanism of injury as well as strategies to minimize or reverse injury. Sports-related head injury research has led to the development of head protective gear that has evolved over the years. Headgears have been designed to protect athletes from skull fractures, subdural hemorrhages and concussions. Over the years, through experience of athletes and continued scientific research, improvements in helmet design have been made. Although these advances have decreased the number of catastrophic injuries throughout sports, the effects on concussions are promising, but largely unproven. In this review, we will discuss development of helmets and studies analyzing their level of protection for both concussion and head injury. This will help us understand what future developments are still needed to minimize the risk of concussion among athletes in various forms of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Bonfield
- a Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gardner A, Iverson GL, Levi CR, Schofield PW, Kay-Lambkin F, Kohler RMN, Stanwell P. A systematic review of concussion in rugby league. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:495-8. [PMID: 24723636 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concussion remains one of the inherent risks of participation in rugby league. While other injuries incurred by rugby league players have been well studied, less focus and attention has been directed towards concussion. REVIEW METHOD The current review examined all articles published in English from 1900 up to June 2013 pertaining to concussion in rugby league players. DATA SOURCES Publications were retrieved via six databases using the key search terms: rugby league, league, football; in combination with injury terms: athletic injuries, concussion, sports concussion, sports-related concussion, brain concussion, brain injury, brain injuries, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, traumatic brain injury, TBI, craniocerebral trauma, head injury and brain damage. Observational, cohort, correlational, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were all included. RESULTS 199 rugby league injury publications were identified. 39 (20%) were related in some way to concussion. Of the 39 identified articles, 6 (15%) had the main aim of evaluating concussion, while the other 33 reported on concussion incidence as part of overall injury data analyses. Rugby league concussion incidence rates vary widely from 0.0 to 40.0/1000 playing hours, depending on the definition of injury (time loss vs no time loss). The incidence rates vary across match play versus training session, seasons (winter vs summer) and playing position (forwards vs backs). The ball carrier has been found to be at greater risk for injury than tacklers. Concussion accounts for 29% of all injuries associated with illegal play, but only 9% of injuries sustained in legal play. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with other collision sports, research evaluating concussion in rugby league is limited. With such limited published rugby league data, there are many aspects of concussion that require attention, and future research may be directed towards these unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gardner
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher R Levi
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter W Schofield
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan M N Kohler
- Australian Sports Commission, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Peter Stanwell
- Faculty of Health & Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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