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Henderson MJ, Grandou C, Chrismas BCR, Coutts AJ, Impellizzeri FM, Taylor L. Core Body Temperatures in Intermittent Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2147-2170. [PMID: 37526813 PMCID: PMC10587327 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia (and associated health and performance implications) can be a significant problem for athletes and teams involved in intermittent sports. Quantifying the highest thermal strain (i.e. peak core body temperature [peak Tc]) from a range of intermittent sports would enhance our understanding of the thermal requirements of sport and assist in making informed decisions about training or match-day interventions to reduce thermally induced harm and/or performance decline. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to synthesise and characterise the available thermal strain data collected in competition from intermittent sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed on Web of Science, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus to identify studies up to 17 April 2023. Electronic databases were searched using a text mining method to provide a partially automated and systematic search strategy retrieving terms related to core body temperature measurement and intermittent sport. Records were eligible if they included core body temperature measurement during competition, without experimental intervention that may influence thermal strain (e.g. cooling), in healthy, adult, intermittent sport athletes at any level. Due to the lack of an available tool that specifically includes potential sources of bias for physiological responses in descriptive studies, a methodological evaluation checklist was developed and used to document important methodological considerations. Data were not meta-analysed given the methodological heterogeneity between studies and therefore were presented descriptively in tabular and graphical format. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were selected for review; 27 were observational, 5 were experimental (2 parallel group and 3 repeated measures randomised controlled trials), and 2 were quasi-experimental (1 parallel group and 1 repeated measures non-randomised controlled trial). Across all included studies, 386 participants (plus participant numbers not reported in two studies) were recruited after accounting for shared data between studies. A total of 4 studies (~ 12%) found no evidence of hyperthermia, 24 (~ 71%) found evidence of 'modest' hyperthermia (peak Tc between 38.5 and 39.5 °C), and 6 (~ 18%) found evidence of 'marked' hyperthermia (peak Tc of 39.5 °C or greater) during intermittent sports competition. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners and coaches supporting intermittent sport athletes are justified to seek interventions aimed at mitigating the high heat strain observed in competition. More research is required to determine the most effective interventions for this population that are practically viable in intermittent sports settings (often constrained by many competing demands). Greater statistical power and homogeneity among studies are required to quantify the independent effects of wet bulb globe temperature, competition duration, sport and level of competition on peak Tc, all of which are likely to be key modulators of the thermal strain experienced by competing athletes. REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/vfb4s ; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EZYFA , 4 January 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Henderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Clementine Grandou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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2
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Trigg LE, Lyons S, Mullan S. Risk factors for, and prediction of, exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses at British racecourses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3063. [PMID: 36918525 PMCID: PMC10015008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of exertional heat illness (EHI) is a health, welfare and performance concern for racehorses. However, there has been limited multivariable assessment of the possible risk factors for EHI in racehorses, despite such information being vital for regulators to effectively manage the condition. Consequently, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of EHI in Thoroughbred racehorses and assess the ability of the risk factor model to predict the occurrence of EHI in racehorses to assist in early identification. Runners at British racecourses recorded in the British Horseracing Authority database between 1st July 2010 and 30th April 2018 were used to model the probability that a horse would present with EHI as a function of a suite of environmental, horse level and race level factors. EHI was reported in 0.1% of runners. Race distance, wet bulb globe temperature, preceding 5-day temperature average, occurrence of a previous EHI incident, going, year and race off time were identified as risk factors for EHI. The model performed better than chance in classifying incidents with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.884 (SD = 0.02) but had a large number of false positives. The results provide vital evidence for industry on the need to provide appropriate cool down facilities, identify horses that have repeated EHI incidents for early intervention, and collect new data streams such as on course wet bulb globe temperature measurements. The results are especially relevant as the sport is operating in a changing climate and must mitigate against more extreme and longer spells of hot weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Trigg
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Sally Lyons
- British Horseracing Authority, 75 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LS, UK
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Racinais S, Hosokawa Y, Akama T, Bermon S, Bigard X, Casa DJ, Grundstein A, Jay O, Massey A, Migliorini S, Mountjoy M, Nikolic N, Pitsiladis YP, Schobersberger W, Steinacker JM, Yamasawa F, Zideman DA, Engebretsen L, Budgett R. IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:8-25. [PMID: 36150754 PMCID: PMC9811094 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This document presents the recommendations developed by the IOC Medical and Scientific Commission and several international federations (IF) on the protection of athletes competing in the heat. It is based on a working group, meetings, field experience and a Delphi process. The first section presents recommendations for event organisers to monitor environmental conditions before and during an event; to provide sufficient ice, shading and cooling; and to work with the IF to remove regulatory and logistical limitations. The second section summarises recommendations that are directly associated with athletes' behaviours, which include the role and methods for heat acclimation; the management of hydration; and adaptation to the warm-up and clothing. The third section explains the specific medical management of exertional heat stroke (EHS) from the field of play triage to the prehospital management in a dedicated heat deck, complementing the usual medical services. The fourth section provides an example for developing an environmental heat risk analysis for sport competitions across all IFs. In summary, while EHS is one of the leading life-threatening conditions for athletes, it is preventable and treatable with the proper risk mitigation and medical response. The protection of athletes competing in the heat involves the close cooperation of the local organising committee, the national and international federations, the athletes and their entourages and the medical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Akama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Xavier Bigard
- Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institiute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Grundstein
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Massey
- Medical Department, Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT Tirol – Private University for Health Sciences and technology, Hall, Austria,University Hospital/Tirol Kliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - David Anthony Zideman
- International Olympic Committee Medical and Scientific Games Group, Pinner, Middlesex, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Teunissen LPJ, Jansen KMB, Janssen E, Kingma BRM, de Korte JQ, Eijsvogels TMH. Impact of different climatic conditions on peak core temperature of elite athletes during exercise in the heat: a Thermo Tokyo simulation study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001313. [PMID: 35813127 PMCID: PMC9234798 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate how separate and combined climatic parameters affect peak core temperature during exercise in the heat using computer simulations fed with individual data. Methods The impact of eight environmental conditions on rectal temperature (Tre) was determined for exercise under heat stress using the Fiala-thermal-Physiology-and-Comfort simulation model. Variations in ambient temperature (Ta±6°C), relative humidity (RH±15%) and solar radiation (SR+921 W/m2) were assessed in isolation and combination (worst-case/best-case scenarios) and compared with baseline (Ta32°C, RH 75%, SR 0 W/m2). The simulation model was fed with personal, anthropometric and individual exercise characteristics. Results 54 athletes exercised for 46±10 min at baseline conditions and achieved a peak core temperature of 38.9±0.5°C. Simulations at a higher Ta (38°C) and SR (921 W/m2) resulted in a higher peak Tre compared with baseline (+0.6±0.3°C and +0.5±0.2°C, respectively), whereas a higher RH (90%) hardly affected peak Tre (+0.1±0.1°C). A lower Ta (26°C) and RH (60%) reduced peak Tre by −0.4±0.2°C and a minor −0.1±0.1°C, respectively. The worst-case simulation yielded a 1.5±0.4°C higher Tre than baseline and 2.0±0.7°C higher than the best-case condition. Conclusion Combined unfavourable climatic conditions produce a greater increase in peak core temperature than the sum of its parts in elite athletes exercising in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart P J Teunissen
- Department of Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar M B Jansen
- Department of Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Janssen
- Department of Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Boris R M Kingma
- Department of Training & Performance Innovations, TNO, Unit Defence, Safety & Security, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Johannus Q de Korte
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Carr AJ, Vallance BS, Rothwell J, Rea AE, Burke LM, Guy JH. Competing in Hot Conditions at the Tokyo Olympic Games: Preparation Strategies Used by Australian Race Walkers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836858. [PMID: 35399272 PMCID: PMC8983867 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games was anticipated to expose athletes to the most challenging climatic conditions experienced in the history of the modern Olympic Games. This study documents strategies executed by Australian endurance athletes during the team holding camp and Olympic Games experiences, including (1) baseline physiological data, training data, and heat acclimation/acclimatization practices; (2) pre- and in-race cooling and nutritional strategies, and (3) Olympic Games race performance data. Methods Six athletes (three males, three females; age 24 ± 4 years; VO2max 63.2 ± 8.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1; sum of 7 skinfolds 53.1 ± 23.4 mm) were observed prior to and during the team holding camp held in Cairns, QLD, Australia. Athletes completed 6–7 weeks of intermittent heat acclimation training, utilizing a combination of 2–4 passive and active acclimation sessions per week. Active acclimation was systematically increased via exposure time, exercise intensity, temperature, and humidity. In the team holding camp, athletes undertook a further 23 heat acclimatization training sessions over 18 days in a continuous fashion. Hyperhydration (using sodium and glycerol osmolytes), and internal and external pre-and in-race cooling methods were also utilized. A low energy availability intervention was implemented with two athletes, as a strategy to periodize ideal race body composition. Race performance data and environmental conditions from the 2021 Olympic Games were also documented. Results The highest values for aerobic capacity were 63.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for female race walkers and 73.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for males. Training volume for the six athletes was the highest in the second week of the team holding camp, and training intensity was lowest in the first week of the team holding camp. Performance outcomes included 6th place in the women’s 20 km event (1:30:39), which was within 2% of her 20 km personal best time, and 8th place in the men’s 50 km event (3:52:01), which was a personal best performance time. Conclusion Periodized training, heat acclimation/acclimatization, cooling and nutritional strategies study may have contributed to the race outcomes in Olympic Games held hot, humid conditions, for the race walkers within this observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J. Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Amelia J. Carr,
| | - Brent S. Vallance
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Rothwell
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E. Rea
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua H. Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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de Korte JQ, Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Teunissen LPJ, Jansen KMB, Kingma BRM, Ballak SB, Maase K, Moen MH, van Dijk JW, Daanen HAM, Eijsvogels TMH. Performance and thermoregulation of Dutch Olympic and Paralympic athletes exercising in the heat: Rationale and design of the Thermo Tokyo study: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:209-222. [PMID: 34485618 PMCID: PMC8409773 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1925618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions during the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games are expected to be challenging, which increases the risk for participating athletes to develop heat-related illnesses and experience performance loss. To allow safe and optimal exercise performance of Dutch elite athletes, the Thermo Tokyo study aimed to determine thermoregulatory responses and performance loss among elite athletes during exercise in the heat, and to identify personal, sports-related, and environmental factors that contribute to the magnitude of these outcomes. For this purpose, Dutch Olympic and Paralympic athletes performed two personalized incremental exercise tests in simulated control (15°C, relative humidity (RH) 50%) and Tokyo (32°C, RH 75%) conditions, during which exercise performance and (thermo)physiological parameters were obtained. Thereafter, athletes were invited for an additional visit to conduct anthropometric, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 3D scan measurements. Collected data also served as input for a thermophysiological computer simulation model to estimate the impact of a wider range of environmental conditions on thermoregulatory responses. Findings of this study can be used to inform elite athletes and their coaches on how heat impacts their individual (thermo)physiological responses and, based on these data, advise which personalized countermeasures (i.e. heat acclimation, cooling interventions, rehydration plan) can be taken to allow safe and maximal performance in the challenging environmental conditions of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannus Q de Korte
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart P J Teunissen
- Department of Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar M B Jansen
- Department of Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Boris R M Kingma
- Department of Training and Performance Innovations, Unit Defence, Safety and Security, TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sam B Ballak
- Sport Science & Innovation Papendal, Sportcentrum Papendal, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Kamiel Maase
- Netherlands Olympic Committee Netherlands Sports Federation, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Moen
- Netherlands Olympic Committee Netherlands Sports Federation, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A M Daanen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sizing Science, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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de Korte JQ, Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Exercise Performance and Thermoregulatory Responses of Elite Athletes Exercising in the Heat: Outcomes of the Thermo Tokyo Study. Sports Med 2021; 51:2423-2436. [PMID: 34396493 PMCID: PMC8514392 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective We examined the impact of simulated Tokyo 2020 environmental condition on exercise performance, thermoregulatory responses and thermal perception among Dutch elite athletes. Methods 105 elite athletes from different sport disciplines performed two exercise tests in simulated control (15.9 ± 1.2 °C, relative humidity (RH) 55 ± 6%) and Tokyo (31.6 ± 1.0 °C, RH 74 ± 5%) environmental conditions. Exercise tests consisted of a 20-min warm-up (70% HRmax), followed by an incremental phase until volitional exhaustion (5% workload increase every 3 min). Gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), heart rate, exercise performance and thermal perception were measured. Results Time to exhaustion was 16 ± 8 min shorter in the Tokyo versus the control condition (− 26 ± 11%, whereas peak power output decreased with 0.5 ± 0.3 W/kg (16 ± 7%). Greater exercise-induced increases in Tgi (1.8 ± 0.6 °C vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 °C, p < 0.001) and higher peak Tgi (38.9 ± 0.6 °C vs. 38.7 ± 0.4 °C, p < 0.001) were found in the Tokyo versus control condition. Large interindividual variations in exercise-induced increase in Tgi (range 0.7–3.5 °C) and peak Tgi (range 37.6–40.4 °C) were found in the Tokyo condition, with greater Tgi responses in endurance versus mixed- and skill-trained athletes. Peak thermal sensation and thermal comfort scores deteriorated in the Tokyo condition, with aggravated responses for power versus endurance- and mixed-trained athletes. Conclusion Large performance losses and Tgi increases were found among elite athletes exercising in simulated Tokyo conditions, with a substantial interindividual variation and significantly different responses across sport disciplines. These findings highlight the importance of an individual approach to optimally prepare athletes for safe and maximal exercise performance during the Tokyo Olympics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01530-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannus Q de Korte
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Hollander K, Klöwer M, Richardson A, Navarro L, Racinais S, Scheer V, Murray A, Branco P, Timpka T, Junge A, Edouard P. Apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses during international athletic championships: A prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2092-2102. [PMID: 34333808 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
International outdoor athletics championships are typically hosted during the summer season, frequently in hot and humid climatic conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the association between apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses occurrence during international outdoor athletics championships and compared its incidence rates between athletics disciplines. Heat-related illnesses were selected from illness data prospectively collected at seven international outdoor athletics championships between 2009 and 2018 using a standardized methodology. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was calculated as a measure of the apparent temperature based on weather data for each day of the championships. Heat-related illness numbers and (daily) incidence rates were calculated and analyzed in relation to the daily maximum UTCI temperature and between disciplines. During 50 championships days with UTCI temperatures between 15℃ and 37℃, 132 heat-related illnesses were recorded. Average incidence rate of heat-related illnesses was 11.7 (95%CI 9.7 to 13.7) per 1000 registered athletes. The expected daily incidence rate of heat-related illnesses increased significantly with UTCI temperature (0.12 more illnesses per 1000 registered athletes/°C; 95%CI 0.08-0.16) and was found to double from 25 to 35°C UTCI. Race walkers (RR = 45.5, 95%CI 21.6-96.0) and marathon runners (RR = 47.7, 95%CI 23.0-98.8) had higher heat-related illness rates than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Higher UTCI temperatures were associated with more heat-related illnesses, with marathon and race walking athletes having higher risk than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Heat-related illness prevention strategies should predominantly focus on marathon and race walking events of outdoor athletics championships when high temperatures are forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milan Klöwer
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andy Richardson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | | | - Sébastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Andrew Murray
- Knowledge Translation Team, Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Public Health and Medical Team, Fife, UK
| | - Pedro Branco
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Edouard
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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9
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Taylor L, Carter S, Stellingwerff T. Cooling at Tokyo 2020: the why and how for endurance and team sport athletes. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1243-1245. [PMID: 32816792 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK .,Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Carter
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Sydney School of Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Racinais S, Périard JD. Benefits of heat re-acclimation in the lead-up to the Tokyo Olympics. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:945-946. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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