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Wortmann SB, Chen MA, Colombo R, Pontoglio A, Alhaddad B, Botto LD, Yuzyuk T, Coughlin CR, Descartes M, Grűnewald S, Maranda B, Mills PB, Pitt J, Potente C, Rodenburg R, Kluijtmans LAJ, Sampath S, Pai EF, Wevers RA, Tiller GE. Mild orotic aciduria in UMPS heterozygotes: a metabolic finding without clinical consequences. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:423-431. [PMID: 28205048 PMCID: PMC5393157 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated urinary excretion of orotic acid is associated with treatable disorders of the urea cycle and pyrimidine metabolism. Establishing the correct and timely diagnosis in a patient with orotic aciduria is key to effective treatment. Uridine monophosphate synthase is involved in de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency (or hereditary orotic aciduria), due to biallelic mutations in UMPS, is a rare condition presenting with megaloblastic anemia in the first months of life. If not treated with the pyrimidine precursor uridine, neutropenia, failure to thrive, growth retardation, developmental delay, and intellectual disability may ensue. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified mild and isolated orotic aciduria in 11 unrelated individuals with diverse clinical signs and symptoms, the most common denominator being intellectual disability/developmental delay. Of note, none had blood count abnormalities, relevant hyperammonemia or altered plasma amino acid profile. All individuals were found to have heterozygous alterations in UMPS. Four of these variants were predicted to be null alleles with complete loss of function. The remaining variants were missense changes and predicted to be damaging to the normal encoded protein. Interestingly, family screening revealed heterozygous UMPS variants in combination with mild orotic aciduria in 19 clinically asymptomatic family members. CONCLUSIONS We therefore conclude that heterozygous UMPS-mutations can lead to mild and isolated orotic aciduria without clinical consequence. Partial UMPS-deficiency should be included in the differential diagnosis of mild orotic aciduria. The discovery of heterozygotes manifesting clinical symptoms such as hypotonia and developmental delay are likely due to ascertainment bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Wortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Mullner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Roberto Colombo
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pontoglio
- Center for the Study of Rare Hereditary Diseases, Niguarda Ca' Granda Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Department of Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Curtis R Coughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maria Descartes
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie Grűnewald
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Bruno Maranda
- CHUS Genetic Services, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - James Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Richard Rodenburg
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emil F Pai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Departments of Biochemistry, Medical Biophysics, and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - George E Tiller
- Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Aurich MK, Thiele I. Computational Modeling of Human Metabolism and Its Application to Systems Biomedicine. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1386:253-81. [PMID: 26677187 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3283-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modern high-throughput techniques offer immense opportunities to investigate whole-systems behavior, such as those underlying human diseases. However, the complexity of the data presents challenges in interpretation, and new avenues are needed to address the complexity of both diseases and data. Constraint-based modeling is one formalism applied in systems biology. It relies on a genome-scale reconstruction that captures extensive biochemical knowledge regarding an organism. The human genome-scale metabolic reconstruction is increasingly used to understand normal cellular and disease states because metabolism is an important factor in many human diseases. The application of human genome-scale reconstruction ranges from mere querying of the model as a knowledge base to studies that take advantage of the model's topology and, most notably, to functional predictions based on cell- and condition-specific metabolic models built based on omics data.An increasing number and diversity of biomedical questions are being addressed using constraint-based modeling and metabolic models. One of the most successful biomedical applications to date is cancer metabolism, but constraint-based modeling also holds great potential for inborn errors of metabolism or obesity. In addition, it offers great prospects for individualized approaches to diagnostics and the design of disease prevention and intervention strategies. Metabolic models support this endeavor by providing easy access to complex high-throughput datasets. Personalized metabolic models have been introduced. Finally, constraint-based modeling can be used to model whole-body metabolism, which will enable the elucidation of metabolic interactions between organs and disturbances of these interactions as either causes or consequence of metabolic diseases. This chapter introduces constraint-based modeling and describes some of its contributions to systems biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike K Aurich
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg.
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Heinken A, Sahoo S, Fleming RMT, Thiele I. Systems-level characterization of a host-microbe metabolic symbiosis in the mammalian gut. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:28-40. [PMID: 23022739 PMCID: PMC3555882 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota consists of ten times more microorganisms than there are cells in our body, processes otherwise indigestible nutrients, and produces important energy precursors, essential amino acids, and vitamins. In this study, we assembled and validated a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (iAH991), a prominent representative of the human gut microbiota, consisting of 1488 reactions, 1152 metabolites, and 991 genes. To create a comprehensive metabolic model of host-microbe interactions, we integrated iAH991 with a previously published mouse metabolic reconstruction, which was extended for intestinal transport and absorption reactions. The two metabolic models were linked through a joint compartment, the lumen, allowing metabolite exchange and providing a route for simulating different dietary regimes. The resulting model consists of 7239 reactions, 5164 metabolites, and 2769 genes. We simultaneously modeled growth of mouse and B. thetaiotaomicron on five different diets varying in fat, carbohydrate, and protein content. The integrated model captured mutually beneficial cross-feeding as well as competitive interactions. Furthermore, we identified metabolites that were exchanged between the two organisms, which were compared with published metabolomics data. This analysis resulted for the first time in a comprehensive description of the co-metabolism between a host and its commensal microbe. We also demonstrate in silico that the presence of B. thetaiotaomicron could rescue the growth phenotype of the host with an otherwise lethal enzymopathy and vice versa. This systems approach represents a powerful tool for modeling metabolic interactions between a gut microbe and its host in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Heinken
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Swagatika Sahoo
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ronan M. T. Fleming
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ines Thiele
- Center for Systems Biology; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Industrial Engineering; Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science; University of Iceland; Reykjavik, Iceland,Correspondence to: Ines Thiele,
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Bonavia A, Franti M, Pusateri Keaney E, Kuhen K, Seepersaud M, Radetich B, Shao J, Honda A, Dewhurst J, Balabanis K, Monroe J, Wolff K, Osborne C, Lanieri L, Hoffmaster K, Amin J, Markovits J, Broome M, Skuba E, Cornella-Taracido I, Joberty G, Bouwmeester T, Hamann L, Tallarico JA, Tommasi R, Compton T, Bushell SM. Identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6739-44. [PMID: 21502533 PMCID: PMC3084118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. Targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. Safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. New approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. We undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a serious pediatric pathogen. We identified compounds that are potent (nanomolar) inhibitors of RSV in vitro in HEp-2 cells and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and were shown to act postentry. Interestingly, two scaffolds exhibited broad-spectrum activity among multiple RNA viruses. Using the chemical matter as a probe, we identified the targets and identified a common cellular pathway: the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Both targets were validated in vitro and showed no significant cell cytotoxicity except for activity against proliferative B- and T-type lymphoid cells. Corollary to this finding was to understand the consequences of inhibition of the target to the host. An in vivo assessment for antiviral efficacy failed to demonstrate reduced viral load, but revealed microscopic changes and a trend toward reduced pyrimidine pools and findings in histopathology. We present here a discovery program that includes screen, target identification, validation, and druggability that can be broadly applied to identify and interrogate other host factors for antiviral effect starting from chemical matter of unknown target/mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bonavia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michael Franti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Erin Pusateri Keaney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Mohindra Seepersaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Branko Radetich
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jian Shao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ayako Honda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Janetta Dewhurst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kara Balabanis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - James Monroe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Karen Wolff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jakal Amin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Judit Markovits
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michelle Broome
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ivan Cornella-Taracido
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Gerard Joberty
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Lawrence Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ruben Tommasi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Teresa Compton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Simon M. Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
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Evaldsson C, Rydén I, Uppugunduri S. Anti-inflammatory effects of exogenous uridine in an animal model of lung inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1025-32. [PMID: 17570319 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides like adenosine, uridine and their nucleotide derivatives (e.g. ATP and UTP) play important roles in many cellular functions, sometimes by acting as signalling molecules through binding to specific P2 nucleotide receptors. P2 receptors are subdivided into P2X and P2Y subfamilies, the latter of which are G-protein coupled receptors. P2Y receptors and nucleoside transporters have been detected in human and rat lungs, where they mediate effects of interest in airway diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether uridine has any anti-inflammatory properties in an asthma-like animal model of lung inflammation. The Sephadex-induced lung inflammation model in Sprague-Dawley rats was chosen mainly due to its localised inflammatory response and uridine's limited oral bioavailability. The dextran beads, with or without the addition of uridine, were instilled intratracheally into the lungs, which were excised and examined after 24 h. Sephadex alone led to massive oedema and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils. Microgranulomas with giant cell formations were clearly visible around the partially degraded beads. Uridine reduced both the oedema and the infiltration of leukocytes significantly, measured as lung wet weight and leukocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, respectively. Uridine appeared to affect the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels, although this could not be statistically confirmed due to large variations within the Sephadex control group. We conclude that uridine has anti-inflammatory effects, and that the exact mechanism(s) of action requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Evaldsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Uppugunduri S, Gautam C. Effects of uridine, isomatitol and 4-thiouridine on in vitro cell adhesion and in vivo effects of 4-thiouridine in a lung inflammation model. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1241-8. [PMID: 15251120 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is crucial for extravasation of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, inhibition of cell-cell adhesion has been suggested as a means to achieve selective modulation of the immune system. We have, using a static in vitro adhesion assay involving adhesion of granulocytes to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), found three substances--uridine, isomaltitol and 4-thiouridine-that, independently and significantly, reduced leukocyte adhesion by approximately 30-65%. 4-Thiouridine was also tested in an in vivo model of Sephadex (SDX)-induced lung inflammation with Sprague-Dawley rats. Intratracheal instillation of Sephadex (5 mg/kg) alone resulted in a dramatic increase in lung edema and total leukocyte count after 24 h. A differential count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells indicated an increased influx of macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils. Co-administration of 4-thiouridine significantly reduced lung edema by 38%. There was also a significant reduction of the total leukocyte count by 58%. The differential leukocyte count indicated that eosinophil influx alone was reduced by 70%. After Sephadex challenge, we found elevated levels of TNFalpha--an important inflammatory mediator--in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). TNFalpha levels were significantly reduced by more than 80% by co-administration of 4-thoiuridine. These results suggest that uridine, isomaltitol and, especially, 4-thiouridine affect adhesion between leukocytes and activated endothelium, and warrant further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Uppugunduri
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden; Hospital Pharmacy, The University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Psychopharmacological properties of endogenous pyrimidine nucleosides (review). Pharm Chem J 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00772129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Winkler JK, Suttle DP. Analysis of UMP synthase gene and mRNA structure in hereditary orotic aciduria fibroblasts. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43:86-94. [PMID: 2837086 PMCID: PMC1715274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary orotic aciduria is an autosomal recessive disease in which there is a severe deficiency in the activity of the de novo pyrimidine pathway enzyme uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) synthase. UMP synthase is a bifunctional enzyme containing the two activities orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, which catalyze the two-step conversion of orotic acid to UMP. Cell lines from three orotic aciduria patients have been characterized for UMP synthase gene and mRNA content. Restriction-enzyme analysis of DNA from the deficient cells revealed no changes in the gene structure compared with normal cell DNA structure. The amount of UMP synthase mRNA was not decreased, nor was there a detectable difference in the size of the UMP synthase mRNA in the deficient cells. Analysis of the mRNA by hybridization with a nearly full-length UMP synthase cDNA followed by S1 nuclease digestion showed no alteration in the mRNA structure. The UMP synthase activity of the deficient cells ranges from 2% to 7% of the normal cell level. The activity can be significantly increased by growing the deficient cells in barbituric acid. Our data indicate that UMP synthase gene transcription in the orotic aciduria cells produces the expected amount of a stable, correctly processed mRNA. The mRNA appears to code for a mutant enzyme that has reduced stability or altered kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Winkler
- Division of Biochemical and Clinical Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101
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Christensen NO, Jensen AT, Larsen PO, Olsen CE, Willems M. Orotic acid sodium salt in kidney stones and urinary deposits. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 1983; 17:99-104. [PMID: 6867631 DOI: 10.3109/00365598309179790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kidney stones from a plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, have been shown to consist of the sodium salt of orotic acid. Precipitation of orotic acid in human kidneys and urine samples has previously been reported but the precipitates must have been salts, most likely the sodium salt, of orotic acid and not the free acid. This reinterpretation is based on the acid strength of orotic acid and on data for the solubilities of sodium orotate and orotic acid. Sodium orotate is therefore a member on the list of compounds present in human urinary deposits and calculi. X-ray powder diagrams and d-values and IR-spectra of the sodium salt are recorded to facilitate future identifications.
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McClard RW, Black MJ, Jones ME, Young SR, Berkowitz GP. Neonatal diagnosis of orotic aciduria: an experience with one family. J Pediatr 1983; 102:85-8. [PMID: 6848734 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(83)80296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Simmonds HA, Webster DR, Becroft DM, Potter CF. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in hereditary orotic aciduria: some unexpected effects of allopurinol. Eur J Clin Invest 1980; 10:333-9. [PMID: 6775961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism have been investigated in the longest surviving case of hereditary orotic aciduria after 15 years of chronic uridine therapy. Several unusual features were recorded: 1. Although the uridine dosage (0.5 mmol/kg) was adequate to control an otherwise normal clinical status, orotic acid excretion was still excessive (in congruent 7 mmol/24 h). Urinary drug metabolites (uracil and uridine), however, accounted for less than 7% of the daily uridine dose, and no orotidine, or any abnormal pyrimidines or purines, were identified at any time. 2. Urinary uric acid excretion was high and plasma uric acid low, resulting in a clearance up to 4 times normal. This was attributed to the uricosuric effect of orotic acid. 3. In direct contrast to previous findings in gouty subjects and healthy male controls we noted: (i) no increase in plasma or urinary uric acid levels, or uric acid clearance, following the change from a low to a high nucleoprotein regime (normally up to two-fold); (ii) allopurinol reduced both urinary uric acid and total oxypurine levels by more than 50% on the low (normally unaffected) as well as the high (normally reduced 20-50%) nucleoprotein regime; (iii) a substantial (up to 70%) reduction in orotic acid excretion during allopurinol therapy (normally mild orotic aciduria), of similar magnitude and in parallel with the reduction in uric acid levels. Uric acid and orotic acid excretion were closely related throughout. These findings differ from those of a similar study of hereditary orotic aciduria and suggest there is competitive transport between exogenous (dietary) purines and pyrimidines, as well as an important interdependence between endogenous purine and pyrimidine metabolism, by mechanisms as yet undefined.
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van Gennip AH, van Noordenburg-Huistra DY, de Bree PK, Wadman SK. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography for the screening of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 86:7-20. [PMID: 95907 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for the two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic screening of purines, pyrimidines and their nucleosides in the urine. Prior to chromatography, isolation of these substances from the urine is performed by anion-exchange column chromatography. Purines and pyramidines are quantitatively eluted with formic acid 0.01 M and 4 M respectively. The results of recovery and stability experiments are given. Normal excretory patterns are presented. Also results in patients with various diseases are shown: ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, xanthine oxidase deficiency and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Finally the pattern of a patient on treatment with allopurinol is given.
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Gröbner W, Zöllner N. [The influence of allopurinol on purine- and pyrimidinesynthesis (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1978; 53:255-60. [PMID: 682520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol inhibits xanthinoxydase. This results in a decrease of the serum and urinary uric acid. Simultaneously the renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine increases. In most patients, however, the decrease of urinary uric acid is not completely replaced by the increase of oxypurines. This is attributed to an additional inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis. The different effect of allopurinol on the endogenous and exogenous urates offers an alternative approach to explain the "purine deficit". The effect of allopurinol on the pyrimidine metabolism is due to an inhibition of orotidylic decarboxylase by the ribonucleotides of allopurinol, xanthine and oxipurinol. This inhibition is followed by an increase in the urinary excretion of orotidine and orotic acid. The additional administration of ribonucleic acid leads to a striking decrease of the allopurinol induced orotaciduria. The continuous administration of allopurinol also produces an increase in the activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase. At this time the mechanism of this increase in activity is not completely understood. Allopurinol is metabolized rapidly. Only 3-10% of an administered dose are excreted unchanged in the urine. Most of the allopurinol is oxidized to oxipurinol. A small portion is converted to the ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides1 of allopurinol and oxipurinol.
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Anderson JM. Immunological inertia of viviparity. Lancet 1977; 1:262. [PMID: 64796 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cooper BA. Megaloblastic Anaemia and Disorders Affecting Utilisation of Vitamin B12 and Folate in Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-2261(21)00114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gr�bner W, Z�llner N. Zur Beeinflussung der Purin- und Pyrimidinsynthese durch Allopurinol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01469116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Baguley BC, Falkenhaug EM. Plasma half-life of cytosine arabinoside in patients with leukaemia--the effect of uridine. Eur J Cancer 1975; 11:43-9. [PMID: 1055682 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(75)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Murphey WH, Patchen L, Guthrie R. Screening tests for argininosuccinic aciduria, orotic aciduria, and other inherited enzyme deficiencies using dried blood specimens. Biochem Genet 1972; 6:51-9. [PMID: 4199795 DOI: 10.1007/bf00485965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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JONES MARYELLEN. Regulation of Uridylic Acid Biosynthesis in Eukaryotic Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152806-5.50014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zöllner N, Gröbner W. Influence of oral ribonucleic acid on orotaciduria due to allopurinol administration. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLE CHIRURGIE 1971; 156:317-9. [PMID: 5144493 DOI: 10.1007/bf02045833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jones ME. Regulation of pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis in mammals. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1971; 9:19-49. [PMID: 4941903 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(71)80036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
In addition to its well-established inhibitory effect on uric acid synthesis, allopurinol appears to alter substantially pyrimidine metabolism, as evidenced by a striking increase in the urinary excretion of orotidine and orotic acid. Allopurinol ribonucleotide and xanthosine 5'-monophosphate are potent inhibitors of human erythrocyte orotidylic decarboxylase and provide a possible mechanism for this effect.
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Soutter GB, Yu J, Lovric A, Stapleton T. Hereditary orotic aciduria. AUSTRALIAN PAEDIATRIC JOURNAL 1970; 6:47-52. [PMID: 5520435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1970.tb02858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Becroft DM, Phillips LI, Simmonds A. Hereditary orotic aciduria: long-term therapy with uridine and a trial of uracil. J Pediatr 1969; 75:885-91. [PMID: 5347440 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Krsiak M, Janků I. A comparison of effects of some 6-azapyrimidines with and without antimetabolite activity on the central nervous system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 1969; 8:199-207. [PMID: 5819558 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(69)90040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Silagi S, Darlington G, Bruce SA. Hybridization of two biochemically marked human cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 62:1085-92. [PMID: 5256409 PMCID: PMC223618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.62.4.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A hybrid cell line of clonal origin has been obtained by cocultivation of two biochemically marked human cell strains. One parental line is diploid and derived from a male infant with orotic aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive disease. This line has deficient activity for the final two enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway leading to uridylic acid and possesses the B electrophoretic type of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The other parental line (D98/AH-2) is heteroploid, is resistant to 8-azahypoxanthine, and has deficient inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase activity. It displays the A(+) variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The A(+) and B types of this dehydrogenase are known to be determined by allelic, sex-linked, Mendelian genes. The cloned hybrid cells exhibit genetic traits of both parents: (1) Their modal chromosome number is approximately the sum of those of the two parental lines; (2) they have levels of activity for both enzymes affected by the gene for orotic aciduria which are intermediate between those of the two parental lines; (3) they have higher activity than the D98/AH parent for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase; (4) they have both A(+) and B isozyme bands of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These hybrid cells represent the first known example of a cloned line of mammalian origin in which two X-linked allelic genes function.
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Abstract
A gene affecting the final two enzymes of uridylic acid biosynthesis does not affect a third, metabolically adjacent enzyme. Similarly, compounds that increase cellular activity for the affected enzymes do not increase activity for the third enzyme. The pyrimidine pathway can be subdivided into groups of concurrently responding enzymes. These groups may be smaller in human cells than they are in microbial cells.
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Pinsky L, Krooth RS. Studies on the control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in human diploid cell strains, I. Effect of 6-azauridine on cellular phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:925-32. [PMID: 5231355 PMCID: PMC224636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.4.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Koenig H. Neurobiological action of some pyrimidine analogs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1967; 10:199-230. [PMID: 4866319 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Milne MD. Lessons from inborn errors of metabolism. Proc R Soc Med 1966; 59:1157-62. [PMID: 5333528 PMCID: PMC1901325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Krooth RS. Some properties of diploid cell strains developed from the tissues of patients with inherited biochemical disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02833832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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