1
|
Aidoo EN, Ackaah W, Appiah SK, Appiah EK, Addae J, Alhassan H. A bivariate probit analysis of child passenger's sitting behaviour and restraint use in motor vehicle. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 129:225-229. [PMID: 31173967 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor vehicle injuries are a leading cause of death among children worldwide, though many of these deaths are preventable. Buckling young children in age- and size-appropriate car seats, booster seats, or seat belts and also seating them in appropriate position can lead to a significant reduction of serious and fatal injuries. This study investigated sitting behaviour and restraint use among child passengers through cross-sectional observational surveys conducted in Kumasi, Ghana. A bivariate probit model was developed for simultaneous determination of the contributing factors influencing child passenger's sitting behaviour and restraint use. The results showed that 26% of the child passengers observed were occupying the front seat and the prevalence rate of restraint use was 4.5%. The developed bivariate probit model clearly highlights the existence of interrelationship between child passenger's sitting position and restraint use. The key factors simultaneously influencing child passenger's sitting position and restraint use include vehicle type, driver's gender, driver's belt use, child's age, and the presence of other child or adult passenger. Furthermore, time of day and day of week also influence child passenger sitting behaviour but not their restraint use. These findings provide insight for better understanding of child transporting practices and the contributing factors influencing their sitting behaviour and restraint use. The findings also highlight the need for policy makers to design effective countermeasures to promote rear sitting and restraint use among child passengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Aidoo
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.
| | | | - Simon K Appiah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Ernest K Appiah
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Garden City University College, Ghana
| | - Joseph Addae
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Garden City University College, Ghana
| | - Haruna Alhassan
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Garden City University College, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chase J, Donaldson L, Duflou J, Gorrie C. Safety restraint injuries in fatal motor vehicle collisions. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 3:258-63. [PMID: 25869265 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-007-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an apparent seat belt mark (SBM) on a car crash occupant is often used as evidence for use of a seat belt at the time of the crash and, conversely, the lack of a SBM is used as an indication that no seat belt was used. This study examined whether there are clear indications of seat belt use to be found at autopsy and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of apparent SBM and whether the use of a seat belt and seating location affects the type and severity of injuries sustained. Information on the type of injuries sustained and seatbelt use was retrieved from autopsy reports and police reports, respectively, for cases of fatal motor vehicle collisions occurring in Sydney, Australia over a 5-year period. In this study, a SBM was only found on restrained occupants. The proportion of restrained occupants with evidence of a SBM was 36% (sensitivity), whilst unrestrained occupants showed no evidence of a SBM (100% specificity). A SBM was also found to reliably reflect the seating position of the occupant. We conclude that restrained occupants can be expected to show evidence of the seat belt in just over one third of cases and that the absence of a SBM is not necessarily an indication that no seat belt was used. Spurious SBM is very unlikely to be present if the occupant was unrestrained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chase
- University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sung KM, Kim SC, Jeon HJ, Kwak YS, Youn YH, Lee KH, Park JC, Choi JH. Injury Analysis of Child Passenger According to the Types of Safety Restraint Systems in Motor Vehicle Crashes. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND INJURY 2015. [DOI: 10.20408/jti.2015.28.3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Min Sung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Jeon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Soo Kwak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Han Youn
- Department of Mechatronics, Korea University of Technology & Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Park
- Traffic Accident Analysis Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Little research has examined the changing dangerousness of police high-speed pursuits over time, especially with regard to the safety of the officer. Using data from all pursuit-related officer deaths in the USA between 1960 and 2011, this study tested the hypothesis that the officer death rate has been decreasing. Least-squares lines were calculated through the data point of each year to estimate trends in officer death rates over time. The findings revealed that the death rate for officers directly involved in pursuits has decreased steadily, as has the death rate for officers manning roadblocks. The death rate for officers deploying spike strips or travelling to assist in the pursuit, however, has been steadily increasing. The findings suggest further development of pursuit policies to address these issues.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dibb AT, Cox CA, Nightingale RW, Luck JF, Cutcliffe HC, Myers BS, Arbogast KB, Seacrist T, Bass CR. Importance of muscle activations for biofidelic pediatric neck response in computational models. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2013; 14 Suppl:S116-S127. [PMID: 23905513 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2013.806795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During dynamic injury scenarios, such as motor vehicle crashes, neck biomechanics contribute to head excursion and acceleration, influencing head injuries. One important tool in understanding head and neck dynamics is computational modeling. However, realistic and stable muscle activations for major muscles are required to realize meaningful kinematic responses. The objective was to determine cervical muscle activation states for 6-year-old, 10-year-old, and adult 50th percentile male computational head and neck models. Currently, pediatric models including muscle activations are unable to maintain the head in an equilibrium position, forcing models to begin from nonphysiologic conditions. Recent work has realized a stationary initial geometry and cervical muscle activations by first optimizing responses against gravity. Accordingly, our goal was to apply these methods to Duke University's head-neck model validated using living muscle response and pediatric cadaveric data. METHODS Activation schemes maintaining an upright, stable head for 22 muscle pairs were found using LS-OPT. Two optimization problems were investigated: a relaxed state, which minimized muscle fatigue, and a tensed activation state, which maximized total muscle force. The model's biofidelity was evaluated by the kinematic response to gravitational and frontal impact loading conditions. Model sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed to assess important parameters for pediatric muscle response. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using multiple activation time histories. These included constant activations and an optimal muscle activation time history, which varied the activation level of flexor and extensor groups, and activation initiation and termination times. RESULTS Relaxed muscle activations decreased with increasing age, maintaining upright posture primarily through extensor activation. Tensed musculature maintained upright posture through coactivation of flexors and extensors, producing up to 32 times the force of the relaxed state. Without muscle activation, the models fell into flexion due to gravitational loading. Relaxed musculature produced 28.6-35.8 N of force to the head, whereas tensed musculature produced 450-1023 N. Pediatric model stiffnesses were most sensitive to muscle physiological cross-sectional area. CONCLUSIONS Though muscular loads were not large enough to cause vertebral compressive failure, they would provide a prestressed state that could protect the vertebrae during tensile loading but might exacerbate risk during compressive loading. For example, in the 10-year-old, a load of 602 N was produced, though estimated compressive failure tolerance is only 2.8 kN. Including muscles and time-variant activation schemes is vital for producing biofidelic models because both vary by age. The pediatric activations developed represent physiologically appropriate sets of initial conditions and are based on validated adult cadaveric data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Dibb
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-España JF, Durbin DR. Injuries to belted older children in motor vehicle crashes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2008; 40:2024-2028. [PMID: 19068310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration currently recommend that, unless they are under 57in. in height, 8-12-year-old children use seat belts and all should ride in the rear seats of vehicles. These recommendations assume that the vehicle seat belt should provide adequate protection for these older children in the event of a crash. OBJECTIVES To describe characteristics of older children in the rear seat using seat belts in crashes, to estimate their risk and body region distribution of injury, and to identify risk factors for injury. METHODS A representative sample of 6680 seat belt-restrained occupants, 8-12 years of age, seated in the rear seat during crashes involving insured vehicles in 16 US states between December 1998 and December 2007. A telephone interview was conducted with the driver of each vehicle. The main outcome was the parent-reported injury defined as Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2 or greater injuries. RESULTS The risk of injury for belted 8-12 year olds in the rear seat was 1.3%. Head injury was the most common injury (60%), followed by injuries to the face (9%), upper extremity (9%) and abdomen (9%). One out of five (21%) 8-12 year olds either did not use the shoulder portion of the vehicle seat belt or placed it incorrectly behind their back or under their arm. Bivariate analyses indicated a higher risk of injury for these children (1.8%) as compared to children using both the lap and shoulder portions of the seat belt (1.1%). However, this difference was not statistically significant when other risk factors such as crash severity and characteristics of the driver were considered. CONCLUSIONS Injuries to the head, face, abdomen and upper extremity are the most common injuries to target for improved protection among 8-12 year olds in seat belts. Driver and crash characteristics are important risk factors for injury. A recent federal motor vehicle safety standard requiring lap and shoulder belts in all rear seat positions has the potential to further decrease the risk of injury to older children using seat belts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Felipe García-España
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reeve KN, Zurynski YA, Elliott EJ, Bilston L. Seatbelts and the law: how well do we protect Australian children? Med J Aust 2007; 186:635-8. [PMID: 17576180 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
About a thousand Australian children are seriously injured in motor vehicle accidents each year, despite 92% using seatbelts or child restraints. Premature graduation of children to adult seatbelts, misuse of seatbelts and use of lap-only belts increase the risk of injury or death. In Australia, use of a child restraint or booster seat is not mandatory for children aged > 1 year, while other countries mandate their use for children up to 5-12 years old. Australian parents are confused about the safest restraint and seating position, particularly for children aged > 2 years. Australian child restraint legislation needs to be reviewed to increase the rate of optimal restraint use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Reeve
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ehiri JE, Ejere HOD, Hazen AE, Emusu D, King WD, Osberg SJ. Interventions to increase children's booster seat use: a review. Am J Prev Med 2006; 31:185-92. [PMID: 16829337 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children aged 4 to 8 years, booster seats are estimated to reduce by 59% the odds of sustaining clinically significant injuries during a motor vehicle crash, compared to using ordinary vehicle seat belts. Given the safety benefits of booster seats, public health and traffic safety agencies recommend their use for children aged 4 to 8 years traveling in motor vehicles, until the vehicle seat belt can fit them properly. Despite these benefits, booster seat use remains low. Interventions aimed at promoting the use of booster seats for children aged 4 to 8 years have been implemented, but there is little evidence regarding their effects. METHODS The Cochrane methodology was used to assess the effects of interventions to increase booster seat use for children aged 4 to 8 years. The reviewers searched online databases, scanned reference lists, hand-searched journals, and contacted relevant agencies and researchers for both randomized controlled trials and controlled before-and-after evaluation studies. The search concluded in 2005 and was not restricted by publication status or language. RESULTS The search yielded 1350 potential studies. Of these, five studies involving 3070 individuals met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were generally effective in increasing booster seat use among children aged 4 to 8 years. Education paired with incentive or distribution programs produced more consistent results than education-only interventions that targeted parents, children, or both. CONCLUSIONS Incentives or the distribution of free booster seats combined with education increase the use of booster seats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Ehiri
- Department of Maternal & Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35429-0022, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Javouhey E, Guérin AC, Gadegbeku B, Chiron M, Floret D. Are restrained children under 15 years of age in cars as effectively protected as adults? Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:304-8. [PMID: 16407436 PMCID: PMC2065966 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.084756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the injury distribution between children and adults, injured as restrained car passengers. METHODS Population based study of data from a French road trauma registry in 1996-2002. Children under 15 years old were compared with adult casualties according to the distribution of serious injuries in three distinct body regions (head, chest, and abdomen) when they were restrained car passengers. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to quantify the risk of AIS2+ injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale of 2 or more). RESULTS Among the 7568 casualties who were injured as restrained car passengers in car accidents, 1033 were less than 15 years old. Overall, 35.4% of children and 25.2% of adults were unrestrained. For children and adults, the risk of fatality was significantly reduced when they were restrained, but the percentages of children with Injury Severity Score (ISS) > or =16, were not significantly different between restrained and not restrained casualties. Compared to adults, restrained children aged 5-9 were 2.7 times (OR 2.74; 95% CI 1.17 to 6.43) as likely to sustain an AIS2+ abdominal injury, and tended to be more at risk of AIS2+ head injuries, but were less at risk of AIS2+ chest injuries. CONCLUSIONS Children aged 5-9 years injured in road accidents as restrained car passengers were more likely to sustain an AIS2+ abdominal injury than adults. This emphasises the need to reinforce educational campaigns aimed not only at getting children into restraint systems, but also insisting on their correct use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Javouhey
- Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment, French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ehiri JE, Ejere HOD, Magnussen L, Emusu D, King W, Osberg JS. Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2006:CD004334. [PMID: 16437484 PMCID: PMC8805601 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004334.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health and traffic safety agencies recommend use of booster seats in motor vehicles for children aged four to eight years, and various interventions have been implemented to increase their use by individuals who transport children in motor vehicles. There is little evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions, hence the need to examine what works and what does not. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions intended to increase acquisition and use of booster seats in motor vehicles among four to eight year olds. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (1980 to April 2005), LILACS, Transport Research Databases (1988 to April 2005), Australian Transport Index (1976 to April 2005), additional databases and reference lists of relevant articles. We also contacted experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized and controlled before-and-after trials that investigated the effects of interventions to promote booster seat use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. MAIN RESULTS Five studies involving 3,070 individuals met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. All interventions for promoting use of booster seats among 4 to 8 year olds demonstrated a positive effect (relative risk (RR) 1.43; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.05 to 1.96). Incentives combined with education demonstrated a beneficial effect (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.55; n = 1,898). Distribution of free booster seats combined with education also had a beneficial effect (RR 2.34; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.63; n = 380) as did education-only interventions (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.49; n = 563). One study which evaluated enforcement of booster seat law met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, but demonstrated no marked beneficial effect. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that interventions to increase use of booster seats among children age four to eight years are effective. Combining incentives (booster seat discount coupons or gift certificates) or distribution of free booster seats with education demonstrated marked beneficial outcomes for acquisition and use of booster seats for four to eight year olds. There is some evidence of beneficial effect of legislation on acquisition and use of booster seats but this was mainly from uncontrolled before-and-after studies, which did not meet the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Ehiri
- Department of Maternal & Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Ryals Building, Birmingham, Alabama 35249-0022, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ehiri JE, Ejere HOD, Magnussen L, Emusu D, King W, Osberg JS. Cochrane review: Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ebch.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Nzewi O, Slight RD, Zamvar V. Management of Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31:18-27. [PMID: 16226902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Blunt traumatic aortic transection (TAT) is an uncommon injury in clinical practice that is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The approach to patients with such an injury is controversial with specific regard to the most effective diagnostic tools, timing of surgical intervention and mechanisms of spinal cord protection. Chest X-ray with widening of the mediastinum is unreliable as a diagnostic tool. Contrast enhanced helical CT Scan has replaced the traditional angiography as the screening diagnostic tool of choice Emergency thoracotomy and repair should be reserved for the few patients with isolated TAT without any major concomitant injuries. Delayed management approach with aggressive blood pressure control and serial radiological monitoring is a safe and recommended option for those with severe concomitant injuries or other medical co-morbidity that puts surgery at high risk. Active augmentation of the distal perfusion pressure during cross clamp offers the best protection against development of paraplegia during open surgical repair. Endovascular stenting offers a minimally invasive method of treatment but the long-term durability of the endovascular stent is still unknown. We feel that the greater feasibility of the endovascular repair in the acute phase of the thoracic injury is an advantage over the open surgery and should be the treatment of choice in patients with severe concomitant injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Nzewi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taylor AJ, McGwin G, Sharp CE, Stone TL, Dyer-Smith J, Bindon MJ, Rue LW. Seatbelt use during pregnancy: a comparison of women in two prenatal care settings. Matern Child Health J 2005; 9:173-9. [PMID: 15965623 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-005-4906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines knowledge of proper automobile restraint use during pregnancy and attitudes toward restraint use. This manuscript, the second in a series, compares knowledge and attitudes in two populations of pregnant women, those receiving prenatal care at several county clinics and those receiving care in a private practice. METHODS A survey requesting demographic information and frequency and knowledge of proper automobile restraint use was administered during prenatal visits. RESULTS County clinic patients (n = 450, 70% black) were younger and less educated than private practice patients (n = 203, 75% non-Hispanic white). Fewer county patients (49%) always wore seatbelts prior to the pregnancy than private practice patients (88%). Correct use was reported by fewer county clinic patients (67%) than private practice patients (83%). Few (25-28%) in either setting reported receiving information on seatbelt use. CONCLUSIONS Despite existing knowledge with respect to the consequences of seatbelt non-use in pregnant women, the proportion of women receiving information about correct seatbelt use during pregnancy appears to be low, regardless of care source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Taylor
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Canicatti Galiano A, Martínez Fernández M, Palomino Bueno M, Grifo Peñuelas M, Sánchez Calderón M. Estudio sobre la seguridad infantil en el automóvil. Situación actual y perspectivas. Semergen 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1138-3593(05)72905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Buller DB, Andersen PA, Walkosz BJ, Scott MD, Cutter GR, Dignan MB, Voeks JH. The Prevalence and Predictors of Helmet Use by Skiers and Snowboarders at Ski Areas in Western North America in 2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 55:939-45. [PMID: 14608169 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000078694.53320.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helmets may protect the heads of skiers and snowboarders. The prevalence of helmet use by these groups was estimated. METHODS Helmet use was observed in face-to-face surveys (N = 2,978) on sun protection at 28 ski areas in Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and British Columbia (0.7% refusal rate) from January to April 2001. RESULTS Helmets were worn by 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0-13.3) of the sample. Use was highest among guests who skied or snowboarded more frequently (fourth quartile vs. first quartile, odds ratio [OR] = 11.998 [95% CI, 6.774-21.251]; third vs. first, OR = 5.556 [95% CI, 3.119-9.896]; second vs. first, OR = 2.186 [95% CI, 1.162-4.112]), were experts (OR = 3.326 [95% CI, 1.297-8.528]), used snowboards (OR = 2.301 [95% CI, 1.731-3.058]), and were more educated (college graduate, OR = 2.167 [95% CI, 1.271-3.695]; some college, OR = 1.969 [95% CI, 1.130-3.431]). CONCLUSION Helmet use was generally low but may be high enough by experts, snowboarders, and in the central Rocky Mountains to produce a norm stimulating further adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Buller
- The Cooper Institute, 14023 Denver West Parkway, Suite 100, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Kareem A. Review of global menace of road accidents with special reference to malaysia- a social perspective. Malays J Med Sci 2003; 10:31-9. [PMID: 23386795 PMCID: PMC3561885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Revised: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 05/20/2003] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Road accident is 'a global tragedy' with ever-rising trend. The goal of this article includes review of the causes and nature of accidents, statistical data regarding road accidents and the economical impact. 1.17 million deaths occur each year worldwide due to road accidents 70 % of which occur in developing countries. 65% of deaths involve pedestrians, 35 % of which are children. Estimates suggest that 23-34 million people are injured worldwide every year in road crashes - a value almost twice that previously estimated. It is estimated that more than 200 U.S. citizens die each year due to road accidents abroad. Every year in Europe, more than 50,000 peoples are killed in road accidents, and more than 150,000 remain disabled. It is a sad fact that the total number of road accidents in Malaysia exceeded 223,000 in 1999. On the average, 16 persons died from these road accidents, every single day in 1999. Lack of attention, reckless driving, lack of proper protection, speeding, bad personal habits, social and behavioral misconduct and inconsiderate drivers of larger vehicles are some of the problems that cause accidents. In Malaysia, motorcycle fatal accidents (60%) warrant a high degree of concern. Young children and senior citizens are found to be in the vulnerable age group. In Malaysia, in 1999 alone, general insurers paid RM1.67 billion or an average of RM4.6 million a day on motor claims. It is now recognized that road traffic accidents represent a major public health problem, because of the high number of victims involved and because of the seriousness of the consequences for themselves and for their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kareem
- Department of Radiology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lutz N, Arbogast KB, Cornejo RA, Winston FK, Durbin DR, Nance ML. Suboptimal restraint affects the pattern of abdominal injuries in children involved in motor vehicle crashes. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:919-23. [PMID: 12778394 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(03)00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both solid and hollow visceral abdominal injuries have been associated with the use of seat belts in children involved in motor vehicle crashes. The relationship between the types of restraint used and the pattern of abdominal injury is unknown. METHODS A probability sample of restrained children involved in crashes was enrolled in an ongoing crash surveillance system (1998 through 2002) linking insurance claims data to telephone survey and crash investigation data. Significant abdominal injuries were considered when the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score was > or =2 and were defined as hollow visceral (HV; intestine, bladder), or solid visceral (liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney). Restraint type was categorized as optimal restraint (OR) or suboptimal restraint (S-OR) based on the child's age and size. RESULTS For the 33 months of review, interviews were obtained for 13,558 restrained children aged 0 to 15 years, of which, 56% were OR (n = 7,591) and 44% were S-OR (n = 5,967). A significant abdominal injury was recorded in 78 children. A hollow visceral injury was recorded in 38 (9 OR and 29 S-OR), and a solid visceral injury in 32 (18 OR and 14 S-OR). Both hollow and solid visceral injuries were present in 8 children (2 OR and 6 S-OR). Suboptimally restrained children had a higher risk for hollow visceral injury when compared with optimally restrained children (Odds Ratio, 4.14 [95% Confidence Interval 1.33 to 13.22, P <.01]). CONCLUSIONS Among restrained children with intraabdominal injuries, those who were suboptimally restrained were 4 times more likely to have a hollow visceral than a solid visceral injury when compared with those who were optimally restrained. This suggests that the mechanism of injury for hollow viscus may be directly related to the improper positioning of the restraint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lutz
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|