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Mohamed Elfadil O, Patel J, Patel I, Ewy MW, Hurt RT, Mundi MS. Processed Foods - Getting Back to The Basics. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2021; 23:20. [PMID: 34643777 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-021-00828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Real-world data suggested that more than half of daily energy intake is coming from processed and ultra-processed foods in most western countries. This high consumption of processed foods is of concern, given laboratory and epidemiological studies' findings that prove overwhelming harms of processed foods on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Data demonstrate that consumption of processed foods is increasing with more reports linking ultra-processed foods to various medical conditions; namely, obesity, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Scientific community's understanding of the mechanisms and substances by which processed foods are affecting human health is expanding. Holistic approach to the current critical situation is advisable and requires collaborative public health strategies. The current review describes recent classification of processed foods and highlights the pertinent findings in the relationship between processed foods and health. It also outlines key clinical data relevant to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Mohamed Elfadil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jalpan Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ishani Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew W Ewy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan T Hurt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Pearce N, Vandenbroucke JP. Arguments about face masks and Covid-19 reflect broader methodologic debates within medical science. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:143-147. [PMID: 33725291 PMCID: PMC7961168 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has perhaps been no issue as contentious in Covid-19 as face masks. The most contentious scientific debate has been between those who argue that "there is no scientific evidence", by which they mean that there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs), versus those who argue that when the evidence is considered together, "the science supports that face coverings save lives". It used to be a 'given' that to decide whether a particular factor, either exogenous or endogenous, can cause a particular disease, and in what order of magnitude, one should consider all reasonably cogent evidence. This approach is being increasingly challenged, both scientifically and politically. The scientific challenge has come from methodologic views that focus on the randomized controlled trial (RCT) as the scientific gold standard, with priority being given, either to evidence from RCTs or to observational studies which closely mimic RCTs. The political challenge has come from various interests calling for the exclusion of epidemiological evidence from consideration by regulatory and advisory committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Pearce
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jan Paul Vandenbroucke
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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