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Correlation of CTSD, P63, and Ki67 Expressions with Risk Assessment of Oesophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5197471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Creatine kinase (CK), cathepsin D (CTSD), Ki67, and tumour protein 63 (p63) have been proven to participate in the growth of some cancers. However, available literature suggested paucity of data on their involvement in oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) development. Methods. We ascertained the presence of CK, CTSD, Ki67, and p63 expressions in ESCC to demonstrate the association between differentiation of ESCC and expressions of the abovementioned proteins. We collected related information on 48 patients prior to their division into well and poor differentiation groups, which were analysed retrospectively. Positive rates of protein expression were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. The proteins that were expressed positively in all the cases were selected. Comparison of the proteins within two groups was done to analyse the correlation between tumour differentiation and their expression. Results. We observed that CTSD, p63, and Ki67 were significantly and highly expressed in poorly differentiated patients with ESCC. Conclusions. This finding may suggest that the proteins were involved in ESCC progression, which may evidentially serve as potential markers of early identification and risk assessment of ESCC.
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Sheikh M, Roshandel G, McCormack V, Malekzadeh R. Current Status and Future Prospects for Esophageal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:765. [PMID: 36765722 PMCID: PMC9913274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the ninth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two main histological subtypes with distinct epidemiological and clinical features. While the global incidence of ESCC is declining, the incidence of EAC is increasing in many countries. Decades of epidemiologic research have identified distinct environmental exposures for ESCC and EAC subtypes. Recent advances in understanding the genomic aspects of EC have advanced our understanding of EC causes and led to using specific genomic alterations in EC tumors as biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the prognosis of EC is still poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 20%. Currently, there are significant challenges for early detection and secondary prevention for both ESCC and EAC subtypes, but Cytosponge™ is shifting this position for EAC. Primary prevention remains the preferred strategy for reducing the global burden of EC. In this review, we will summarize recent advances, current status, and future prospects of the studies related to epidemiology, time trends, environmental risk factors, prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment for both EC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sheikh
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49341-74515, Iran
| | - Valerie McCormack
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14117-13135, Iran
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Etiology, cancer stem cells and potential diagnostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 458:21-28. [PMID: 31125642 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) has been a leading cause of cancer death worldwide in part due to late detection and lack of precision treatment. EC includes two major malignancies, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Recent studies reveal that ESCC and EAC have distinct cell of origin and contain cancer stem cells (also known as tumor initiating cells) expressing different cell surface markers. These biomarkers have potentially important values for both early detection and finding effective therapy. In this review we summarize the updated findings for cell of origin and provide an overview of cancer cell biomarkers that have been tested for ESCC and EAC. In addition, we also discuss recent progress in the study of molecular mechanisms leading to these malignancies.
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Modifiable factors and esophageal cancer: a systematic review of published meta-analyses. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:37-51. [PMID: 28821981 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There are marked differences in the etiology of the major histological types of esophageal cancer (EC)-squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and adenocarcinomas (EAC). This study aimed to summarize the current scientific knowledge on modifiable risk factors for EC, by histological type, through a systematic review of meta-analyses referenced in PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge. We identified 100 meta-analyses on risk factors for ESCC (n = 54), EAC (n = 43), or EC (n = 51). ESCC risk significantly increased with alcohol and maté drinking, smoking, red and processed meat consumption and human papillomavirus infection, while it was negatively associated with body mass index and consumption of fruit, vegetables, white meat, folate, and some carotenoids. Cessation of drinking and smoking significantly reduced ESCC risk. For EAC, an increased risk was reported for smoking, body mass index, and red and processed meat consumption, while risk decreased with Helicobacter pylori infection, low/moderate alcohol drinking, physical activity, and consumption of fruit, vegetables, folate, fiber, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. Differences in results between meta-analyses and mechanisms underlying some of the associations found are discussed. This work reinforces the importance of a separate assessment of EC subtypes to allow for a proper evaluation of incidence trends and planning of prevention/control interventions.
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Tai WP, Nie GJ, Chen MJ, Yaz TY, Guli A, Wuxur A, Huang QQ, Lin ZG, Wu J. Hot food and beverage consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A case-control study in a northwest area in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9325. [PMID: 29390400 PMCID: PMC5815812 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was trying to investigate the association of hot food and beverage consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Hotan, a northwest area of China with high risk of esophageal squmous cell carcinoma. METHODS A population-based case-control study was designed. For the study, 167 patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were selected from Hotan during 2014 to 2015, and 167 community-based controls were selected from the same area, matched with age and sex. Information involved of temperature of food and beverage intake was obtained by face-to-face interview. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between temperature of food and beverage intake and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS The temperature of the food and beverage consumed by the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly higher than the controls. High temperature of tea, water, and food intake significantly increased the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by more than 2-fold, with adjusted odds ratio 2.23 (1.45-2.90), 2.13 (1.53-2.66), and 2.98 (1.89-4.12). CONCLUSIONS Intake of food and beverage with high temperature was positively associated with the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Tai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo-Ji Nie
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Meng-Jie Chen
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tajigul Yiminni Yaz
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Arzi Guli
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Arzigul Wuxur
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qing-Qing Huang
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Lin
- The Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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She Y, Nong X, Zhang M, Wang M. Epstein-Barr virus infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186860. [PMID: 29065191 PMCID: PMC5655447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evidence for association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is inconsistent in the literature. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to clarify this association. Methods A literature search was conducted in electronic databases for English- and Chinese-language publications until March 31, 2017 to include eligible case-control studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated to determine the association between EBV infection and OSCC risk using a fixed- or random-effects model based on heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot analysis. Results A total of 13 case-control studies with 686 OSCC patients and 433 controls were included based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled OR with 95% CI between EBV infection and OSCC risk was 5.03 (1.80–14.01) with significant heterogeneity observed (I2 = 87%). The subgroup analysis indicates that the year of publication, study location, economic level, sample size, tissue type, detection method and marker, control type, and language might explain potential sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was not observed, and sensitivity analysis showed stable results. Conclusions The results of the current meta-analysis suggest that EBV infection is statistically associated with increased risk of OSCC. However, additional high-quality studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further confirm the relationship between EBV and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang She
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Nong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Yang CS, Chen X, Tu S. Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2016; 3:3-16. [PMID: 27722152 DOI: 10.1159/000443155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recently, great progress has been made in research on the etiology and prevention of EC. SUMMARY The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. Dietary parameters, including dietary carcinogens and insufficiency of micronutrients, could also be important risk factors in certain areas. A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. With improvements in diet and drinking water in developing countries, the incidence of ESCC decreased. However, in economically well-developed countries, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has markedly increased in the past 40 years. The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). In certain areas of China, the occurrence of GCA is closely related to ESCC. Susceptibility genes for EC are starting to be discovered, and this may help to identify high-risk groups that have more need for preventive measures. Mitigation of the risk factors, early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions are effective approaches for prevention. Smoking cessation, avoidance of excessive alcohol, meat and caloric consumption, increasing physical activity and frequent consumption of vegetables and fruits are prudent lifestyle modifications for the prevention of EC as well as other diseases. KEY MESSAGE The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, N.J, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, N.C, USA; Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - Shuiping Tu
- Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Türkay DÖ, Vural Ç, Sayan M, Gürbüz Y. Detection of human papillomavirus in esophageal and gastroesophageal junction tumors: A retrospective study by real-time polymerase chain reaction in an instutional experience from Turkey and review of literature. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 212:77-82. [PMID: 26608416 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a poor-prognosis malignancy that ranks eighth among all cancer types, and its prevalence shows differences among geographical regions. Although the most important risk factors for esophageal carcinoma are alcohol and smoking, viral infections, particularly HPV infection, are also considered among etiological agents. Our study aims to detect the presence of HPV in esophageal cancers in our patient population and to investigate its correlation with clinico-pathological parameters. We investigated the presence of HPV-DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in a total of 52 patients with esophageal cancer. Subtype analysis was performed in positive cases and was correlated with selected clinico-pathological parameters. Five (9.6%) of 52 tumor samples, 3 squamous cell carcinomas (3/33 cases) and 2 adenocarcinomas (2/19 cases), were HPV-DNA-positive. Subtype analysis could be performed in four HPV-DNA-positive cases, of which three were HPV type-39 and 1 was type-16. The Marmara region, where the present study was carried out, is a region with low-moderate risk for esophageal cancer, and the prevalence of HPV-DNA in these tumors is similar to the prevalence of HPV-DNA reported in the literature for regions with similar risk. In conclusion, we detected HPV DNA in a subset of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction tumors. HPV infection may have a role in esophageal carcinogenesis and high-risk HPV subtypes can particularly be considered among risk factors since the prevalence of high risk HPV infection has also been found to be increased in regions with a high risk for esophageal cancer compared to low-moderate risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Düriye Özer Türkay
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Numune Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Vural
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Murat Sayan
- Kocaeli University Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, PCR Unit, Kocaeli, Turkey; Near East University, Research Center of Experimental Health Sciences, Nicasia, Northern Cyprus
| | - Yeşim Gürbüz
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Dong HC, Cui XB, Wang LH, Li M, Shen YY, Zhu JB, Li CF, Hu JM, Li SG, Yang L, Zhang WJ, Chen YZ, Li F. Type-specific detection of human papillomaviruses in Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by genotyping both E6 and L1 genes with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:13156-13165. [PMID: 26722514 PMCID: PMC4680459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have suggested a relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, findings are inconclusive, potentially because of geographic heterogeneity and variations in detection methods. OBJECTIVES We sought to further investigate the prevalence of HPV with a new detection method, the MassARRAY Sequenom technique, in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas occurring in patients belonging to Kazakh populations in Xinjiang, China. STUDY DESIGN In the present study, a novel genotyping method for detecting 30 HPV genotypes, specifically by genotyping both the HPV E6 and L1 genes with multiplex PCR using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (PCR-MS) was first adopted to evaluate HPV genotypes in 89 esophageal cancer samples and 49 matched adjacent normal esophageal tissues. RESULTS Six HPV genotypes (HPV6, HPV16, HPV33, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV82) were present in at least 51.7% of the esophageal carcinoma tissues, which was significantly greater than 28.6% prevalence among controls (P < 0.05). HPV16 was the most common of all the genotypes investigated (HPV16 prevalence in carcinoma tissue: 49.4%; odds ratio 3.02, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.53). HPV-positive ESCC patients were generally younger than HPV-negative patients (P = 0.04). In addition, HPV infection was more common in cases of well-differentiated and shallower invasive depth. CONCLUSIONS Based on this new detection method, our findings reiterate the possibility that HPV infection (especially HPV16) may be involved in the etiology of esophageal carcinoma in the Kazakh populations and that HPV E6 gene positivity may be associated with prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Dong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang-Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yao-Yuan Shen
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng-Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shu-Gang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Medicine and Health Management Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Yu S, Yang CS, Li J, You W, Chen J, Cao Y, Dong Z, Qiao Y. Cancer Prevention Research in China. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:662-74. [PMID: 26076697 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States and some European countries have started to decrease, those in developing countries are increasing. China, the most populous developing country, is facing a serious challenge from cancer. Cancer incidence has been increasing for decades, and cancer is the leading cause of death in China. In 2012, the cancer incidence was 174.0 per 100,000, and the cancer mortality was 122.2 per 100,000 in China. In addition to the still-prevalent traditional Chinese cancers of the stomach, liver, esophagus, cervix, and nasopharynx, the incidence of "Western" cancers such those of the lung, breast, and colorectum has increased alarmingly in recent years. These increases are likely due to the lifestyle and environmental changes associated with rapid economic development and population aging. More importantly, a large portion of these cancers are preventable. Researchers in China have made important contributions to cancer prevention research, especially in the traditional Chinese cancers. More cancer prevention research and measures, especially on the major emerging cancers, are urgently needed. This review article highlights some of the past achievements and present needs in cancer prevention research in China and suggests important areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Junyao Li
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng You
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Nantong University Liver Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Youlin Qiao
- National Cancer Center and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kayamba V, Bateman AC, Asombang AW, Shibemba A, Zyambo K, Banda T, Soko R, Kelly P. HIV infection and domestic smoke exposure, but not human papillomavirus, are risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Zambia: a case-control study. Cancer Med 2015; 4:588-95. [PMID: 25641622 PMCID: PMC4402073 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that esophageal cancer occurs in younger adults in sub-Saharan Africa than in Europe or North America. The burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also high in this region. We postulated that HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections might contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) risk. This was a case–control study based at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Cases were patients with confirmed OSCC and controls had completely normal upper endoscopic evaluations. A total of 222 patients were included to analyze the influence of HIV infection; of these, 100 patients were used to analyze the influence of HPV infection, alcohol, smoking, and exposure to wood smoke. The presence of HIV infection was determined using antibody kits, and HPV infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction. HIV infection on its own conferred increased risk of developing OSCC (odds ratio [OR] 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–5.1; P = 0.03). The OR was stronger when only people under 60 years were included (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.5–13.2; P = 0.003). Cooking with charcoal or firewood, and cigarette smoking, both increased the odds of developing OSCC ([OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4–9.3; P = 0.004] and [OR 9.1; 95% CI 3.0–30.4; P < 0.001], respectively). There was no significant difference in HPV detection or alcohol intake between cases and controls. We conclude that HIV infection and exposure to domestic and cigarette smoke are risk factors for OSCC, and HPV immunization unlikely to reduce OSCC incidence in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Kayamba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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