1
|
Golden DBK, Wang J, Waserman S, Akin C, Campbell RL, Ellis AK, Greenhawt M, Lang DM, Ledford DK, Lieberman J, Oppenheimer J, Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Abrams EM, Bernstein JA, Chu DK, Horner CC, Rank MA, Stukus DR, Burrows AG, Cruickshank H, Golden DBK, Wang J, Akin C, Campbell RL, Ellis AK, Greenhawt M, Lang DM, Ledford DK, Lieberman J, Oppenheimer J, Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Waserman S, Abrams EM, Bernstein JA, Chu DK, Ellis AK, Golden DBK, Greenhawt M, Horner CC, Ledford DK, Lieberman J, Rank MA, Shaker MS, Stukus DR, Wang J. Anaphylaxis: A 2023 practice parameter update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:124-176. [PMID: 38108678 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This practice parameter update focuses on 7 areas in which there are new evidence and new recommendations. Diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis have been revised, and patterns of anaphylaxis are defined. Measurement of serum tryptase is important for diagnosis of anaphylaxis and to identify underlying mast cell disorders. In infants and toddlers, age-specific symptoms may differ from older children and adults, patient age is not correlated with reaction severity, and anaphylaxis is unlikely to be the initial reaction to an allergen on first exposure. Different community settings for anaphylaxis require specific measures for prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis. Optimal prescribing and use of epinephrine autoinjector devices require specific counseling and training of patients and caregivers, including when and how to administer the epinephrine autoinjector and whether and when to call 911. If epinephrine is used promptly, immediate activation of emergency medical services may not be required if the patient experiences a prompt, complete, and durable response. For most medical indications, the risk of stopping or changing beta-blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor medication may exceed the risk of more severe anaphylaxis if the medication is continued, especially in patients with insect sting anaphylaxis. Evaluation for mastocytosis, including a bone marrow biopsy, should be considered for adult patients with severe insect sting anaphylaxis or recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis. After perioperative anaphylaxis, repeat anesthesia may proceed in the context of shared decision-making and based on the history and results of diagnostic evaluation with skin tests or in vitro tests when available, and supervised challenge when necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Susan Waserman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronna L Campbell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - David M Lang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dennis K Ledford
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, Florida; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jay Lieberman
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Oppenheimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Marcus S Shaker
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire; Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Elissa M Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Bernstein Allergy Group and Bernstein Clinical Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Derek K Chu
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Caroline C Horner
- Division of Allergy & Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew A Rank
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona and Phoenix Children's Hospital, Scottsdale and Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David R Stukus
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alyssa G Burrows
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Heather Cruickshank
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Julie Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronna L Campbell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - David M Lang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dennis K Ledford
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, Florida; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jay Lieberman
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Oppenheimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Marcus S Shaker
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire; Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Susan Waserman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Elissa M Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Bernstein Allergy Group and Bernstein Clinical Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Derek K Chu
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Caroline C Horner
- Division of Allergy & Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dennis K Ledford
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, Florida; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jay Lieberman
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew A Rank
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona and Phoenix Children's Hospital, Scottsdale and Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marcus S Shaker
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire; Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - David R Stukus
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Immediate Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Australian Pharmacies: A Retrospective Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122041. [PMID: 36560451 PMCID: PMC9787804 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four COVID-19 vaccines are approved for use in Australia: Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (Comirnaty), AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (Vaxzevria), Moderna mRNA-1273 (Spikevax), and Novavax NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid). We sought to examine the type and management of immediate adverse events following immunisation (I-AEFI) after COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS Retrospective review of I-AEFI recorded between July 2021 and June 2022 in 314 community pharmacies in Australia. RESULTS I-AEFI were recorded in 0.05% (n = 526/977,559) of all COVID-19 vaccinations (highest: AstraZeneca (n = 173/161,857; 0.11%); lowest: Pfizer (n = 50/258,606; 0.02%)). The most common reactions were: (1) syncope, after the first dose of AstraZeneca (n = 105/67,907; 0.15%), Moderna (n = 156/108,339; 0.14%), and Pfizer (n = 22/16,287; 0.14%); and (2) Nausea/vomiting after the first dose of Pfizer (n = 9/16,287; 0.06%), Moderna (n = 55/108,339; 0.05%), and AstraZeneca (n = 31/67,907; 0.05%) vaccines. A total of 23 anaphylactic reactions were recorded (n = 23/977,559; 0.002%), and 59 additional I-AEFI were identified using MedDRA® terminology. Pharmacists primarily managed syncope by laying the patient down (n = 227/342; 66.4%); nausea/vomiting was managed primarily by laying the patient down (n = 62/126; 49.2%), giving water (n = 38/126; 30.2%), or monitoring in the pharmacy (n = 29/126; 23.0%); anaphylactic reaction was treated with adrenaline (n = 18/23; 78.3%) and n = 13/23 (56.5%) anaphylactic reactions were treated with the combination of: administered adrenaline, called ambulance, and laid patient down. CONCLUSION The most commonly recorded I-AEFI was syncope after COVID-19 vaccination in pharmacy; I-AEFI are similar to those previously reported. Pharmacists identified and managed serious and non-serious I-AEFI appropriately and comprehensively.
Collapse
|
4
|
Soubra R, Hlais S, Houmani N, Ghandour L, El Haj Hassan R, Joujou M, Shaarani I. Health seeking behaviour among Lebanese population: A highlight on seeking care from pharmacists. Eur J Gen Pract 2021; 27:51-59. [PMID: 33944640 PMCID: PMC8816400 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2021.1917541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding health-seeking behaviour could significantly reduce the impact of illness on patients’ lives. Fragmentation of the Lebanese healthcare system and presence of variability in socio-economic factors have affected some aspects of the Lebanese population’s overall health seeking behaviour. One of these aspects is seeking diagnosis from pharmacists, which is prohibited by the Lebanese law but reinforced by the absence of supervision of concerned authorities. Objectives This study aimed to assess the Lebanese population’s knowledge, attitude, and practice towards seeking health care from pharmacists, exploring particularly the practice of seeking diagnosis from pharmacists. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying a convenient sample of 493 participants across the eight governorates of Lebanon between July and October 2016. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Questions assessed the health care seeking behaviour of the participants. Results Two-thirds of the study participants (63.9%) did not have a general practitioner whom they visit regularly. Nearly half of the participants (48.9%) reported seeking diagnosis from pharmacists. Noteworthy, seeking diagnosis from pharmacists’ behaviour declined significantly with having a general practitioner visited regularly. More than half of participants (59.5%) believed that dealing with emergencies is among the pharmacists’ duties. In addition, 62.8% perceived that pharmacists are ‘often/always’ capable of managing common complaints. Conclusion Our study showed that a significant proportion of the Lebanese population seek a diagnosis from pharmacists and a significant proportion of them have a misconception about the role of pharmacists in the Lebanese healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Soubra
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sani Hlais
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Houmani
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Ghandour
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mohammed Joujou
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Issam Shaarani
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Björnsdottir I, Granas AG, Bradley A, Norris P. A systematic review of the use of simulated patient methodology in pharmacy practice research from 2006 to 2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2019; 28:13-25. [PMID: 31397533 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simulated patient (SP) methodology (mystery shopping) is used increasingly to assess quality of pharmacy services, and evaluate impact of interventions. Our objective was to review papers reporting on the use of SP methodology in pharmacy practice research 2006-2016 in community pharmacies worldwide. METHODS We searched EMBASE and MEDLINE for papers reporting on the use of mystery shopping in pharmacy settings, using a wide range of terms for SPs, based on previous review. We removed irrelevant papers, duplicates, papers not written in English, and review papers and reviewed remaining papers. Two reviewers carried out data abstraction, using the same tool as the previous review and inserting data into Excel, focusing on how the SP methodology is used. KEY FINDINGS A total of 148 papers from 52 countries from all regions of the world were included in the review. A wide range of terms described the method, and simulated patient was the most common (49 papers). Most studies were cross-sectional (124), and most investigated only community pharmacies (115). The most common aim was to evaluate some aspect of pharmacists' or other staff's advice and counselling (94). Number of visits is 2-7785. Many papers did not cover details, such as number of visits planned, and carried out, scenario used, training and background of SPs, and ethical approval for the study. CONCLUSIONS The use of SP methodology has increased substantially in the field of pharmacy over the past decade. This is a useful method in a wide range of countries and settings. Greater detail is required in reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Bradley
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Norris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Watkins K, Trevenen M, Murray K, Kendall PA, Schneider CR, Clifford R. Implementation of asthma guidelines to West Australian community pharmacies: an exploratory, quasi-experimental study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012369. [PMID: 27580836 PMCID: PMC5013480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmacy assistants are often the first point of contact for patients presenting in community pharmacies. The current role of pharmacy assistants in the supply of asthma-reliever medications (short-acting β-agonists) was identified as a barrier to appropriate guideline-based care. The aim of this research was to devise and evaluate a team-based intervention to formalise the role of pharmacy assistants and to improve asthma guideline-based care in community pharmacy. DESIGN A controlled pre-post intervention study was conducted in 336 metropolitan pharmacies located in Perth, Western Australia. Pharmacies were stratified into 2 groups (187 intervention and 149 control) based on known confounders for asthma control. The intervention was designed using a common-sense approach and resources developed included a checklist, videos and web page. Delivery was via workshops (25 pharmacies) or academic detailing (162 pharmacies). Pharmacy practice was assessed preintervention and postintervention via covert simulated patient methodology. Primary outcome measures included patient medical referral, device use demonstration and counselling, internal referral and/or direct involvement of a pharmacist in consultations. RESULTS There was a significant increase in patient medical referral in intervention pharmacies from 32% to 47% (p=0.0007) from preintervention to postintervention, while control pharmacies showed a non-significant decrease from 50% to 44% (p=0.22). Device counselling was not routinely carried out at any stage or in any cohort of this research and no significant changes in internal referral were observed. CONCLUSIONS Increases in medical referral indicate that asthma guideline compliance can be improved in community pharmacy if implementation employs a team-based approach and involves pharmacy assistants. However, results were variable and the intervention did not improve practice related to device counselling or internal referral/pharmacist involvement. Undertaking more workshops may have improved results. Guideline implementation in community pharmacy should consider the role of pharmacy assistants and how to overcome logistical barriers to pharmacy participation in implementation activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Watkins
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michelle Trevenen
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter A Kendall
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Carl R Schneider
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rhonda Clifford
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salter SM, Loh R, Sanfilippo FM, Clifford RM. Demonstration of epinephrine autoinjectors (EpiPen and Anapen) by pharmacists in a randomised, simulated patient assessment: acceptable, but room for improvement. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 10:49. [PMID: 25264449 PMCID: PMC4177155 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful treatment of anaphylaxis in the community relies on early and correct use of epinephrine autoinjectors. Community pharmacists supply these devices and have a crucial role teaching patients how to use them. Supply of epinephrine autoinjectors in Australia increased 70-fold in the past decade. New EpiPen and Anapen autoinjectors were launched in Australia in 2011 and 2012, with the potential to cause confusion. However there is no information about how pharmacists demonstrate epinephrine autoinjectors to patients. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess real-world community pharmacist demonstrations of EpiPen and Anapen. We also sought to identify consultation-based predictors of accurate demonstration. METHODS Demonstration accuracy was assessed in simulated patient visits to 300 randomly selected pharmacies. Pharmacists were asked by the simulated patient how to use original EpiPen, new-look EpiPen or Anapen, and assessed against the relevant Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) Action Plan for Anaphylaxis. Other anaphylaxis advice provided by the pharmacist was also recorded. Accuracy was analysed descriptively. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of accurate demonstration. RESULTS All 300 pharmacies were visited. Of 250 pharmacist demonstrations, 46 (18.4%) accurately demonstrated all four steps on ASCIA Action Plan. Failure to state 'do not touch the needle' (74.8%) or 'massage injection site' (68.8%) reduced accuracy. However 163 (65.2%) accurately demonstrated the three steps required to inject epinephrine (no difference by device, p = 0.15). Associations with accurate demonstration were: checking if the patient had an anaphylaxis action plan (odds ratio, OR = 16.1; 95% CI: 3.86-67.3); stating to call an ambulance after use (OR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.44-11.1); or explaining side effects of epinephrine (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.48-13.4). CONCLUSIONS It is critical that anaphylaxis patients know how to use their prescribed epinephrine autoinjector correctly. Pharmacists have acceptable rates of EpiPen and Anapen demonstration accuracy, although more is needed to improve this. Those who pay attention to the need for action plans, emergency care after epinephrine use, and informing patients about the side effects of epinephrine may have better knowledge about anaphylaxis, and in turn significantly improve demonstration accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Salter
- />Pharmacy Program, Centre for Optimization of Medicines, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, M315, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Richard Loh
- />The Australasian Society of Clinical Allergy and Immunology (ASCIA), Sydney, NSW Australia
- />School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Frank M Sanfilippo
- />School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Rhonda M Clifford
- />Pharmacy Program, Centre for Optimization of Medicines, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, M315, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| |
Collapse
|