Trends in the supply of California's emergency departments and inpatient services, 2005-2014: a retrospective analysis

Applying health-six-sigma principles helps reducing the variability of length of stay in the emergency department

BACKGROUND

Reducing length of stay (LOS) is one of the urgent problems in healthcare systems worldwide. Popular methods that are used to reduce LOS are the Lean and the 6 Sigma, which in practice result in limited improvements. In this paper, we introduce and test a tailored method for implementing the 6 Sigma principles in healthcare (we call H-6S).

OBJECTIVE

To reduce the variability in the time between admission and discharge of patients in the emergency department.

METHODS

The study took place within the emergency department (ED) of Josephtal Medical Center in Eilat, Israel. Our analysis focused on the processes of examining and treating patients from admission to ED until discharge home. The analysis was done during the second quarter of 2018. The implementation of the recommendations took place during Q3 2018. The reported results are from Q3 2018 to Q2 2019, compared to the corresponding period in 2017 (experienced team).

RESULTS

In Q2 2017, LOS was 2.42 ± 2.07 h (experienced team, n = 9928). In Q2 2018, the LOS was 2.62 ± 7.04 h (before the H-6S, inexperienced team, n = 9484). In Q2 2019 following the intervention, it reached 2.3 ± 1.74 h (n = 7647). The differences between the standard deviations of the three periods are significant.

CONCLUSION

Implementing H-6S dropped the variance of LOS within 3 months and remained low for the whole year. Each new team of physicians who enter the ED should be thoroughly instructed as to the routines and expectations of the system from them, which should narrow the differences of previous education between them.

Efficiency and Teamwork in Emergency Departments: Perception of Staff on Design Interventions

OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study is twofold: (1) identifying design strategies that enhance efficiency and support teamwork in emergency departments (EDs) and (2) identifying design features that contribute to the spread of COVID-19, based on staff perception.

BACKGROUND

Due to increasing ED visits annually, an efficient work environment has become one of the main concerns in designing EDs. According to the literature, an efficient work environment and teamwork improve healthcare outcomes and positively impact staff satisfaction. During the COVID-19 pandemic, EDs faced various changes such as workflow and space usage. Few studies explored staff perceptions about the influence of design features on efficiency, teamwork, and the COVID-19 spread.

METHOD

An online survey with 14 open- and closed-ended questions was distributed among ED staff members to collect data about unit design features that impact efficiency, teamwork, and the COVID-19 spread.

RESULTS

The central nursing station was one of the preferred configurations that increased efficiency and teamwork in EDs. Decentralizing disposal rooms in small-size EDs and decentralizing the medication room in large-size EDs with more than 65 exam rooms can decrease staff walking steps. Flexibility to expand treatment spaces on demand, one-way track circulation path, and changing the air pressure in COVID-19 treatment areas were some of the staff suggestions for future EDs.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge that EDs' physical environments can impact efficiency and teamwork among staff and, consequently, healthcare outcomes. Compartmentalization of the ED layout can reduce the spread of COVID-19.

Emergency Department Closures And Openings: Spillover Effects On Patient Outcomes In Bystander Hospitals

High-occupancy hospitals may be sensitive to neighboring emergency department (ED) closures and openings, as they already operate at or near capacity. We conducted a retrospective analysis using data for the period 2001-13 to examine outcomes of and treatment received by patients with acute myocardial infarction at so-called bystander EDs that had been exposed to nearby ED closures or openings. We used changes in driving time between an ED and the next-closest one as a proxy for a closure or opening: If driving time increased, for instance, it meant that a nearby ED had closed. When a high-occupancy ED was exposed to a closure that resulted in increased driving time of thirty minutes or more to the next-closest ED, one-year mortality and thirty-day readmission rates increased by 2.39 and 2.00 percentage points, respectively, while the likelihood of receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) declined by 2.06 percentage points. Exposure to ED openings that resulted in decreased driving times of thirty minutes or more was associated with reductions in thirty-day mortality at bystander hospitals and an increased likelihood of receiving PCI. Our findings suggest that limited resources at high-occupancy bystander hospitals make them sensitive to changes in the availability of emergency care in neighboring communities.

Patient Characteristics and Causes of Facial Fractures in the State of California

PURPOSE

Each year, more than 400,000 emergency department (ED) visits in the United States are due to facial fractures. To inform targeted interventions to prevent facial fractures, the purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with causes of facial fractures in California.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The 2005 to 2011 California State Emergency Department Database was used for this cross-sectional study. The study population was composed of all ED visits for facial fractures. The primary outcome was cause of injury: fall, firearm injury, motor vehicle traffic accident, pedal cycle accident, pedestrian accident, transport accident, and assault. Predictor variables included patient characteristics, such as age, gender, insurance type, and race and ethnicity. Multivariable logistic regression models were used.

RESULTS

There were 198,870 ED visits for facial fractures from 2005 to 2011. The patients' average age was 35.7 years. Most ED visits were by male patients (71%), privately insured patients (35%), and white patients (52%). Approximately 65% of visits were on weekdays and 93% were routinely discharged. Closed fractures of nasal bones, other facial bones, orbital floor, malar and maxillary bones, and mandible were the most prevalent (91%) facial fractures. Assaults (44%), falls (24%), and motor vehicle traffic crashes (6%) were the top 3 causes of facial fractures. Elderly patients (odds ratio [OR] = 6.17), female patients (OR = 2.25), and Medicare enrollees (OR = 1.51) were statistically more likely to have fall-related fractures than patients 45 to 64 years old, male patients, and privately insured patients. Blacks (OR = 0.46) and micropolitan residents (OR = 0.76) were statistically less likely to have fall-related fractures than whites and metropolitan residents.

CONCLUSIONS

Violence among youth and falls among the elderly are predominant causes of facial fractures. The uninsured contribute to more than one fourth of ED visits for facial fractures. Interventions targeted at these population groups can curb the prevalence of these fractures.