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De Backer K, Rayment-Jones H, Montgomery E, Easter A. Separation at birth due to safeguarding concerns: Using reproductive justice theory to re-think the role of midwives. Birth 2024. [PMID: 38837435 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Separation at birth due to safeguarding concerns is a deeply distressing and impactful event, with numbers rising across the world, and has devastating outcomes for birth mothers and their children. It is one of the most challenging aspects of contemporary midwifery practice in high-income countries, although rarely discussed and reflected on during pre- and post-registration midwifery training. Ethnic and racial disparities are prevalent both in child protection and maternity services and can be explained through an intersectional lens, accounting for biases based on race, gender, class, and societal beliefs around motherhood. With this paper, we aim to contribute to the growing body of critical midwifery studies and re-think the role of midwives in this context. Building on principles of reproductive justice theory, Intersectionality, and Standpoint Midwifery, we argue that midwives play a unique role when supporting women who go through child protection processes and should pursue a shift from passive bystander to active upstander to improve care for this group of mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat De Backer
- Department of Women & Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hannah Rayment-Jones
- Department of Women & Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elsa Montgomery
- Division of Methodologies, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Easter
- Department of Women & Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Cavallaro F, Clery A, Gilbert R, van der Meulen J, Kendall S, Kennedy E, Phillips C, Harron K. Evaluating the real-world implementation of the Family Nurse Partnership in England: a data linkage study. HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE DELIVERY RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-223. [PMID: 38784984 DOI: 10.3310/bvdw6447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background/objectives The Family Nurse Partnership is an intensive home visiting programme for adolescent mothers. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Family Nurse Partnership on outcomes up to age 7 using national administrative data. Design We created a linked cohort of all mothers aged 13-19 using data from health, educational and children's social care and defined mothers enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership or not using Family Nurse Partnership system data. Propensity scores were used to create matched groups for analysis. Setting One hundred and thirty-six local authorities in England with active Family Nurse Partnership sites between 2010 and 2017. Participants Mothers aged 13-19 at last menstrual period with live births between April 2010 and March 2019, living in a Family Nurse Partnership catchment area and their firstborn child(ren). Interventions The Family Nurse Partnership includes up to 64 home visits by a family nurse from early pregnancy until the child's second birthday and is combined with usual health and social care. Controls received usual health and social care. Main outcome measures Indicators of child maltreatment (hospital admissions for injury/maltreatment, referral to social care services); child health and development (hospital utilisation and education) outcomes and maternal hospital utilisation and educational outcomes up to 7 years following birth. Data sources Family Nurse Partnership Information System, Hospital Episode Statistics, National Pupil Database. Results Of 110,520 eligible mothers, 25,680 (23.2%) were enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership. Enrolment rates varied across 122 sites (range: 11-68%). Areas with more eligible mothers had lower enrolment rates. Enrolment was higher among mothers aged 13-15 (52%), than 18-19 year-olds (21%). Indicators of child maltreatment: we found no evidence of an association between the Family Nurse Partnership and indicators of child maltreatment, except for an increased rate of unplanned admissions for maltreatment/injury-related diagnoses up to age 2 for children born to Family Nurse Partnership mothers (6.6% vs. 5.7%, relative risk 1.15; 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.24). Child health and developmental outcomes: there was weak evidence that children born to Family Nurse Partnership mothers were more likely to achieve a Good Level of Development at age 5 (57.5% vs. 55.4%, relative risk 1.05; 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.09). Maternal outcomes: There was some evidence that Family Nurse Partnership mothers were less likely to have a subsequent delivery within 18 months of the index birth (8.4% vs. 9.3%, relative risk 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 0.97). Younger and more vulnerable mothers received higher numbers of visits and were more likely to achieve fidelity targets. Meeting the fidelity targets was associated with some outcomes. Limitations Bias by indication and variation in the intervention and usual care over time and between areas may have limited our ability to detect effects. Multiple testing may have led to spurious, significant results. Conclusions This study supports findings from evaluations of the Family Nurse Partnership showing no evidence of benefit for maltreatment outcomes measured in administrative data. Amongst all the outcomes measured, we found weak evidence that the Family Nurse Partnership was associated with improvements in child development at school entry, a reduction in rapid repeat pregnancies and evidence of increased healthcare-seeking in the mother and child. Future work Future evaluations should capture better measures of Family Nurse Partnership interventions and usual care, more information on maternal risk factors and additional outcomes relating to maternal well-being. Study registration The study is registered as NIHR CRN Portfolio (42900). Funding This award was funded by the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/99/19) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 11. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Clery
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sally Kendall
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Eilis Kennedy
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Eilis Kennedy, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Phillips
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Katie Harron
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Grant C, Radley J, Philip G, Lacey R, Blackburn R, Powell C, Woodman J. Parental health in the context of public family care proceedings: A scoping review of evidence and interventions. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106160. [PMID: 37023580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child protective services (CPS), or their equivalent, have statutory power to remove children from birth parents in instances of child abuse, neglect, or concerns around parenting capacity via public family care proceedings. Parents who have children subject to proceedings, 'birth parents', often have complex health and social care needs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review what is known about the health needs of birth parents and the interventions implemented to support these health needs. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, and grey literature using a systematic strategy of key concepts "health", "care proceedings", and "parents". We included all publications in English that reported parental health in the context of care proceedings from the 1st of January 2000 to the 1st of March 2021. RESULTS Included studies (n = 61) reported on maternal health (57 %) or the health of both parents (40 %), with only one study reporting on fathers alone. We conceptually categorised parental health need (n = 41) into i) mental health, ii) physical health, iii) substance misuse, iv) developmental disorders, and v) reproductive health. Health inequities and poor access to services were described across all categories, with longstanding issues often pre-dating proceedings or the child's birth. All interventions supporting parental health (n = 20) were targeted at mothers, with some supporting fathers (n = 8), formally or informally. We grouped similar interventions into three types: alternative family courts, wrap-around services, and specialist advocacy/peer support. CONCLUSIONS Parents who have children subject to care proceedings have complex health needs that pre-date CPS concerns. The studies included in our review strongly suggest that health issues are exacerbated by child removal, triggering deteriorations in mental health, poor antenatal health for subsequent pregnancies, and avoidable mortality. Findings highlight the need for targeted and timely intervention for parents to improve whole-family outcomes. There are models that have been designed, implemented, and tested using relationship-based, trauma-informed, multidisciplinary, family-focused, and long-term approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Grant
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
| | - Jessica Radley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Georgia Philip
- Centre for Research on Children & Families, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rebecca Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Ruth Blackburn
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Powell
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Woodman
- Thomas Coram Research Unit, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
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Cavallaro FL, Gilbert R, Wijlaars LP, Kennedy E, Howarth E, Kendall S, van der Meulen J, Calin MA, Reed L, Harron K. Characteristics of enrolment in an intensive home-visiting programme among eligible first-time adolescent mothers in England: a linked administrative data cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:991-998. [PMID: 36198485 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive home visiting for adolescent mothers may help reduce health disparities. Given limited resources, such interventions need to be effectively targeted. We evaluated which mothers were enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP), an intensive home-visiting service for first-time young mothers commissioned in >130 local authorities in England since 2007. METHODS We created a population-based cohort of first-time mothers aged 13-19 years giving birth in English National Health Service hospitals between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2017, using administrative hospital data linked with FNP programme, educational and social care data. Mothers living in a local authority with an active FNP site were eligible. We described variation in enrolment rates across sites, and identified maternal and FNP site characteristics associated with enrolment. RESULTS Of 110 520 eligible mothers, 25 680 (23.2% (95% CI: 23.0% to 23.5%)) were enrolled. Enrolment rates varied substantially across 122 sites (range: 11%-68%), and areas with greater numbers of first-time adolescent mothers achieved lower enrolment rates. Mothers aged 13-15 years were most likely to be enrolled (52%). However, only 26% of adolescent mothers with markers of vulnerability (including living in the most deprived areas and ever having been looked after as a child) were enrolled. CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of first-time adolescent mothers with vulnerability markers were not enrolled in FNP. Variation in enrolment across sites indicates insufficient commissioning of places that is not proportional to level of need, with mothers in areas with large numbers of other adolescent mothers least likely to receive support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Cavallaro
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Linda Pmm Wijlaars
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Eilis Kennedy
- Children, Young Adults and Families Directorate, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Howarth
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Sally Kendall
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK.,Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Maria Andreea Calin
- Family Nurse Partnership and Intensive Parenting National Unit, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK
| | - Lynne Reed
- Family Nurse Partnership and Intensive Parenting National Unit, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK
| | - Katie Harron
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Pearson RJ, Grant C, Wijlaars L, Finch E, Bedston S, Broadhurst K, Gilbert R. Mental health service use among mothers involved in public family law proceedings: linked data cohort study in South London 2007-2019. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:2097-2108. [PMID: 35294976 PMCID: PMC9477900 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental health problems and substance misuse are common among the mothers of children who experience court-mandated placement into care in England, yet there is limited research characterising these health needs to inform evidence-based policy. In this descriptive study, we aimed to generate evidence about the type, severity, and timing of mental health and substance misuse needs among women involved in public family law proceedings concerning child placement into care ('care proceedings'). METHODS This is a retrospective, matched cohort study using linked family court and mental health service records for 2137 (66%) of the 3226 women involved in care proceedings between 2007 and 2019 in the South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Trust (SLaM) catchment area. We compared mental health service use and risk of dying with 17,096 female-matched controls who accessed SLaM between 2007 and 2019, aged 16-55 years, and were not involved in care proceedings. RESULTS Most women (79%) were known to SLaM before care proceedings began. Women had higher rates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (19% vs 11% matched controls), personality disorders (21% vs 11%), and substance misuse (33% vs 12%). They were more likely to have a SLaM inpatient admission (27% vs 14%) or to be sectioned (19% vs 8%). Women had a 2.15 (95% CI 1.68-2.74) times greater hazard of dying, compared to matched controls, adjusted for age. CONCLUSION Women involved in care proceedings experience a particularly high burden of severe and complex mental health and substance misuse need. Women's increased risk of mortality following proceedings highlights that interventions responding to maternal mental health and substance misuse within family courts should offer continued, long-term support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Pearson
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Claire Grant
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Linda Wijlaars
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Emily Finch
- Southwark and Addictions Directorate, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 8RZ UK
| | - Stuart Bedston
- Centre for Child and Family Justice Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW UK
| | - Karen Broadhurst
- Centre for Child and Family Justice Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW UK
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH UK
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Pearson RJ, Jay MA, O'Donnell M, Wijlaars L, Gilbert R. Characterizing newborn and older infant entries into care in England between 2006 and 2014. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 109:104760. [PMID: 33053479 PMCID: PMC7718112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of entry to state care during infancy is increasing, both here in England and abroad, with most entering within a week of birth ('newborns'). However, little is known about these infants or of their pathways through care over early childhood. OBJECTIVE To characterize infant entries to care in England. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING All children in England who first entered care during infancy, between April 2006 and March 2014 (n = 42,000). METHODS We compared sociodemographic and care characteristics for infants entering care over the study period by age at first entry (newborn: <1wks, older infant 1-51wks). Among those who entered before April 2010, we further characterized care over follow-up (i.e. 4 years from first entry) and employed latent class analysis to uncover any common pathways through care. RESULTS Almost 40 % of infants first entered care as a newborn. Most infants first entered care under s 20 arrangements (i.e. out-of-court, 60 % of newborns vs 47 % of older infants). Among infants entering before April 2010, most were adopted over follow-up (60 % vs 37 %), though many were restored to parental care (20 % vs 32 %) or exited care to live with extended family (13 % vs 19 %). One in six infants (17.7 %) had particularly unstable care trajectories over early childhood, typified by three or more placements or failed reunification. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based strengthening of pre-birth social work support is needed to improve preventive interventions before birth, to more effectively target infant placement into care. Linkages between child protection records and information on parents are needed to inform preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Pearson
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew A Jay
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Melissa O'Donnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Centre for Child Protection, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Linda Wijlaars
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
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