1
|
Collonnaz M, Minary L, Riglea T, Kalubi J, O'Loughlin J, Kestens Y, Agrinier N. Lack of consistency in measurement methods and semantics used for network measures in adolescent health behaviour studies using social network analysis: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024; 78:303-310. [PMID: 38290822 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social network analysis (SNA) is often used to examine how social relationships influence adolescent health behaviours, but no study has documented the range of network measures used to do so. We aimed to identify network measures used in studies on adolescent health behaviours. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify network measures in studies investigating adolescent health behaviours with SNA. Measures were grouped into eight categories based on network concepts commonly described in the literature: popularity, position within the network, network density, similarity, nature of relationships, peer behaviours, social norms, and selection and influence mechanisms. Different subcategories were further identified. We detailed all distinct measures and the labels used to name them in included articles. RESULTS Out of 6686 articles screened, 201 were included. The categories most frequently investigated were peer behaviours (n=201, 100%), position within the network (n=144, 71.6%) and popularity (n=110, 54.7%). The number of measurement methods varied from 1 for 'similarity on popularity' (within the 'similarity' category) to 28 for the 'characterisation of the relationship between the respondent and nominated peers' (within the 'nature of the relationships' category). Using the examples of 'social isolation', 'group membership', 'individuals in a central position' (within the 'position within the network' category) and 'nominations of influential peers' (sub within the 'popularity' category), we illustrated the inconsistent reporting and heterogeneity in measurement methods and semantics. CONCLUSION Robust methodological recommendations are needed to harmonise network measures in order to facilitate comparison across studies and optimise public health intervention based on SNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teodora Riglea
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jodi Kalubi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal & CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nelly Agrinier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, France
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC-EC, Epidémiologie Clinique, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Todhunter-Brown A, Booth L, Campbell P, Cheer B, Cowie J, Elders A, Hagen S, Jankulak K, Mason H, Millington C, Ogden M, Paterson C, Richardson D, Smith D, Sutcliffe J, Thomson K, Torrens C, McClurg D. Strategies used for childhood chronic functional constipation: the SUCCESS evidence synthesis. Health Technol Assess 2024; 28:1-266. [PMID: 38343084 PMCID: PMC11017632 DOI: 10.3310/pltr9622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 30% of children have constipation at some stage in their life. Although often short-lived, in one-third of children it progresses to chronic functional constipation, potentially with overflow incontinence. Optimal management strategies remain unclear. Objective To determine the most effective interventions, and combinations and sequences of interventions, for childhood chronic functional constipation, and understand how they can best be implemented. Methods Key stakeholders, comprising two parents of children with chronic functional constipation, two adults who experienced childhood chronic functional constipation and four health professional/continence experts, contributed throughout the research. We conducted pragmatic mixed-method reviews. For all reviews, included studies focused on any interventions/strategies, delivered in any setting, to improve any outcomes in children (0-18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of chronic functional constipation (excluding studies of diagnosis/assessment) included. Dual reviewers applied inclusion criteria and assessed risk of bias. One reviewer extracted data, checked by a second reviewer. Scoping review: We systematically searched electronic databases (including Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) (January 2011 to March 2020) and grey literature, including studies (any design) reporting any intervention/strategy. Data were coded, tabulated and mapped. Research quality was not evaluated. Systematic reviews of the evidence of effectiveness: For each different intervention, we included existing systematic reviews judged to be low risk of bias (using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews), updating any meta-analyses with new randomised controlled trials. Where there was no existing low risk of bias systematic reviews, we included randomised controlled trials and other primary studies. The risk of bias was judged using design-specific tools. Evidence was synthesised narratively, and a process of considered judgement was used to judge certainty in the evidence as high, moderate, low, very low or insufficient evidence. Economic synthesis: Included studies (any design, English-language) detailed intervention-related costs. Studies were categorised as cost-consequence, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit, and reporting quality evaluated using the consensus health economic criteria checklist. Systematic review of implementation factors: Included studies reported data relating to implementation barriers or facilitators. Using a best-fit framework synthesis approach, factors were synthesised around the consolidated framework for implementation research domains. Results Stakeholders prioritised outcomes, developed a model which informed evidence synthesis and identified evidence gaps. Scoping review 651 studies, including 190 randomised controlled trials and 236 primary studies, conservatively reported 48 interventions/intervention combinations. Effectiveness systematic reviews studies explored service delivery models (n = 15); interventions delivered by families/carers (n = 32), wider children's workforce (n = 21), continence teams (n = 31) and specialist consultant-led teams (n = 42); complementary therapies (n = 15); and psychosocial interventions (n = 4). One intervention (probiotics) had moderate-quality evidence; all others had low to very-low-quality evidence. Thirty-one studies reported evidence relating to cost or resource use; data were insufficient to support generalisable conclusions. One hundred and six studies described implementation barriers and facilitators. Conclusions Management of childhood chronic functional constipation is complex. The available evidence remains limited, with small, poorly conducted and reported studies. Many evidence gaps were identified. Treatment recommendations within current clinical guidelines remain largely unchanged, but there is a need for research to move away from considering effectiveness of single interventions. Clinical care and future studies must consider the individual characteristics of children. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019159008. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 128470) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 5. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Todhunter-Brown
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorna Booth
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pauline Campbell
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brenda Cheer
- ERIC, The Children's Bowel and Bladder Charity, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Cowie
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Elders
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Suzanne Hagen
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Helen Mason
- Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Paterson
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katie Thomson
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire Torrens
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Doreen McClurg
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (NMAHP) Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bevilacqua L, Fox-Smith L, Lewins A, Jetha P, Sideri A, Barton G, Meiser-Stedman R, Beazley P. Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and young people: an umbrella review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:704-709. [PMID: 37620009 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 3 years, a multitude of studies have highlighted the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and young people (CYP). In this umbrella review, we synthesise global evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of CYP from existing systematic reviews with and/or without meta-analysis. METHODS Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we evaluated 349 citations and identified 24 eligible reviews with medium to high methodological quality to be reviewed narratively. RESULTS Most of the reviews reported a high prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, suicidal behaviour, eating disorders and other mental health problems. Most studies that used data at multiple time points indicate a significant increase in mental health problems in CYP, particularly in females and older adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Multipronged psychosocial care services, policies and programmes are needed to alleviate the burden of mental health problems in CYP as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated global health measures. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021276312.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bevilacqua
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lana Fox-Smith
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Amy Lewins
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Poonam Jetha
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Athena Sideri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gil Barton
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Beazley
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hollis C, Hall CL, Khan K, Le Novere M, Marston L, Jones R, Hunter R, Brown BJ, Sanderson C, Andrén P, Bennett SD, Chamberlain LR, Davies EB, Evans A, Kouzoupi N, McKenzie C, Heyman I, Kilgariff J, Glazebrook C, Mataix-Cols D, Serlachius E, Murray E, Murphy T. Online remote behavioural intervention for tics in 9- to 17-year-olds: the ORBIT RCT with embedded process and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2023; 27:1-120. [PMID: 37924247 PMCID: PMC10641713 DOI: 10.3310/cpms3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Behavioural therapy for tics is difficult to access, and little is known about its effectiveness when delivered online. Objective To investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of an online-delivered, therapist- and parent-supported therapy for young people with tic disorders. Design Single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial, with 3-month (primary end point) and 6-month post-randomisation follow-up. Participants were individually randomised (1 : 1), using on online system, with block randomisations, stratified by site. Naturalistic follow-up was conducted at 12 and 18 months post-randomisation when participants were free to access non-trial interventions. A subset of participants participated in a process evaluation. Setting Two hospitals (London and Nottingham) in England also accepting referrals from patient identification centres and online self-referrals. Participants Children aged 9-17 years (1) with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, (2) with a Yale Global Tic Severity Scale-total tic severity score of 15 or more (or > 10 with only motor or vocal tics) and (3) having not received behavioural therapy for tics in the past 12 months or started/stopped medication for tics within the past 2 months. Interventions Either 10 weeks of online, remotely delivered, therapist-supported exposure and response prevention therapy (intervention group) or online psychoeducation (control). Outcome Primary outcome: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale-total tic severity score 3 months post-randomisation; analysis done in all randomised patients for whom data were available. Secondary outcomes included low mood, anxiety, treatment satisfaction and health resource use. Quality-adjusted life-years are derived from parent-completed quality-of-life measures. All trial staff, statisticians and the chief investigator were masked to group allocation. Results Two hundred and twenty-four participants were randomised to the intervention (n = 112) or control (n = 112) group. Participants were mostly male (n = 177; 79%), with a mean age of 12 years. At 3 months the estimated mean difference in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale-total tic severity score between the groups adjusted for baseline and site was -2.29 points (95% confidence interval -3.86 to -0.71) in favour of therapy (effect size -0.31, 95% confidence interval -0.52 to -0.10). This effect was sustained throughout to the final follow-up at 18 months (-2.01 points, 95% confidence interval -3.86 to -0.15; effect size -0.27, 95% confidence interval -0.52 to -0.02). At 18 months the mean incremental cost per participant of the intervention compared to the control was £662 (95% confidence interval -£59 to £1384), with a mean incremental quality-adjusted life-year of 0.040 (95% confidence interval -0.004 to 0.083) per participant. The mean incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained was £16,708. The intervention was acceptable and delivered with high fidelity. Parental engagement predicted child engagement and more positive clinical outcomes. Harms Two serious, unrelated adverse events occurred in the control group. Limitations We cannot separate the effects of digital online delivery and the therapy itself. The sample was predominately white and British, limiting generalisability. The design did not compare to face-to-face services. Conclusion Online, therapist-supported behavioural therapy for young people with tic disorders is clinically and cost-effective in reducing tics, with durable benefits extending up to 18 months. Future work Future work should compare online to face-to-face therapy and explore how to embed the intervention in clinical practice. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN70758207; ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03483493). The trial is now complete. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Technology Assessment programme (project number 16/19/02) and will be published in full in Health and Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 18. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hollis
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, South Block Level E, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte L Hall
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kareem Khan
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marie Le Novere
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health and Priment CTU, University College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Marston
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health and Priment CTU, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Division of Psychiatry and Priment CTU, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health and Priment CTU, University College London, London, UK
| | - Beverley J Brown
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Sanderson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Per Andrén
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie D Bennett
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Liam R Chamberlain
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - E Bethan Davies
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amber Evans
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Natalia Kouzoupi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caitlin McKenzie
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joseph Kilgariff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, South Block Level E, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cristine Glazebrook
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Serlachius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health and Priment CTU, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tara Murphy
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), London, UK/Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Psychological and Mental Health Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim HH, Keen R, Tang A, Denckla C, Slopen N. Longitudinal patterns of childhood homelessness and early adolescent trajectories of internalising and externalising behaviour. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:216-223. [PMID: 36737238 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child homelessness has been associated with elevated mental health problems during early adolescence, a period of onset for psychiatric problems. Prior literature has relied on cross-sectional studies, limiting the understanding of temporality and trajectories of psychopathology. We extend prior literature by examining associations between child homelessness and internalising and externalising symptom trajectories in early adolescence, with consideration of timing and persistence of homelessness. METHODS Using population-based longitudinal data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we used multilevel models to examine the effects of homelessness prior to age 9, the timing of homelessness (eg, early vs middle childhood) and cumulative exposure to homelessness on internalising and externalising trajectories across ages <0-9 years. We also tested for sex differences in these associations. RESULTS Of the 8391 participants, 5.5% reported exposure to homelessness at least once before age 9. Children who experienced homelessness had elevated internalising and externalising symptoms compared with their consistently housed peers, with excess risk evident among children who first experienced homelessness in middle childhood (relative to early childhood) and children who experienced recurrent homelessness. We did not observe changes in symptom trajectories over the course of 4 years. Men who experienced homelessness displayed a more pronounced risk of internalising symptoms relative to women and men who did not experience homelessness. CONCLUSION Childhood homelessness is associated with persistently elevated internalising and externalising symptoms across early adolescence compared with their consistently housed peers. Interventions and policies to address family homelessness may lead to better mental health among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hayoung Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Keen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alva Tang
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Christy Denckla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Benny C, Smith BT, Hyshka E, Senthilselvan A, Veugelers PJ, Pabayo R. Investigating the association between income inequality in youth and deaths of despair in Canada: a population-based cohort study from 2006 to 2019. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 77:jech-2022-219630. [PMID: 36323502 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deaths due to suicide, drug overdose and alcohol-related liver disease, collectively known as 'deaths of despair', have been markedly increasing since the early 2000s and are especially prominent in young Canadians. Income inequality has been linked to this rise in deaths of despair; however, this association has not yet been examined in a Canadian context, nor at the individual level or in youth. The study objective was to examine the association between income inequality in youth and deaths of despair among youth over time. METHODS We conducted a population-based longitudinal study of Canadians aged 20 years or younger using data from the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts. Baseline data from the 2006 Canadian Census were linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics Database up to 2019. We employed multilevel survival analysis models to quantify the association between income inequality in youth and time-to deaths of despair. RESULTS The study sample included 1.5 million Canadians, representing 7.7 million Canadians between the ages of 0 and 19 at baseline. Results from the weighted, adjusted multilevel survival models demonstrated that income inequality was associated with an increased hazard of deaths of despair (adjusted HR (AHR) 1.35; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.75), drug overdose (AHR 2.38; 95% CI 1.63 to 3.48) and all-cause deaths (AHR 1.10; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.18). Income inequality was not significantly associated with suicide deaths (AHR 1.23, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.63). CONCLUSION The results show that higher levels of income inequality in youth are associated with an increased hazard of all-cause death, deaths of despair and drug overdose in young Canadians. This study is the first to reveal the association between income inequality and deaths of despair in youth and does so using a population-based longitudinal cohort involving multilevel data. The results of this study can inform policies related to income inequality and deaths of despair in Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Benny
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brendan T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Paul J Veugelers
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Pabayo
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Healthy Communities, University of Alberta School of Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cavallaro FL, Gilbert R, Wijlaars LP, Kennedy E, Howarth E, Kendall S, van der Meulen J, Calin MA, Reed L, Harron K. Characteristics of enrolment in an intensive home-visiting programme among eligible first-time adolescent mothers in England: a linked administrative data cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:991-998. [PMID: 36198485 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive home visiting for adolescent mothers may help reduce health disparities. Given limited resources, such interventions need to be effectively targeted. We evaluated which mothers were enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP), an intensive home-visiting service for first-time young mothers commissioned in >130 local authorities in England since 2007. METHODS We created a population-based cohort of first-time mothers aged 13-19 years giving birth in English National Health Service hospitals between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2017, using administrative hospital data linked with FNP programme, educational and social care data. Mothers living in a local authority with an active FNP site were eligible. We described variation in enrolment rates across sites, and identified maternal and FNP site characteristics associated with enrolment. RESULTS Of 110 520 eligible mothers, 25 680 (23.2% (95% CI: 23.0% to 23.5%)) were enrolled. Enrolment rates varied substantially across 122 sites (range: 11%-68%), and areas with greater numbers of first-time adolescent mothers achieved lower enrolment rates. Mothers aged 13-15 years were most likely to be enrolled (52%). However, only 26% of adolescent mothers with markers of vulnerability (including living in the most deprived areas and ever having been looked after as a child) were enrolled. CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of first-time adolescent mothers with vulnerability markers were not enrolled in FNP. Variation in enrolment across sites indicates insufficient commissioning of places that is not proportional to level of need, with mothers in areas with large numbers of other adolescent mothers least likely to receive support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Cavallaro
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Linda Pmm Wijlaars
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Eilis Kennedy
- Children, Young Adults and Families Directorate, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Howarth
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Sally Kendall
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK.,Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Maria Andreea Calin
- Family Nurse Partnership and Intensive Parenting National Unit, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK
| | - Lynne Reed
- Family Nurse Partnership and Intensive Parenting National Unit, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK
| | - Katie Harron
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fowler D, Berry C, Hodgekins J, Banerjee R, Barton G, Byrne R, Clarke T, Fraser R, Grant K, Greenwood K, Notley C, Parker S, Shepstone L, Wilson J, French P. Social recovery therapy for young people with emerging severe mental illness: the Prodigy RCT. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-98. [PMID: 34842524 DOI: 10.3310/hta25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with social disability and non-psychotic severe and complex mental health problems are an important group. Without intervention, their social problems can persist and have large economic and personal costs. Thus, more effective evidence-based interventions are needed. Social recovery therapy is an individual therapy incorporating cognitive-behavioural techniques to increase structured activity as guided by the participant's goals. OBJECTIVE This trial aimed to test whether or not social recovery therapy provided as an adjunct to enhanced standard care over 9 months is superior to enhanced standard care alone. Enhanced standard care aimed to provide an optimal combination of existing evidence-based interventions. DESIGN A pragmatic, single-blind, superiority randomised controlled trial was conducted in three UK centres: Sussex, Manchester and East Anglia. Participants were aged 16-25 years with persistent social disability, defined as < 30 hours per week of structured activity with social impairment for at least 6 months. Additionally, participants had severe and complex mental health problems, defined as at-risk mental states for psychosis or non-psychotic severe and complex mental health problems indicated by a Global Assessment of Functioning score ≤ 50 persisting for ≥ 6 months. Two hundred and seventy participants were randomised 1 : 1 to either enhanced standard care plus social recovery therapy or enhanced standard care alone. The primary outcome was weekly hours spent in structured activity at 15 months post randomisation. Secondary outcomes included subthreshold psychotic, negative and mood symptoms. Outcomes were collected at 9 and 15 months post randomisation, with maintenance assessed at 24 months. RESULTS The addition of social recovery therapy did not significantly increase weekly hours in structured activity at 15 months (primary outcome treatment effect -4.44, 95% confidence interval -10.19 to 1.31). We found no evidence of significant differences between conditions in secondary outcomes at 15 months: Social Anxiety Interaction Scale treatment effect -0.45, 95% confidence interval -4.84 to 3.95; Beck Depression Inventory-II treatment effect -0.32, 95% confidence interval -4.06 to 3.42; Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States symptom severity 0.29, 95% confidence interval -4.35 to 4.94; or distress treatment effect 4.09, 95% confidence interval -3.52 to 11.70. Greater Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States for psychosis scores reflect greater symptom severity. We found no evidence of significant differences at 9 or 24 months. Social recovery therapy was not estimated to be cost-effective. The key limitation was that missingness of data was consistently greater in the enhanced standard care-alone arm (9% primary outcome and 15% secondary outcome missingness of data) than in the social recovery therapy plus enhanced standard care arm (4% primary outcome and 9% secondary outcome missingness of data) at 15 months. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for the clinical superiority or cost-effectiveness of social recovery therapy as an adjunct to enhanced standard care. Both arms made large improvements in primary and secondary outcomes. Enhanced standard care included a comprehensive combination of evidence-based pharmacological, psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions. Some results favoured enhanced standard care but the majority were not statistically significant. Future work should identify factors associated with the optimal delivery of the combinations of interventions that underpin better outcomes in this often-neglected clinical group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47998710. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment Vol. 25, No. 70. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Clio Berry
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Robin Banerjee
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rory Byrne
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy Clarke
- Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Rick Fraser
- Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jon Wilson
- Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul French
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Research and Innovation Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Creswell C, Leigh E, Larkin M, Stephens G, Violato M, Brooks E, Pearcey S, Taylor L, Stallard P, Waite P, Reynolds S, Taylor G, Warnock-Parkes E, Clark DM. Cognitive therapy compared with CBT for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a feasibility study. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-94. [PMID: 33759742 PMCID: PMC8020199 DOI: 10.3310/hta25200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is common, typically starts in adolescence and has a low natural recovery rate. Existing psychological treatments for adolescent SAD are only moderately effective. It is possible that recovery rates for adolescents could be substantially improved by adapting a psychological therapy that is highly effective among adults with SAD. OBJECTIVES To train child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) therapists to deliver cognitive therapy for SAD in adolescents (CT-SAD-A) and assess therapist competence. To estimate the costs to the NHS of training therapists to deliver CT-SAD-A and the mean cost per adolescent treated. To examine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to compare CT-SAD-A with the general form of cognitive-behavioural therapy that is more commonly used. DESIGN During the training phase of the study, it became clear that the RCT would not be feasible because of high staff turnover and unfilled posts within CAMHS and changes in the nature of referrals, which meant that few young people with primary SAD were accessing some of the participating services. The study design was altered to comprise the following: a training case series of CT-SAD-A delivered in routine CAMHS, an estimate of the cost to the NHS of training therapists to deliver CT-SAD-A and of the mean cost per adolescent treated, and qualitative interviews with participating young people, parents, therapists and service managers/leads. SETTING Five CAMHS teams within Berkshire Healthcare and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trusts. PARTICIPANTS Eight therapists received training in CT-SAD-A. Twelve young people received CT-SAD-A, delivered by six therapists. Six young people, six parents, seven therapists and three managers participated in qualitative interviews. INTERVENTIONS Cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder in adolescents (CT-SAD-A). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measured outcomes included social anxiety symptoms and diagnostic status, comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression, social and general functioning, concentration in class and treatment acceptability. Patient level utilisation of the intervention was collected using clinicians' logs. RESULTS Nine out of 12 participants achieved good outcomes across measures (r ≥ 0.60 across social anxiety measures). The estimated cost of delivering CT-SAD-A was £1861 (standard deviation £358) per person. Qualitative interviews indicated that the treatment was acceptable to young people, parents and therapists, but therapists and managers experienced challenges when implementing the training and treatment within the current CAMHS context. LIMITATIONS Findings were based on a small, homogeneous sample and there was no comparison arm. CONCLUSIONS CT-SAD-A is a promising treatment for young people with SAD, but the current CAMHS context presents challenges for its implementation. FUTURE WORK Further work is needed to ensure that CAMHS can incorporate and test CT-SAD-A. Alternatively, CT-SAD-A should be delivered and tested in other settings that are better configured to treat young people whose lives are held back by SAD. The new schools Mental Health Support Teams envisaged in the 2017 Children's Mental Health Green Paper may provide such an opportunity. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme. Individual funding was also provided for Cathy Creswell, David M Clark and Eleanor Leigh as follows: NIHR Research Professorship (Cathy Creswell); Wellcome Senior Investigator Award (Anke Ehlers and David M Clark); and the Wellcome Clinical Research Training Fellowship (Eleanor Leigh).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Larkin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Mara Violato
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Brooks
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Samantha Pearcey
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Lucy Taylor
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paul Stallard
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Oxford Health NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Polly Waite
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Gordon Taylor
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - David M Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morrison AP, Pyle M, Byrne R, Broome M, Freeman D, Johns L, James A, Husain N, Whale R, MacLennan G, Norrie J, Hudson J, Peters S, Davies L, Bowe S, Smith J, Shiers D, Joyce E, Jones W, Hollis C, Maughan D. Psychological intervention, antipsychotic medication or a combined treatment for adolescents with a first episode of psychosis: the MAPS feasibility three-arm RCT. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-124. [PMID: 33496261 PMCID: PMC7869006 DOI: 10.3310/hta25040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When psychosis emerges in young people there is a risk of poorer outcomes, and access to evidence-based treatments is paramount. The current evidence base is limited. Antipsychotic medications show only a small benefit over placebo, but young people experience more side effects than adults. There is sparse evidence for psychological intervention. Research is needed to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of psychological intervention versus antipsychotic medication versus a combined treatment for adolescents with psychosis. OBJECTIVES The objective of Managing Adolescent first-episode Psychosis: a feasibility Study (MAPS) was to determine the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial to answer the question of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these three treatment options. DESIGN This was a prospective, randomised, open-blinded, evaluation feasibility trial with a single blind. Participants were allocated 1 : 1 : 1 to receive antipsychotic medication, psychological intervention or a combination of both. A thematic qualitative study explored the acceptability and feasibility of the trial. SETTING Early intervention in psychosis services and child and adolescent mental health services in Manchester, Oxford, Lancashire, Sussex, Birmingham, Norfolk and Suffolk, and Northumberland, Tyne and Wear. PARTICIPANTS People aged 14-18 years experiencing a first episode of psychosis either with an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis or meeting the entry criteria for early intervention in psychosis who had not received antipsychotic medication or psychological intervention within the last 3 months. INTERVENTIONS Psychological intervention involved up to 26 hours of cognitive-behavioural therapy and six family intervention sessions over 6 months, with up to four booster sessions. Antipsychotic medication was prescribed by the participant's psychiatrist in line with usual practice. Combined treatment was a combination of psychological intervention and antipsychotic medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was feasibility (recruitment, treatment adherence and retention). We used a three-stage progression criterion to determine feasibility. Secondary outcomes were psychosis symptoms, recovery, anxiety and depression, social and educational/occupational functioning, drug and alcohol use, health economics, adverse/metabolic side effects and adverse/serious adverse events. RESULTS We recruited 61 out of 90 (67.8%; amber zone) potential participants (psychological intervention, n = 18; antipsychotic medication, n = 22; combined treatment, n = 21). Retention to follow-up was 51 out of 61 participants (83.6%; green zone). In the psychological intervention arm and the combined treatment arm, 32 out of 39 (82.1%) participants received six or more sessions of cognitive-behavioural therapy (green zone). In the combined treatment arm and the antipsychotic medication arm, 28 out of 43 (65.1%) participants received antipsychotic medication for 6 consecutive weeks (amber zone). There were no serious adverse events related to the trial and one related adverse event. Overall, the number of completed secondary outcome measures, including health economics, was small. LIMITATIONS Medication adherence was determined by clinician report, which can be biased. The response to secondary outcomes was low, including health economics. The small sample size obtained means that the study lacked statistical power and there will be considerable uncertainty regarding estimates of treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to conduct a trial comparing psychological intervention with antipsychotic medication and a combination treatment in young people with psychosis with some adaptations to the design, including adaptations to collection of health economic data to determine cost-effectiveness. FUTURE WORK An adequately powered definitive trial is required to provide robust evidence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80567433. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Morrison
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Melissa Pyle
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rory Byrne
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Broome
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Johns
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony James
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nusrat Husain
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Chorley, UK
| | - Richard Whale
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Norrie
- Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jemma Hudson
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sarah Peters
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Davies
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha Bowe
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Smith
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - David Shiers
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmeline Joyce
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Wendy Jones
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- National Institute for Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Maughan
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moore DA, Nunns M, Shaw L, Rogers M, Walker E, Ford T, Garside R, Ukoumunne O, Titman P, Shafran R, Heyman I, Anderson R, Dickens C, Viner R, Bennett S, Logan S, Lockhart F, Thompson Coon J. Interventions to improve the mental health of children and young people with long-term physical conditions: linked evidence syntheses. Health Technol Assess 2020; 23:1-164. [PMID: 31122334 DOI: 10.3310/hta23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mental health difficulties can severely complicate the lives of children and young people (CYP) with long-term physical conditions (LTCs), there is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to treat them. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve the mental health of CYP with LTCs (review 1) and explore the factors that may enhance or limit their delivery (review 2). DATA SOURCES For review 1, 13 electronic databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Science Citation Index. For review 2, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched. Supplementary searches, author contact and grey literature searches were also conducted. REVIEW METHODS The first systematic review sought randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and economic evaluations of interventions to improve elevated symptoms of mental ill health in CYP with LTCs. Effect sizes for each outcome were calculated post intervention (Cohen's d). When appropriate, random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled effect sizes (d). Review 2 located primary qualitative studies exploring experiences of CYP with LTCs, their families and/or practitioners, regarding interventions aiming to improve the mental health and well-being of CYP with LTCs. Synthesis followed the principles of metaethnography. An overarching synthesis integrated the findings from review 1 and review 2 using a deductive approach. End-user involvement, including topic experts and CYP with LTCs and their parents, was a feature throughout the project. RESULTS Review 1 synthesised 25 RCTs evaluating 11 types of intervention, sampling 12 different LTCs. Tentative evidence from seven studies suggests that cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions could improve the mental health of CYP with certain LTCs. Intervention-LTC dyads were diverse, with few opportunities to meta-analyse. No economic evaluations were located. Review 2 synthesised 57 studies evaluating 21 types of intervention. Most studies were of individuals with cancer, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or mixed LTCs. Interventions often aimed to improve broader mental health and well-being, rather than symptoms of mental health disorder. The metaethnography identified five main constructs, described in an explanatory line of argument model of the experience of interventions. Nine overarching synthesis categories emerged from the integrated evidence, raising implications for future research. LIMITATIONS Review 1 conclusions were limited by the lack of evidence about intervention effectiveness. No relevant economic evaluations were located. There were no UK studies included in review 1, limiting the applicability of findings. The mental health status of participants in review 2 was usually unknown, limiting comparability with review 1. The different evidence identified by the two systematic reviews challenged the overarching synthesis. CONCLUSIONS There is a relatively small amount of comparable evidence for the effectiveness of interventions for the mental health of CYP with LTCs. Qualitative evidence provided insight into the experiences that intervention deliverers and recipients valued. Future research should evaluate potentially effective intervention components in high-quality RCTs integrating process evaluations. End-user involvement enriched the project. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001716. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Moore
- Evidence Synthesis & Modelling for Health Improvement, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael Nunns
- Evidence Synthesis & Modelling for Health Improvement, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Liz Shaw
- Evidence Synthesis & Modelling for Health Improvement, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Morwenna Rogers
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Erin Walker
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth Garside
- The European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Obi Ukoumunne
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Penny Titman
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Roz Shafran
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rob Anderson
- Evidence Synthesis & Modelling for Health Improvement, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Chris Dickens
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Russell Viner
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sophie Bennett
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Stuart Logan
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Fiona Lockhart
- Biomedical Research Centre Patient & Public Involvement Group, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Jo Thompson Coon
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheuk KY, Wang XF, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yu FWP, Tam EMS, Hung VWY, Lee WYW, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Zebaze R, Zhu TY, Guo XE, Cheng JCY, Lam TP, Seeman E. Sexual Dimorphism in Cortical and Trabecular Bone Microstructure Appears During Puberty in Chinese Children. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1948-1955. [PMID: 30001459 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Distal forearm fractures during growth are more common in males than females. Because metaphyseal cortical bone is formed by coalescence of trabeculae emerging from the periphery of the growth plate, we hypothesized that the later onset of puberty in males produces a longer delay in trabecular bone formation and coalescence, which leaves a transient phase of high cortical porosity, low matrix mineral density, and high trabecular density relative to females. We quantified the nondominant distal radial microstructure using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in 214 healthy Chinese boys and 219 Chinese girls aged between 7 and 17 years living in Hong Kong. Measurements of 110 slices (9.02 mm) were acquired 5 mm proximal to the growth plate of the nondominant distal radius. Porosity was measured using StrAx1.0 (Straxcorp, Melbourne, VIC, Australia) and trabecular plate and rod structure were measured using individual trabecula segmentation (ITS). Mechanical properties were estimated using finite element analysis (FEA). Results were adjusted for age, total bone cross-sectional area (CSA), dietary calcium intake, and physical activity. In boys, total bone CSA was 17.2% to 22.9% larger throughout puberty, cortical/total bone CSA was 5.1% smaller in Tanner stage 2 only, cortical porosity was 9.4% to 17.5% higher, and matrix mineral density was 1.0% to 2.5% lower in Tanner stage 2 to 5, than girls. Boys had higher trabecular rod BV/TV in Tanner stage 3 and 4, but higher trabecular plate BV/TV and plate to rod ratio in Tanner stage 5, than girls. Boys had 17.0% lower apparent modulus than girls in Tanner stage 2. A transient phase of higher porosity due to dissociation between bone mineral accrual and linear growth may contribute to higher distal radial bone fragility in Chinese boys compared to girls. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yee Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji Wang
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fiona Wai Ping Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elisa Man Shan Tam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing Yin Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger Zebaze
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy Y Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jack Chun Yiu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tunnicliffe DJ, Singh-Grewal D, Craig JC, Howell M, Tugwell P, Mackie F, Lin MW, O'Neill SG, Ralph AF, Tong A. Healthcare and Research Priorities of Adolescents and Young Adults with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Mixed-methods Study. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:444-451. [PMID: 28250139 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Managing juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is particularly challenging. The disease may be severe, adolescent patients have complex medical and psychosocial needs, and patients must navigate the transition to adult services. To inform patient-centered care, we aimed to identify the healthcare and research priorities of young patients with SLE and describe the reasons underpinning their priorities. METHODS Face-to-face, semistructured interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients with SLE, aged from 14 to 26 years, from 5 centers in Australia. For each of the 5 allocation exercises, participants allocated 10 votes to (1) research topics; research questions on (2) medical management, (3) prevention and diagnosis, (4) lifestyle and psychosocial; and (5) healthcare specialties, and discussed the reasons for their choices. Descriptive statistics were calculated for votes and qualitative data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS The 26 participants prioritized research that alleviated the psychological burden of SLE. They allocated their votes toward medical and mental health specialties in the management of SLE, while fewer votes were given to physiotherapy/occupational therapy and dietetics. The following 7 themes underpinned the participants' priorities: improving service shortfalls, strengthening well-being, ensuring cost efficiency, minimizing family/community burden, severity of comorbidity or complications, reducing lifestyle disruption, and fulfilling future goals. CONCLUSION Young patients with SLE value comprehensive care with greater coordination among specialties. They prioritized research focused on alleviating poor psychological outcomes. The healthcare and research agenda for patients with SLE should include everyone involved, to ensure that the agenda aligns with patient priorities, needs, and values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Tunnicliffe
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead.
| | - Davinder Singh-Grewal
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Jonathan C Craig
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Martin Howell
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Peter Tugwell
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Fiona Mackie
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Sean G O'Neill
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Angelique F Ralph
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Allison Tong
- From the Sydney School of Public Health, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network; Faculty of Medicine, and School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales; Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,D.J. Tunnicliffe, PhD candidate, MIPH, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; D. Singh-Grewal, PhD, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Rheumatologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales; J.C. Craig, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Pediatric Nephrologist, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; M. Howell, PhD, Research Associate, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; P. Tugwell, MD, Director, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; F. Mackie, PhD, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Pediatric Nephrologist, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, and Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick; M.W. Lin, MBBS, Clinical lecturer, Immunologist, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, and Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital; S.G. O'Neill, PhD, FRACP, Rheumatologist, Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research; A.F. Ralph, PhD Candidate, BPsych(Hons), Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; A. Tong, PhD, National Health Medical Research Council Career Development Fellow, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, and the Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Haddow
- Department of Infection and Population Health, Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Herbert
- Northamptonshire Integrated Sexual Health Service, The Ashwood Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Kettering, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Friedman MR, Feliz NB, Netto J, Adams BJ, Matthews DD, Stall RD, Ho KS, Krier SE, Silvestre AJ. High HIV incidence among young black men who have sex with men: constructing a retrospective cohort from a community health programme. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 94:284-286. [PMID: 27941078 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to calculate HIV incidence in a retrospective cohort of young (13-29 years old) black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) accessing repeated HIV-antibody testing in a mid-size city in the USA. METHODS We aggregated site-specific HIV-antibody testing results from the project's inception among YBMSM who received an initial negative result and accessed at least one additional HIV-antibody test. From these data, we assessed number of seroconversions and person-years and calculated HIV incidence using a mid-P exact test to estimate 95% CIs. RESULTS Five seroconversions were documented over 42.3 person-years (the mean age at first onsite test: 19.7 years), resulting in an HIV incidence rate of 11.8% (95% CI 4.3% to 26.2%). The mean age at seroconversion was 20.4 (±3.0) years. CONCLUSIONS Even in mid-size cities with low HIV prevalence rates in the general population, HIV incidence among YBMSM may be high. Community-based HIV-antibody testing organisations serving YBMSM should be encouraged and trained to track repeated HIV testing and calculate HIV incidence rates. Increased resources should be deployed to develop and encourage regular HIV testing in community health sites serving YBMSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Reuel Friedman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nayck B Feliz
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jess Netto
- Community Human Services, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian J Adams
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derrick D Matthews
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ron D Stall
- Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ken S Ho
- Pittsburgh AIDS Center for Treatment, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah E Krier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Silvestre
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Rosenbaum JE, Zenilman JM, Rose E, Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. Semen says: assessing the accuracy of adolescents' self-reported sexual abstinence using a semen Y-chromosome biomarker. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 93:145-147. [PMID: 27147615 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers often assess condom use only among participants who report recent sexual behaviour, excluding participants who report no recent vaginal sex or who did not answer questions about their sexual behaviour, but self-reported sexual behaviour may be inaccurate. This study uses a semen Y-chromosome biomarker to assess semen exposure among participants who reported sexual abstinence or did not report their sexual behaviour. METHODS This prospective cohort study uses data from 715 sexually active African-American female adolescents in Atlanta, surveyed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Participants completed a 40 min interview and were tested for semen Y-chromosome with PCR from a self-administered vaginal swab. We predicted Y-chromosome test results from self-reported sexual behaviour using within-subject panel regression. RESULTS Among the participants who reported abstinence from vaginal sex in the past 14 days, 9.4% tested positive for semen Y-chromosome. Among item non-respondents, 6.3% tested positive for semen Y-chromosome. Women who reported abstinence and engaged in item non-response regarding their sexual behaviour had respectively 62% and 78% lower odds of testing positive for Y-chromosome (OR 0.38 (0.21 to 0.67), OR 0.22 (0.12 to 0.40)), controlling for smoking, survey wave and non-coital sexual behaviours reported during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who report sexual abstinence under-report semen exposure. Research should validate self-reported sexual behaviour with biomarkers. Adolescents who engage in item non-response regarding vaginal sex test positive for semen Y-chromosome at similar rates, which supports the practice of grouping non-respondents with adolescents reporting abstinence in statistical analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00633906.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Rosenbaum
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan M Zenilman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eve Rose
- Behavioural Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gina M Wingood
- Behavioural Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph J DiClemente
- Behavioural Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Finnerty F, Shahmanesh M. Sexual and reproductive health in the European refugee crisis. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:485-486. [PMID: 26941363 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jespers V, Nöstlinger C, van de Wijgert J. Adolescent sexual health: time to invest in a healthy future generation. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:248-9. [PMID: 26884550 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Jespers
- HIV and Sexual Health Group, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christiana Nöstlinger
- HIV and Sexual Health Group, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kerubo E, Laserson KF, Otecko N, Odhiambo C, Mason L, Nyothach E, Oruko KO, Bauman A, Vulule J, Zeh C, Phillips-Howard PA. Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and the predictive value of girls' symptom-based reporting: findings from a cross-sectional survey in rural western Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:251-6. [PMID: 26819339 PMCID: PMC4893088 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually acquired, among adolescent girls is a public health concern, but few studies have measured prevalence in low-middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to examine prevalence in rural schoolgirls in Kenya against their reported symptoms. Methods In 2013, a survey was conducted in 542 adolescent schoolgirls aged 14–17 years who were enrolled in a menstrual feasibility study. Vaginal self-swabbing was conducted after girls were interviewed face-to-face by trained nurses on symptoms. The prevalence of girls with symptoms and laboratory-confirmed infections, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of symptoms compared with laboratory results, were calculated. Results Of 515 girls agreeing to self-swab, 510 answered symptom questions. A quarter (24%) reported one or more symptoms; most commonly vaginal discharge (11%), pain (9%) or itching (4%). Laboratory tests confirmed 28% of girls had one or more RTI. Prevalence rose with age; among girls aged 16–17 years, 33% had infections. Bacterial vaginosis was the most common (18%), followed by Candida albicans (9%), Chlamydia trachomatis (3%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1%). Reported symptoms had a low sensitivity and positive predictive value. Three-quarters of girls with bacterial vaginosis and C. albicans, and 50% with T. vaginalis were asymptomatic. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of adolescent schoolgirls with RTI in rural Kenya. Public efforts are required to identify and treat infections among girls to reduce longer-term sequelae but poor reliability of symptom reporting minimises utility of symptom-based diagnosis in this population. Trial registration number ISRCTN17486946.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerubo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kayla F Laserson
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | - Newton Otecko
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Collins Odhiambo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linda Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth Nyothach
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kelvin O Oruko
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ashley Bauman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Vulule
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clement Zeh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Penelope A Phillips-Howard
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lorimer K, Flowers P, Davis M, Frankis J. Young men who have sex with men's use of social and sexual media and sex-risk associations: cross-sectional, online survey across four countries. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:371-6. [PMID: 26792089 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been an increase in new HIV diagnoses among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) over the past decade in both UK and US contexts, with online sex-seeking implicated in driving this development. This study sought to examine YMSM's use of a variety of social and sexual networking websites and 'apps', and assess sexual risk behaviours. DESIGN YMSM were recruited from across four countries in Britain and Ireland, via an online survey using convenience sampling. Data were collected from 2668 men, of whom 702 were aged 18-25 years. RESULTS Facebook use was almost ubiquitous and for largely social reasons; sexual media use was common with 52% using gay sexual networking (GSN) websites frequently and 44% using similar apps frequently. We found increased odds of high-risk condomless anal intercourse associated with the length of time users had been using GSN websites and lower levels of education. We found no significant differences across the four countries in sexual risk behaviours. CONCLUSIONS YMSM are a heterogeneous population with varied sexual health needs. For young men with digital literacy, individual-level online interventions, targeted and tailored, could be directed towards frequent users with lower levels of education. Variation in demographic characteristics of GSN websites and app users may affect who interventions are likely to reach, depending on where they are targeted. However, interventions, which may catch young men earlier, also provide a major opportunity for reducing sexual health inequalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lorimer
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Flowers
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Davis
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Frankis
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sanchez DM, Schoenbach VJ, Harvey SM, Warren JT, Adimora AA, Poole C, Leone PA, Agnew CR. Association of perceived partner non-monogamy with prevalent and incident sexual concurrency. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:266-71. [PMID: 26574570 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concurrency is suggested as an important factor in sexually transmitted infection transmission and acquisition, though little is known regarding factors that may predict concurrency initiation. We examined the association between perception of a partner's non-monogamy (PPNM) and simultaneous or subsequent concurrency among at-risk heterosexual young adults in the Los Angeles area. METHODS We used Poisson regression models to estimate the relationship between PPNM and incident concurrency among 536 participants participating in a cohort study, interviewed at 4-month periods during 1 year. Concurrency was defined as an overlap in reported sexual partnership dates; PPNM was defined as believing a partner was also having sex with someone else. RESULTS Participants (51% female; 30% non-Hispanic white, 28% non-Hispanic black, 27% Hispanic/Latino) had a mean age of 23 years and lifetime median of nine sex partners. At each interview (baseline, 4-month, 8-month and 12-month), 4-month concurrency prevalence was, respectively, 38.8%, 27.4%, 23.1% and 24.5%. Four-month concurrency incidence at 4, 8 and 12 months was 8.5%, 10.6% and 17.8%, respectively. Participants with recent PPNM were more likely to initiate concurrency (crude 4-month RR=4.6; 95% CI 3.0, 7.0; adjusted 4-month RR=4.0, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.1). CONCLUSIONS Recent PPNM was associated with incident concurrency. Among young adults, onset of concurrency may be stimulated, relatively quickly, by the PPNM. Programmes which promote relationship communication skills and explicit monogamy expectations may help reduce concurrency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Sanchez
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Schoenbach
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Marie Harvey
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jocelyn T Warren
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter A Leone
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher R Agnew
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hensel DJ, Tanner AE, Sherrow A, Fortenberry JD. A longitudinal daily diary analysis of condom use during bleeding-associated vaginal sex among adolescent females. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:337-9. [PMID: 26438348 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex during bleeding is a risk factor for sexually transmitted infection (STI) and other bloodborne viruses, including HIV. We examined daily predictors of adolescent women's male condom use during bleeding-associated vaginal sex. METHODS Adolescent females (N=387; 14-17 years) were recruited from primary care clinics for a longitudinal cohort study of STIs and sexual behaviour. Data were daily partner-specific sexual diaries; generalised estimating equation logistic regression assessed the likelihood of condom use during bleeding-associated vaginal sex. RESULTS Less than 30% of bleeding-associated vaginal sex events were condom protected. Condom use during these events was less likely with younger age, higher partner support, higher partner negativity or past week bleeding-associated sex with a given partner; condom use was more likely with high individual mood and past week condom use during bleeding-associated vaginal sex with a given partner. CONCLUSIONS Low condom rates during bleeding-associated vaginal sex can increase STI and bloodborne virus risk. Providers should consider integrating partner-specific and behavioural factors when they deliver sexual health messages to young women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Hensel
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Department of Sociology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda E Tanner
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley Sherrow
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vázquez MA, Pérez-Temprano R, Montoya MJ, Giner M, Carpio J, Pérez-Cano R. Response to Denosumab Treatment for 2 Years in an Adolescent With Osteoradionecrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1790-6. [PMID: 25829253 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy, an essential component of cancer treatment, is not without risk to bone, particularly to the immature or growing skeleton. Known side effects range from post-radiation osteitis to osteoradionecrosis. We report the case of a 14-year-old male patient undergoing denosumab treatment, a new antiresorptive agent, for osteoradionecrosis. The patient exhibited fractures and associated pain and functional limitations secondary to radiation for the treatment of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of prostate grade III administered at age 5 years. After treatment with denosumab, the pain disappeared, bone remodeling markers dramatically declined, bone mass increased, and pathological bone scan findings resolved without adverse effects or new fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramón Pérez-Temprano
- Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, "Virgen Macarena" University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - M José Montoya
- Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercè Giner
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, "Virgen Macarena" University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Carpio
- University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, "Virgen Macarena" University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramon Pérez-Cano
- Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, "Virgen Macarena" University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kampman C, Koedijk F, Driessen-Hulshof H, Hautvast J, van den Broek I. Retesting young STI clinic visitors with urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the Netherlands; response to a text message reminder and reinfection rates: a prospective study with historical controls. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:124-9. [PMID: 26404946 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to assess the effect of reminder text messages 6 months after the initial treatment on retest and chlamydia reinfection rates in young heterosexuals compared with a historical control group and to assess factors associated with both outcomes. METHODS Heterosexual people (aged 16-23 years), testing positive for urogenital chlamydia, were offered a retest after 6 months. Participants received a text message reminder at 6 months after the initial chlamydia diagnosis. Rates of retest uptake and the result of the retest were analysed using Cox regression. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated to identify factors associated with these outcomes. Furthermore, the retest rate was compared with the retest rate of a historical control group. RESULTS 30.6% (253/838) of the study group returned within 5-8 months compared with 9.2% (140/1530) in the historical control group. Women and persons who were not notified for a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at inclusion were more likely to return for a retest. 20.4% (56/275) of participants had a chlamydia reinfection upon retesting. Reinfection was higher in participants reporting STI-related symptoms (PR 3.2, 95% CI 1.8 to 5.6) and in participants who were notified for an STI at retest (PR 5.3, 95% CI 2.4 to 11.5). CONCLUSIONS A text message reminder appeared to have a clear, positive impact on the resulting retest rate. These results also indicate that retesting is necessary to identify chlamydia reinfections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cjg Kampman
- Public Health Service Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Fdh Koedijk
- Public Health Service Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jla Hautvast
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivf van den Broek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Decker MR, Chung SE, Ellen JM, Sherman SG. Do young women engage in greater sexual risk behaviour with biological fathers of their children? Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:276-8. [PMID: 26392630 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Qualitative research suggests that young women's relationships with the biological fathers of their children (BFRs), known colloquially as 'baby daddy' relationships, enable risk for pregnancy and STI/HIV. Our study compared partner characteristics and sexual risk within dyads based on BFR, among a sample of young women in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. METHODS We conducted secondary analysis of survey data collected in 2011-2013 from heterosexually experienced youth ages 15-24 in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Analyses are limited to women with at least one recent (past 6 months) sex partner (n=171 participants, reporting on 271 relationships). Using generalised estimating equations with logit function for correlated binary responses, we evaluate associations of BFR with partner characteristics, sexual risk behaviour and contraceptive non-use. RESULTS At least one BFR partner was reported by 25.2%. Male partners in BFRs were more likely to have been incarcerated or arrested. BFRs were more often characterised by women as 'main' versus 'casual' partners (adjusted OR (AOR) 3.92, 95% CI 1.19 to 12.9). In adjusted analyses, BFR was associated with condom non-use for vaginal (AOR 12.3, 95% CI 3.92 to 38.7) and anal (AOR 3.32, 95% CI 1.34 to 8.22) intercourse. While BFR was associated with contraceptive non-use (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.01 to 4.84), this association attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for partnership type (AOR 2.06, 95% CI 0.91 to 4.67). CONCLUSIONS While few differences in BFR partner characteristics emerged, significantly greater risk for unprotected intercourse was identified within BFR relationships. Findings suggest that the relationship context of a shared child heightens sexual risk for the young women most affected by STI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shang-En Chung
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Center for Child and Community Health Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Ellen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA All Childrens Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Susan G Sherman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gravningen K, Braaten T, Schirmer H. Self-perceived risk and prevalent chlamydia infection among adolescents in Norway: a population-based cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:91-6. [PMID: 26275416 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risk judgements are key factors in adolescents' decisions related to sexual health. We examine the associations between self-perceived risk and prevalent chlamydia infection, and sexual behaviours related to risk perception in a general adolescent population in Norway. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional study among 1028 sexually experienced girls and boys, age 15-20 years (85% participation), including web questionnaires and urine samples for Chlamydia trachomatis PCR testing. Participants rated self-perceived risk as: no/low/medium/high/very high. We used binary and ordinal logistic regressions to examine associations with chlamydia prevalence and self-perceived risk, respectively, adjusting for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS Chlamydia prevalence increased with increasing risk perception. Although girls had twice the chlamydia prevalence of boys (7.3% vs 3.9%), their risk distribution was similar and 65% of both genders rated their risk as no/low with half of infections detected in this group. In multivariable analyses, reporting multiple sexual risk behaviours, non-steady relationship, previous chlamydia testing and treatment, and urogenital symptoms increased self-perceived risk. More boys overestimated their personal risk whereas more girls underestimated it (52% vs 30%, respectively, and 15% vs 31%, p<0.001). The main reasons for perceiving no/low risk were: 'I have a steady partner' and 'I trust my partner will tell me about an infection'. CONCLUSIONS These sexually experienced adolescents acknowledged their chlamydia infection risk, but wrong beliefs were incorporated in their assessments, and more than half had incorrect risk perception. We suggest that sexually transmitted infection prevention programmes should be directed at closing the gap between perceived and actual risk and focus on how context may bias personal judgement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gravningen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tonje Braaten
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Cardiology, Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gravningen K, Aicken CR, Schirmer H, Mercer CH. Meeting sexual partners online: associated sexual behaviour and prevalent chlamydia infection among adolescents in Norway: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:97-103. [PMID: 26268510 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence is mixed as to whether meeting sexual partners online ('internet-partners') is associated with risky sexual behaviour and/or sexually transmitted infection transmission. Accordingly, we sought to estimate the prevalence of reporting various online romantic and sexual activities among Norwegian adolescents, including internet-partners, and the reason for meeting them and to examine differences in sexual behaviour, partnership characteristics and chlamydia infection prevalence among those reporting internet-partners versus those reporting only offline partners. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional survey among sexually experienced girls and boys, 15-20 years, using electronic questionnaires and collecting urine samples for Chlamydia trachomatis PCR testing (79% provided both, n=1023). We used logistic regression to examine associations, adjusting for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS Overall, 30% of both genders reported internet-partners (ever). Boys (but not girls) with internet-partners had higher chlamydia prevalence than those reporting meeting sexual partners only offline (8.1%, 95% CI 4.3% to 13.7% vs 1.6%, 0.5% to 3.7%). Two-thirds of girls and 37% of boys reported meeting their most recent internet-partner to start a romantic relationship, while the remainder did so with the specific intention of having sex. Among both genders, reporting sexual (vs romantic) reasons for meeting their most recent internet-partners was associated with reporting several risky sexual behaviours, including multiple recent sex partners (adjusted OR girls: 3.27, boys: 2.48) and three-fold higher chlamydia prevalence. CONCLUSIONS This population-based study suggests that internet-partners are common among adolescents in Norway, and the reason for meeting them was more strongly associated with additionally reporting sexual risk behaviours and prevalent chlamydia infection than the internet itself as a meeting venue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gravningen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), Tromsø, Norway Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Rh Aicken
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Cardiology, Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, UNN, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Catherine H Mercer
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hallfors DD, Cho H, Mbai II, Millimo BW, Atieno C, Okumu D, Luseno WK, Hartman S, Halpern CT, Hobbs MM. Disclosure of HSV-2 serological test results in the context of an adolescent HIV prevention trial in Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:395-400. [PMID: 26139208 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) biomarkers are often used in adolescent sub-Saharan HIV prevention studies, but evaluations of test performance and disclosure outcomes are rare in the published literature. Therefore, we investigated the proportion of ELISA-positive and indeterminate samples confirmed by western blot (WB), the psychosocial response to disclosure and whether reports of sexual behaviour and HSV-2 symptoms are consistent with WB confirmatory results among adolescent orphans in Kenya. METHODS In 2011, 837 Kenyan orphan youth in grades 7 and 8 enrolled in an HIV prevention clinical trial with HSV-2 biomarker outcomes. We used a modified algorithm for the Kalon HSV-2 ELISA to improve specificity; positive and indeterminate results were WB tested. We developed culturally sensitive protocols for disclosing positive results, and documented psychosocial responses, reports of sexual contact and HSV-2 symptoms. RESULTS 28 adolescents (3.3%) were identified as HSV-2 seropositive, six as indeterminate. Of these, 22 positive and all indeterminates were WB tested; 20 and 5, respectively, were confirmed positive. Most youth reported moderate brief stress after disclosure; 22% reported longer and more severe distress. Boys were more likely to be in the latter category. Self-reported virginity was highly inconsistent with WB-confirmed positives. CONCLUSIONS The higher than manufacturer's cut-off for Kalon ELISA modestly reduced the rate of false-positive test results, but also increased false negatives. Investigators should consider the risk:benefit ratio in deciding whether or not to disclose HSV-2 results to adolescent participants under specific field conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01501864.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dion Hallfors
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hyunsan Cho
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Okumu
- School of Nursing, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Winnie K Luseno
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shane Hartman
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn T Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcia M Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ashby J, Rogstad K, Forsyth S, Wilkinson D. Spotting the Signs: a national toolkit to help identify young people at risk of child sexual exploitation. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:231. [PMID: 25990777 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ashby
- Archway Centre for Sexual Health, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Rogstad
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Undergraduate Support Dean, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sophie Forsyth
- Great Western hospitals NHS Foundation trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Dawn Wilkinson
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Jefferiss Wing Centre for Sexual Health, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Winston SE, Chirchir AK, Muthoni LN, Ayuku D, Koech J, Nyandiko W, Carter EJ, Braitstein P. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections including HIV in street-connected adolescents in western Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:353-9. [PMID: 25714102 PMCID: PMC4518741 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to characterise the sexual health of street-connected adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya, analyse gender disparity of risks, estimate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and identify factors associated with STIs. METHODS A cross-sectional study of street-connected adolescents ages 12-21 years was conducted in Eldoret, Kenya. Participants were interviewed and screened for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus-2, syphilis and HIV. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with having any STI. RESULTS Of the 200 participants, 81 (41%) were female. 70.4% of females and 60.5% of males reported sexual activity. Of those that participated in at least one STI test, 28% (55/194) had ≥1 positive test, including 56% of females; 14% (28/194) had >1 positive test. Twelve females and zero males (6% overall, 14.8% of females) were HIV positive. Among females, those with HIV infection more frequently reported transactional sex (66.7% vs. 26.1%, p=0.01), drug use (91.7% vs. 56.5%, p=0.02), and reported a prior STI (50.0% vs. 14.7%, p<0.01). Having an adult caregiver was less likely among those with HIV infection (33.3% vs. 71.0%, p=0.04). Transactional sex (AOR 3.02, 95% CI (1.05 to 8.73)), a previous STI (AOR 3.46 95% CI (1.05 to 11.46)) and ≥2 sexual partners (AOR 5.62 95% (1.67 to 18.87)) were associated with having any STI. CONCLUSIONS Street-connected adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya are engaged in high-risk sexual behaviours and females in particular have a substantial burden of STIs and HIV. There is a need for STI interventions targeted to street-connected youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Winston
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Lauryn N Muthoni
- Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Moi University, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Julius Koech
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Winstone Nyandiko
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya Department Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - E Jane Carter
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Department of Medicine, Moi University, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya Department of Medicine, Moi University, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Division of Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jørgensen MJ, Maindal HT, Christensen KS, Olesen F, Andersen B. Sexual behaviour among young Danes aged 15-29 years: a cross-sectional study of core indicators. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:171-7. [PMID: 25609258 PMCID: PMC4413866 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies occur at high rates among youth. Understanding sexual behaviour is essential for planning and implementing future effective preventive interventions. The present study examines the sexual behaviour in the general Danish population aged 15-29 years using the core indicators recommended by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. METHODS A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in Denmark among a random sample of 20 000 men and women in 2012. Respondents completed a web-based sexual behaviour questionnaire and data were linked to a nationally held demographic database. Core indicators for sexual behaviour frequency stratified by gender are presented as unweighted and weighted data after consideration of sociodemographic differences between respondents and non-respondents. RESULTS Response rate was 20.4%. Condoms were used at sexual debut by 69.9% of women and 62.3% of men, while 14.3% of women and 15.1% of men used no contraceptives at sexual debut. Half of the respondents used condom alone at the latest sexual encounter with a steady partner (women 51.8%, men 55.2%), while 10% used no contraceptives. Having a sexual encounter with a casual partner decreased the likelihood of using condoms (women 43.7%, men 49.5%) and increased the likelihood of using no contraceptives (women 14.8%, men 20.9%). Data on sexual behaviour characteristics showed only minor changes when weighted for non-response. CONCLUSIONS The findings call for interventions addressing the use of appropriate contraception at sexual debut and at last sexual encounter; this seems particularly important when the sexual partner is a casual partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Johansson Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health Programs, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers OE, Denmark Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helle Terkildsen Maindal
- Department of Public Health, Section for Health Promotion and Health Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kaj Sparle Christensen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frede Olesen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Berit Andersen
- Department of Public Health Programs, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers OE, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stoltey JE, Li Y, Bernstein KT, Philip SS. Ecological analysis examining the association between census tract-level incarceration and reported chlamydia incidence among female adolescents and young adults in San Francisco. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:370-4. [PMID: 25609259 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Incarceration has been linked to increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We conducted a census tract-level ecological analysis to explore the relationship between neighbourhood incarceration rates and chlamydia incidence among adolescent girls and young women under age 25 in San Francisco in 2010 to focus public health efforts in neighbourhoods at risk. METHODS Female chlamydial cases under age 25 that were reported to the San Francisco Department of Public Health in 2010 were geocoded to census tract, and chlamydia incidence was calculated. Addresses of incarcerated individuals were geocoded, and census tract-specific incarceration was estimated. American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2009 provided tract-specific survey estimates of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of communities to allow for evaluation of potential census tract-level confounders. A Poisson mixed model was used to assess the relationship of census tract-level incarceration rate with chlamydial case rate. RESULTS Accounting for spatial dependence in neighbouring regions, there was a positive association between incarceration rates and chlamydia incidence in young women under age 25 in San Francisco, and this association decreased as poverty increased, after controlling for other risk factors in the model. CONCLUSIONS This ecological analysis supports the neighbourhood role of incarceration in the risk of chlamydia among young women. These results have important implications for directing limited public health resources to local areas at risk in order to geographically focus prevention interventions and provide improved access to STI services in specific neighbourhoods with high incarceration rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Stoltey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle T Bernstein
- STD Prevention and Control Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susan S Philip
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA STD Prevention and Control Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ellen JM, Greenberg L, Willard N, Stines S, Korelitz J, Boyer CB. Cross-sectional survey comparing HIV risk behaviours of adolescent and young adult men who have sex with men only and men who have sex with men and women in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:458-61. [PMID: 25587181 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the HIV risk behaviours of men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), aged 12-24 years, in five US cities and in San Juan, Puerto Rico. METHODS Data were collected through four annual cross-sectional anonymous surveys at community venues and included questions about sexual partnerships, sexual practices including condom use and substance use. Demographic and risk profiles were summarised for both groups. RESULTS A total of 1198 men were included in this analysis, including 565 MSMO and 633 MSMW. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups for many risk factors examined in multivariable models. MSMW were more likely to identify as bisexual, be in a long-term relationship, have a history of homelessness, have ever used marijuana, have ever been tested for HIV and to have been tested for HIV within the past 6 months. MSMW may be more likely to ever exchange sex for money and ever have a sexually transmitted infection than MSMO. CONCLUSIONS MSMW were more likely to report several markers of socioeconomic vulnerability or behaviours associated with increased risk for HIV than MSMO. MSMW contribute to HIV prevalence in the USA, and better understanding of the risk profile of this group is essential to understand heterosexual HIV transmission. MSMW, particularly those who identify as bisexual or questioning, may feel uncomfortable participating in programmes that are designed for gay-identified men. Therefore, prevention strategies need to target distinct subgroups that compose the population of MSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ellen
- Department of Pediatrics, All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | | | - Nancy Willard
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Cherrie B Boyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cho H, Luseno W, Halpern C, Zhang L, Mbai I, Milimo B, Hallfors DD. Discordance of HIV and HSV-2 biomarkers and self-reported sexual behaviour among orphan adolescents in Western Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 91:260-5. [PMID: 25378660 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines the discordance between biological data of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections and self-reported questionnaire responses among orphan adolescents in Western Kenya. METHODS In 2011, 837 orphan adolescents from 26 primary schools were enrolled in an HIV prevention trial. At baseline, blood samples were drawn for HIV and HSV-2 infection biomarker testing, and participants completed an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing survey. RESULTS Comparing biological data with self-reported responses indicated that 70% of HIV-positive (7 out of 10) and 64% of HSV-2-positive (18 out of 28 positive) participants reported never having had sex. Among ever-married adolescents, 65% (57 out of 88) reported never having had sex. Overall, 10% of study participants appeared to have inconsistently reported their sexual behaviour. Logistic regression analyses indicated that lower educational level and exam scores were significant predictors of inconsistent reporting. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the discordance between infections measured by biomarkers and self-reports of having had sex among orphan adolescents in Kenya. In order to detect programme effects accurately in prevention research, it is necessary to collect both baseline and endline biological data. Furthermore, it is recommended to triangulate multiple data sources about adolescent participants' self-reported information about marriage and pregnancies from school records and parent/guardians to verify the information. Researchers should recognise potential threats to validity in data and design surveys to consider cognitive factors and/or cultural context to obtain more accurate and reliable information from adolescents regarding HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviours. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01501864.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsan Cho
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Winnie Luseno
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Denise Dion Hallfors
- The Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kleppa E, Holmen SD, Lillebø K, Kjetland EF, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Moodley P, Onsrud M. Cervical ectopy: associations with sexually transmitted infections and HIV. A cross-sectional study of high school students in rural South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 91:124-9. [PMID: 25281761 PMCID: PMC4345922 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It has been hypothesised that ectopy may be associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In this cross-sectional study, we wanted to explore the association between STIs (including HIV) and cervical ectopy. Methods We included 700 sexually active young women attending randomly selected high schools in a rural district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The district is endemic of HIV and has a high prevalence of STIs. We did computer-assisted measurements of the ectocervical area covered by columnar epithelium (ectopy) in colposcopic images and STI analyses on cervicovaginal lavage and serum samples. All participating women answered a questionnaire about sexual behaviour and use of contraceptives. Results The mean age was 19.1 years. Ectopy was found in 27.2%, HIV in 27.8%, chlamydia in 25.3% and gonorrhoea in 15.6%. We found that age, parity, chlamydia and gonorrhoea, years since menarche, years since sexual debut and number of sexual partners were associated with ectopy. In multivariate analysis with chlamydia infection as the dependent variable, women with ectopy had increased odds of having chlamydia infection (adjusted OR 1.78, p=0.033). In women under 19 years of age, we found twofold higher odds of being HIV-positive for those with ectopy (OR 2.19, p=0.014). Conclusions In conclusion, cervical ectopy is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection and HIV in the youngest women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kleppa
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve D Holmen
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Lillebø
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eyrun F Kjetland
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Svein Gunnar Gundersen
- Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway Department of Global Development and Planning, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Prashini Moodley
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tan VPS, Macdonald HM, Kim S, Nettlefold L, Gabel L, Ashe MC, McKay HA. Influence of physical activity on bone strength in children and adolescents: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2161-81. [PMID: 24737388 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A preponderance of evidence from systematic reviews supports the effectiveness of weight-bearing exercises on bone mass accrual, especially during the growing years. However, only one systematic review (limited to randomized controlled trials) examined the role of physical activity (PA) on bone strength. Thus, our systematic review extended the scope of the previous review by including all PA intervention and observational studies, including organized sports participation studies, with child or adolescent bone strength as the main outcome. We also sought to discern the skeletal elements (eg, mass, structure, density) that accompanied significant bone strength changes. Our electronic-database, forward, and reference searches yielded 14 intervention and 23 observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We used the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool to assess the quality of studies. Due to heterogeneity across studies, we adopted a narrative synthesis for our analysis and found that bone strength adaptations to PA were related to maturity level, sex, and study quality. Three (of five) weight-bearing PA intervention studies with a strong rating reported significantly greater gains in bone strength for the intervention group (3% to 4%) compared with only three significant (of nine) moderate intervention studies. Changes in bone structure (eg, bone cross-sectional area, cortical thickness, alone or in combination) rather than bone mass most often accompanied significant bone strength outcomes. Prepuberty and peripuberty may be the most opportune time for boys and girls to enhance bone strength through PA, although this finding is tempered by the few available studies in more mature groups. Despite the central role that muscle plays in bones' response to loading, few studies discerned the specific contribution of muscle function (or surrogates) to bone strength. Although not the focus of the current review, this seems an important consideration for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vina P S Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Behringer M, Gruetzner S, McCourt M, Mester J. Effects of weight-bearing activities on bone mineral content and density in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:467-78. [PMID: 23857721 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and associated fractures are a major health concern in Western industrialized nations. Exercise during growth is suggested to oppose the involutional bone loss later in life by increasing peak bone mass. The primary aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide a robust estimate of the effect of weight-bearing activities (WBAs) on bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD), during childhood and adolescence. To locate relevant studies up to June 2012, computerized searches of multiple bibliographic databases and hand searches of key journals and reference lists were performed. Results were extracted by two independent reviewers. The quality of the included trials was assessed via the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score. The study group effect was defined as the difference between the standardized mean change for the treatment and control groups divided by the pooled pretest SD. From 109 potentially relevant studies, only 27 met the inclusion criteria. The analyzed training programs were capable of significantly increasing BMC and aBMD during growth. However, the weighted overall effect sizes (ESs) for changes in BMC (ES 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.29; p < 0.05) and aBMD (ES 0.26; 95% CI, 0.02-0.49) were small. Stepwise backward regression revealed that more than one-third of the observed variance (r(2) = 0.35) between subgroups of the BMC dataset could be explained by differences in the amount of habitual calcium intake per day (beta 0.54, p < 0.01) and the maturational stage (beta -0.28, p < 0.01) at baseline. No significant moderators were identified for aBMD, possibly due to the small number of trials investigating WBAs on aBMD. The results of this meta-analysis conclude that WBAs alongside high calcium intake provide a practical, relevant method to significantly improve BMC in prepubertal children, justifying the application of this exercise form as an osteoporosis prophylaxis in this stage of maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ermel AC, Shew ML, Weaver BA, Qadadri B, Denski C, Tu W, Tong Y, Fortenberry JD, Brown DR. DNA detection and seroprevalence of human papillomavirus in a cohort of adolescent women. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 90:64-9. [PMID: 24031030 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common in adolescent women, while the rare cancerous sequelae of HPV infections do not generally occur until the 4th or 5th decades of life. This prospective study of a cohort of adolescent women was performed to further our knowledge of the natural history of incident and prevalent HPV infections. METHODS Self-vaginal swabs collected from high-risk, unvaccinated adolescent women in a longitudinal study were analysed for HPV DNA. Sera were collected at enrolment and later tested for HPV antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the HPV genotype distribution and duration of detection, and to determine rates of seropositivity and seroconversion for HPV types represented in the assays. RESULTS 146 subjects (mean enrolment age=15.4 years; mean duration of follow-up=5.8 years) had samples adequate for analysis of HPV detection, and 95 of these subjects had paired sera available. The cumulative prevalence for high-risk and low-risk HPV types was 95.9% and 91.1%, respectively. HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 (HPV types represented in the quadrivalent vaccine) were found at some point in 40.4%, 6.2%, 48% and 24% of participants, respectively. Serological data confirmed exposure to these vaccine-covered types, as well as to other high-risk HPV types. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of adolescent women, high- and low-risk HPV types were frequently detected, and serological data confirmed exposure in most subjects. The high-prevalence HPV types represented in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine further support vaccination of women at an age well before sexual debut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Ermel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the impact of a point-of-care (POC) test on overtreatment and undertreatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by comparing treatment patterns for gonorrhoea (detected with nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)) with trichomoniasis (detected by POC test) for young women seen in an emergency department (ED). METHODS We reviewed the database of a quality improvement (QI) project that aims to improve follow-up care for STIs in the ED. Data included the test result and antibiotic given (if any) during visits by women age 14-21 for whom an STI test was ordered. We generated Shewhart control charts and compared overtreatment and undertreatment rates for gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis using χ(2) testing. RESULTS Of 1877 visits over 18 months, 8.8% of women had gonorrhoea and 16.5% had trichomoniasis. Overtreatment was higher for women with gonorrhoea than trichomoniasis (54% vs 23%, p<0.001). Overtreatment for gonorrhoea decreased from 58% to 47% (p<0.01) and overtreatment for trichomoniasis decreased from 24% to 18% (p<0.01), which corresponded to improvements in patient follow-up for the QI project. Undertreatment was higher for women with gonorrhoea than trichomoniasis (29% vs 21%, p=0.03), and did not change over time. CONCLUSIONS A POC test improves the accuracy of STI care in an ED compared with NAAT testing. An unanticipated benefit of QI efforts to improve patient follow-up is the observed decrease in antibiotic use in the ED. Given the ability of gonorrhoea to develop antibiotic resistance, future efforts should focus on development of an accurate POC test for gonorrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Huppert
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229–3039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Croucher AP, Jose S, McDonald S, Foster C, Fidler S. Sexual and reproductive health in a UK cohort of young adults perinatally infected with HIV. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89:392-4. [PMID: 23434788 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess sexual health and behaviour outcomes of young adults with perinatally acquired HIV-1 (PaHIV), and audit sexual health interventions against published standards of care. METHODS Retrospective case note audit of 16-25-year-olds with PaHIV attending a dedicated transition clinic from January 2005 to 2011. RESULTS Fifty-two young adults, 31 women, median age 20 years. 41 were sexually active; median age of coitarche 16 years. Median number of lifetime partners was 3.5, and five reported non-consensual sex. All had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) screen; 6 were diagnosed with an STI, genital warts (human papilloma virus) most frequently. The median interval from coitarche to first STI screen was 2 years. The pregnancy incidence was 103 per 1000 person years. 18/25 (72%) sexually active women had a cervical smear, four had colposcopy. All patients had hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology. 47 had not been vaccinated against HBV prior to transition. 23 completed HBV vaccination of which 11 had surface antibody >100 IU/ml at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS The majority of our cohort was sexually active while still under the care of paediatric health services. Cervical screening and hepatitis B vaccination rates fell short of audit standards. Vaccination for hepatitis B should be considered prior to transfer of care to adult HIV services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Croucher
- Jefferiss Wing, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Snyder SM, Freisthler B. Are Nonprofit Density and Nonprofit Expenditures Related to Youth Deviance? Child Youth Serv Rev 2011; 33:51-58. [PMID: 23493440 PMCID: PMC3594808 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explores whether neighborhoods with greater nonprofit density (nonprofits per mile) and/or larger nonprofit expenditures (nonprofit expenditures per 10,000 people) interact with social control to experience lower levels of adolescent deviancy. Data include cross-sectional surveys of 1,541 youth. The data are analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The dependent variable is a measure of deviance that is the sum of ten items, which assess deviant behaviors. For analysis the square root of this measure is used to adjust for negatively skewed data. The sample was drawn through a two stage-geostatistical sampling procedure, with the final sample including 50 zip codes throughout California. The study finds that adolescents' deviance is not associated with an interaction between social control and either nonprofit density or nonprofit expenditures. However, the analysis found strong positive associations between being male, being older, having higher levels of mean social control and the square root of deviance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Snyder
- Department of Social Welfare, UCLA School of Public Affairs, 3250 Public Policy Building, Box 951656, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|