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Uwanibe JN, Olawoye IB, Happi CT, Folarin OA. Genomic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria from Healthy Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:505. [PMID: 38543556 PMCID: PMC10974654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is responsible for the spread and persistence of bacterial infections. Surveillance of AMR in healthy individuals is usually not considered, though these individuals serve as reservoirs for continuous disease transmission. Therefore, it is essential to conduct epidemiological surveillance of AMR in healthy individuals to fully understand the dynamics of AMR transmission in Nigeria. Thirteen multidrug-resistant Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli isolated from stool samples of healthy children were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) using Illumina and Oxford nanopore sequencing platforms. A bioinformatics analysis revealed antimicrobial resistance genes such as the pmrB_Y358N gene responsible for colistin resistance detected in E. coli ST219, virulence genes such as senB, and ybtP&Q, and plasmids in the isolates sequenced. All isolates harbored more than three plasmid replicons of either the Col and/or Inc type. Plasmid reconstruction revealed an integrated tetA gene, a toxin production caa gene in two E. coli isolates, and a cusC gene in K. quasivariicola ST3879, which induces neonatal meningitis. The global spread of AMR pathogenic enteric bacteria is of concern, and surveillance should be extended to healthy individuals, especially children. WGS for epidemiological surveillance will improve the detection of AMR pathogens for management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria; (J.N.U.); (I.B.O.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B. Olawoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria; (J.N.U.); (I.B.O.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria; (J.N.U.); (I.B.O.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A. Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria; (J.N.U.); (I.B.O.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
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Ghahyazi K, Familiar-Lopez I, Culbert O, Uruchima J, Van Engen A, Cevallos W, Eisenberg JNS, Levy K, Lee GO. Correlates of maternal depression, anxiety and functioning across an urban-rural gradient in northern Ecuador. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2291697. [PMID: 38084739 PMCID: PMC10787496 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2291697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression remains under characterised in many low- and middle-income countries, especially in rural settings. We aimed to describe maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in rural and urban communities in northern Ecuador and to identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with these symptoms. Data from 508 mothers participating in a longitudinal cohort study were included. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), and maternal psychological functioning was assessed using a checklist of daily activities. Tobit regression models were used to examine associations with sociodemographic variables and urbanicity. The median HSCL-25 score was 1.2 (IQR: 0.4) and 14% of women scored above the threshold for clinically relevant symptoms. Rural women reported similar food insecurity, less education, younger age of first pregnancy, and lower socio-economic status compared to their urban counterparts. After adjusting for these factors, rural women reported lower HSCL-25 scores compared to women lin urban areas (β = -0.48, 95%CI:0.65, -0.31). Rural residence was also associated with lower depression and anxiety HSCL-25 sub-scale scores, and similar levels of maternal functioning, compared to urban residence. Our results suggest that both household and community-level factors are risk factors for maternal depression and anxiety in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Ghahyazi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Oriana Culbert
- Rutgers Global Health Institute and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica Uruchima
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Van Engen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William Cevallos
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gwenyth O Lee
- Rutgers Global Health Institute and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Taylor JY, Barcelona V, Magny-Normilus C, Wright ML, Jones-Patten A, Prescott L, Potts-Thompson S, Santos HP. A roadmap for social determinants of health and biological nursing research in the National Institute of Nursing Research 2022-2026 Strategic Plan: Optimizing health and advancing health equity using antiracist framing. Nurs Outlook 2023; 71:102059. [PMID: 37863707 PMCID: PMC10803078 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2023.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health equity is essential for improving the well-being of all individuals and groups, and research remains a critical element for understanding barriers to health equity. While considering how to best support research that acknowledges current health challenges, it is crucial to understand the role of social justice frameworks within health equity research and the contributions of minoritized researchers. Additionally, there should be an increased understanding of the influence of social determinants of health on biological mechanisms. PURPOSE Biological health equity research seeks to understand and address health disparities among historically excluded populations. DISCUSSION While there are examples of studies in this area led by minoritized researchers, some individuals and groups remain understudied due to underfunding. Research within minoritized populations must be prioritized to authentically achieve health equity. Furthermore, there should be increased funding from National Institutes of Health to support minoritized researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Y Taylor
- Center for Research on People of Color, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY.
| | - Veronica Barcelona
- Center for Research on People of Color, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Laura Prescott
- Center for Research on People of Color, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY
| | | | - Hudson P Santos
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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Uwanibe JN, O1awoye IB, Happi CT, Folarin OA. Genomic Characterisation of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria from healthy children in Osun State, Nigeria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549742. [PMID: 37503211 PMCID: PMC10370152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been established to be a significant driver for the persistence and spread of bacterial infections. It is, therefore, essential to conduct epidemiological surveillance of AMR in healthy individuals to understand the actual dynamics of AMR in Nigeria. Multi-drug resistant Klebsiella quasivariicola (n=1), Enterobacter hormaechei (n=1), and Escherichia coli (n=3) from stool samples of healthy children were subjected to whole genome sequencing using Illumina Nextseq1000/2000 and Oxford nanopore. Bioinformatics analysis reveals antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and plasmids. This pathogenic enteric bacteria harbored more than three plasmid replicons of either Col and/or Inc type associated with outbreaks and AMR resistant gene pmrB responsible for colistin resistance. Plasmid reconstruction revealed an integrated tetA gene responsible for tetracycline resistance, and caa gene responsible for toxin production in two of the E.coli isolates, and a cusC gene known to induce neonatal meningitis in the K. quasivariicola ST3879. The global spread of MDR pathogenic enteric bacteria is a worrying phenomenon, and close surveillance of healthy individuals, especially children, is strongly recommended to prevent the continuous spread and achieve the elimination and eradication of these infections. Molecular epidemiological surveillance using whole genome sequencing (WGS) will improve the detection of MDR pathogens in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B. O1awoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A. Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Uruchima J, Renehan C, Castro N, Cevallos W, Levy K, Eisenberg JNS, Lee GO. A Qualitative Study of Food Choice in Urban Coastal Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100093. [PMID: 37234101 PMCID: PMC10206432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constraints on food choice increase risk of malnutrition worldwide. Residents of secondary cities within low- and middle-income countries are a population of particular concern because they often face high rates of food insecurity and multiple nutritional burdens. Within this context, effective and equitable interventions to support healthy diets must be based on an understanding of the lived experience of individuals and their interactions with the food environment. Objectives The primary objectives of this study were to describe considerations that drive household decision making around food choice in the city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador; to identify trade-offs between these considerations; and to understand how an evolving urban environment influences these trade-offs. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 mothers of young children to explore drivers in food choice throughout the purchase, preparation, and consumption chain. Interviews were transcribed and coded to identify key themes. Results Personal preference, economic access (costs), convenience, and perceptions of food safety were key influencers of decision making related to food. In addition, concerns about personal safety in the urban environment limited physical access to food. This, combined with the need to travel long distances to obtain desirable foods, increased men's participation in food purchasing. Women's increasing engagement in the workforce also increased men's participation in food preparation. Conclusions Policies to promote healthy food behavior in this context should focus on increasing access to health foods, such as affordable fresh produce, in convenient and physically safe locations. CurrDev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Uruchima
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cala Renehan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nancy Castro
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - William Cevallos
- Centro de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joseph NS. Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gwenyth O. Lee
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Sosa-Moreno A, Lee GO, Van Engen A, Sun K, Uruchima J, Kwong LH, Ludwig-Borycz E, Caruso BA, Cevallos W, Levy K, Eisenberg JNS. Characterizing Behaviors Associated with Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Infants in Rural Ecuador through Structured Observations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd211099. [PMID: 35405653 PMCID: PMC9209906 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of environmental pathways that results in enteropathogen transmission may vary by context. However, measurement of contact events between individuals and the environment remains a challenge, especially for infants and young children who may use their mouth and hands to explore their environment. Using a mixed-method approach, we combined 1) semistructured observations to characterize key behaviors associated with enteric pathogen exposure and 2) structured observations using Livetrak, a customized software application, to quantify the frequency and duration of contacts events among infants in rural Ecuador. After developing and iteratively piloting the structured observation instrument, we loaded the final list of prompts onto a LiveTrak pallet to assess environmental exposures of 6-month infants (N = 19) enrolled in a prospective cohort study of diarrheal disease. Here we provide a detailed account of the lessons learned. For example, in our field site, 1) most mothers reported washing their hands after diaper changes (14/18, 77.8%); however only a third (4/11, 36.4%) were observed washing their hands; 2) the observers noted that animal ownership differed from observed animal exposure because animals owned by neighboring households were reported during the observation; and 3) using Livetrak, we found that infants frequently mouthed their hands (median = 1.9 episodes/hour, median duration: 1.6 min) and mouthed surroundings objects (1.8 episodes/hour, 1.9 min). Structured observations that track events in real time, can complement environmental sampling, quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. Customizing these observations enabled us to quantify enteric exposures most relevant to our rural Ecuadorian context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwenyth O. Lee
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amanda Van Engen
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelly Sun
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica Uruchima
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura H. Kwong
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Bethany A. Caruso
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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