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Li YJ, Wang X, Wu YJ, Zhou XY, Li J, Qin J, Xu W, Lew JB, Chen W, Shi JF. Access to colorectal cancer screening in populations in China, 2020: A coverage-focused synthesis analysis. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:558-568. [PMID: 38554129 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
In populations in China, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can be mainly accessed through organized screening, opportunistic screening, and physical examination. This screening intervention is found to be effective but the exact coverage rate is difficult to measure. Based on data from published articles, official websites, and available program reports, the screening coverage rate and related indicators were quantified. A rapid review was then conducted to estimate the overall and the breakdown coverage rates of the sub-type screening services, by leveraging the numbers of articles and the by-type median sample sizes. Up to 2020, two central government-funded and four provincial/municipal-level organized CRC screening programs have been initiated and included in this analysis. For populations aged 40-74, the estimated coverage rate of organized programs in China was 2.7% in 2020, and the 2-year cumulative coverage rate in 2019-2020 was 5.3% and the 3-year cumulative coverage rate in 2018-2020 was 7.7%. The corresponding coverage rates of 50-74-year-olds were estimated to be 3.4%, 7.1%, and 10.3%, respectively. Based on the rapid review approach, the overall screening coverage rate for 40-74 years, considering organized screening programs, opportunistic screening, and physical examinations, was then estimated to be 3.0% in China in 2020. However, comparing the findings of this study with the number of health check-ups reported in the local national health statistics yearbooks suggests that the number of CRC physical examinations may be underestimated in this study. The findings suggest that further efforts are needed to improve population access to CRC screening in China. Furthermore, evidence for access to opportunistic CRC screening and physical examination is limited, and more quantitative investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhou
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangmei Qin
- Department of Health Development Strategy and Health Care System Research, China National Health Development Research Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Wanghong Xu
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Bin Lew
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ju-Fang Shi
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhu M, Zhong X, Liao T, Peng X, Lei L, Peng J, Cao Y. Efficient organized colorectal cancer screening in Shenzhen: a microsimulation modelling study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:655. [PMID: 38429684 PMCID: PMC10905924 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health issue with noticeably high incidence and mortality. Microsimulation models offer a time-efficient method to dynamically analyze multiple screening strategies. The study aimed to identify the efficient organized CRC screening strategies for Shenzhen City. METHODS A microsimulation model named CMOST was employed to simulate CRC screening among 1 million people without migration in Shenzhen, with two CRC developing pathways and real-world participation rates. Initial screening included the National Colorectal Polyp Care score (NCPCS), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and risk-stratification model (RS model), followed by diagnostic colonoscopy for positive results. Several start-ages (40, 45, 50 years), stop-ages (70, 75, 80 years), and screening intervals (annual, biennial, triennial) were assessed for each strategy. The efficiency of CRC screening was assessed by number of colonoscopies versus life-years gained (LYG). RESULTS The screening strategies reduced CRC lifetime incidence by 14-27 cases (30.9-59.0%) and mortality by 7-12 deaths (41.5-71.3%), yielded 83-155 LYG, while requiring 920 to 5901 colonoscopies per 1000 individuals. Out of 81 screening, 23 strategies were estimated efficient. Most of the efficient screening strategies started at age 40 (17 out of 23 strategies) and stopped at age 70 (13 out of 23 strategies). Predominant screening intervals identified were annual for NCPCS, biennial for FIT, and triennial for RS models. The incremental colonoscopies to LYG ratios of efficient screening increased with shorter intervals within the same test category. Compared with no screening, when screening at the same start-to-stop age and interval, the additional colonoscopies per LYG increased progressively for FIT, NCPCS and RS model. CONCLUSION This study identifies efficient CRC screening strategies for the average-risk population in Shenzhen. Most efficient screening strategies indeed start at age 40, but the optimal starting age depends on the chosen willingness-to-pay threshold. Within insufficient colonoscopy resources, efficient FIT and NCPCS screening strategies might be CRC initial screening strategies. We acknowledged the age-dependency bias of the results with NCPCS and RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhu
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen City, 518054, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xuan Zhong
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen City, 518054, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Liao
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen City, 518054, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
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Wu W, Tan S, Huang J, Chen Y, Wong MCS, Xu W. A qualitative interview study on colorectal cancer screening in China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1232134. [PMID: 38357645 PMCID: PMC10864664 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1232134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of triage screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully achieved in Chinese populations, mainly due to low compliance to colonoscopy follow-up. This study aimed to collect viewpoints of experts in China on ongoing screening programs and emerging screening tests for CRC, which may help to improve effectiveness of CRC screening in the country. Methods We conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with experts involving CRC screening in China during October to November of 2020. Interview topics included personal characteristics, work context, opinions on ongoing screening programs, challenges and opportunities in optimization of screening strategies, and prospects for CRC screening in near future. To analyze the data, we used a generic qualitative research approach inspired by grounded theory, including open, axial, and selective coding. Results This analysis revealed a total of 83 initial categories, 37 subcategories and 10 main categories, which included 4 core categories of current modality for CRC screening, factors influencing screening effectiveness, optimization of CRC screening modality, and prospects for development of CRC screening. The results provide insight into the factors underlying the challenges of the ongoing CRC screening programs in China: the most important concern is the low compliance to colonoscopy, followed by the low specificity of the currently-used initial tests. The experts proposed to use quantitative instead of qualitative fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and optimize risk assessment tools to improve specificity of initial tests. Regarding the emerging screening tests, 9 of 15 experts did not think that the novel techniques are good enough to replace the current tests, but can be used complementarily in opportunistic screening for CRC. Conclusion The viewpoints of Chinese experts suggested that use quantitative FIT or optimize risk assessment tools may help to identify high-risk individuals of CRC more accurately, improve adherence to colonoscopy, and thus fully achieve the effectiveness of screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimiao Wu
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Songsong Tan
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingyao Chen
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Martin C. S. Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanghong Xu
- Global Health Institute, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
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Boyle DA. The geriatric Asia-Pacific oncology nursing imperative. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2023; 10:100319. [PMID: 38106439 PMCID: PMC10724487 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2023.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
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Zheng S, Schrijvers JJA, Greuter MJW, Kats-Ugurlu G, Lu W, de Bock GH. Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening on All-Cause and CRC-Specific Mortality Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071948. [PMID: 37046609 PMCID: PMC10093633 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to pool and compare all-cause and colorectal cancer (CRC) specific mortality reduction of CRC screening in randomized control trials (RCTs) and simulation models, and to determine factors that influence screening effectiveness. (2) Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library were searched for eligible studies. Multi-use simulation models or RCTs that compared the mortality of CRC screening with no screening in general population were included. CRC-specific and all-cause mortality rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by a bivariate random model. (3) Results: 10 RCTs and 47 model studies were retrieved. The pooled CRC-specific mortality rate ratios in RCTs were 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) and 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) for guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests (gFOBT) and single flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening, respectively. For the model studies, the rate ratios were 0.45 (0.39, 0.51) for biennial fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), 0.31 (0.28, 0.34) for biennial gFOBT, 0.61 (0.53, 0.72) for single FS, 0.27 (0.21, 0.35) for 10-yearly colonoscopy, and 0.35 (0.29, 0.42) for 5-yearly FS. The CRC-specific mortality reduction of gFOBT increased with higher adherence in both studies (RCT: 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) vs. 0.92 (0.87, 0.98), model: 0.30 (0.28, 0.33) vs. 0.92 (0.51, 1.63)). Model studies showed a 0.62-1.1% all-cause mortality reduction with single FS screening. (4) Conclusions: Based on RCTs and model studies, biennial FIT/gFOBT, single and 5-yearly FS, and 10-yearly colonoscopy screening significantly reduces CRC-specific mortality. The model estimates are much higher than in RCTs, because the simulated biennial gFOBT assumes higher adherence. The effectiveness of screening increases at younger screening initiation ages and higher adherences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senshuang Zheng
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J A Schrijvers
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J W Greuter
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Robotics and Mechatronics (RaM) Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gürsah Kats-Ugurlu
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Geertruida H de Bock
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xia C, Chen W. The NCC mathematical modeling framework for decision-making of six major cancers. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2023; 3:35-47. [PMID: 39036317 PMCID: PMC11256528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making. This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center (NCC) modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed empirical data for six major cancers. Methods We developed the NCC modeling framework for six major cancers in China (lung, liver, stomach, colorectal, esophageal, and breast), which simulates the life-histories represented by states among normal, precancerous lesion, stage-specific invasive cancer, and death for six cancers separately. Each NCC simulation model could be illustrated as an integrated framework of 3 modules: a demography module, natural history module, and screening module. Combined with costs and health utilities data, the models could have many detailed outputs for informing decisions, including the harm of screening (e.g., false positives, complications, and overdiagnosis), healthcare costs, and benefits (quality-adjusted life years gained, cancer incidence and mortality, and investment returns). We calibrated the models to Chinese population-based observations on cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution. All models are validated by comparing model simulated results to data observed from nationwide cancer registration and a large prospective cohort study. Results The simulated results from the calibrated models consistently match the epidemiological patterns in six major cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distributions in China. Model projected age-specific cancer incidence and mortality were close to the observed data in the national cancer registration. The NCC modeling framework reproduced the cumulative cancer cases and deaths observed in the prospective cohort study at 7.0 and 10.8 years of follow-up. Model estimated net survival rates also consistent with population-based statistics. Conclusion The NCC modeling framework's ability to reproduce the observed population-level cancer statistics and the cancer cases in a prospective cohort study suggests its results are reliable to inform decision-making related to six major cancers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Xia
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wang J, De Jonge L, Cenin DR, Li P, Tao S, Yang C, Yan B, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of colorectal cancer screening in Shanghai, China: a modelling study. Prev Med Rep 2022; 29:101891. [PMID: 35864929 PMCID: PMC9294625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Shanghai CRC screening program is cost-effective. Changing to a validated FIT would make the program more efficient. The results were sensitive to an increase in the cost of the validated FIT. The results were sensitive to more participation in screening and colonoscopy.
Background The current community-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program in Shanghai, launched in 2013, invited individuals aged 50–74 years to triennial screening with a qualitative faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and questionnaire-based risk assessment (RA). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the existing Shanghai screening program and compare it to using a validated two-sample quantitative FIT. Methods We simulated four strategies (no screening, Shanghai FIT, Shanghai FIT + RA and validated FIT) for the Shanghai screening program and evaluated CRC incidence, CRC mortality, the number of life years gained (LYG), the number of FITs, and colonoscopies required for each. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to assess the cost- effectiveness of each strategy. Results All screening modalities reduced CRC incidence and CRC mortality, gained extra number of LYG compared to no screening. Screening using the Shanghai FIT and validated FIT reduced CRC incidence from 45 cases to 43 per 1,000 simulated individuals (4.4%). Incidence was reduced to 42 cases (6.7%) using the Shanghai FIT + RA. All screening strategies reduced CRC mortality by 10.0% (from 10 to 9 deaths) and resulted in 6 to 7 LYG. The validated FIT was the most cost-effective among the evaluated strategies (ICER ¥26,461 per LYG). Conclusions Our findings show that the current Shanghai screening program is (cost-) effective compared to no screening, but changing to a validated FIT would make the program more efficient.
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