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Krontira AC, Cruceanu C, Dony L, Kyrousi C, Link MH, Rek N, Pöhlchen D, Raimundo C, Penner-Goeke S, Schowe A, Czamara D, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Sammallahti S, Wolford E, Heinonen K, Roeh S, Sportelli V, Wölfel B, Ködel M, Sauer S, Rex-Haffner M, Räikkönen K, Labeur M, Cappello S, Binder EB. Human cortical neurogenesis is altered via glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of ZBTB16 expression. Neuron 2024; 112:1426-1443.e11. [PMID: 38442714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important for proper organ maturation, and their levels are tightly regulated during development. Here, we use human cerebral organoids and mice to study the cell-type-specific effects of glucocorticoids on neurogenesis. We show that glucocorticoids increase a specific type of basal progenitors (co-expressing PAX6 and EOMES) that has been shown to contribute to cortical expansion in gyrified species. This effect is mediated via the transcription factor ZBTB16 and leads to increased production of neurons. A phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis of an enhancer variant that moderates glucocorticoid-induced ZBTB16 levels reveals causal relationships with higher educational attainment and altered brain structure. The relationship with postnatal cognition is also supported by data from a prospective pregnancy cohort study. This work provides a cellular and molecular pathway for the effects of glucocorticoids on human neurogenesis that relates to lasting postnatal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi C Krontira
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Leander Dony
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department for Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens 15784, Greece; University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis", Athens 15601, Greece
| | - Marie-Helen Link
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Nils Rek
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Catarina Raimundo
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Signe Penner-Goeke
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Alicia Schowe
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sara Sammallahti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Elina Wolford
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Psychology/Welfare, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland; Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Simone Roeh
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Vincenza Sportelli
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Barbara Wölfel
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marta Labeur
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
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Czamara D, Dieckmann L, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Cruceanu C, Henrich W, Plagemann A, Räikkönen K, Braun T, Binder EB, Lahti J, Entringer S. Sex differences in DNA methylation across gestation: a large scale, cross-cohort, multi-tissue analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:177. [PMID: 38600394 PMCID: PMC11006734 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is a key variable influencing many physiological systems. Disease prevalence as well as treatment success can be modified by sex. Differences emerge already early in life and include pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. The placenta is a critical organ for fetal development and shows sex-based differences in the expression of hormones and cytokines. Epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), may underlie the previously reported placental sexual dimorphism. We associated placental DNAm with fetal sex in three cohorts. Individual cohort results were meta-analyzed with random-effects modelling. CpG-sites differentially methylated with sex were further investigated regarding pathway enrichment, overlap with methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), and hits from phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). We evaluated the consistency of findings across tissues (CVS, i.e. chorionic villus sampling from early placenta, and cord blood) as well as with gene expression. We identified 10,320 epigenome-wide significant sex-differentially methylated probes (DMPs) spread throughout the epigenome of the placenta at birth. Most DMPs presented with lower DNAm levels in females. DMPs mapped to genes upregulated in brain, were enriched for neurodevelopmental pathways and significantly overlapped with meQTLs and PheWAS hits. Effect sizes were moderately correlated between CVS and placenta at birth, but only weakly correlated between birth placenta and cord blood. Sex differential gene expression in birth placenta was less pronounced and implicated genetic regions only marginally overlapped with those associated with differential DNAm. Our study provides an integrative perspective on sex-differential DNAm in perinatal tissues underscoring the possible link between placenta and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Czamara
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Linda Dieckmann
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Girchenko P, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Hämäläinen E, Laivuori H, Villa PM, Kajantie E, Räikkönen K. Associations of polymetabolic risk of high maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index with pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, and early childhood neurodevelopment: findings from two pregnancy cohorts. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:78. [PMID: 38267899 PMCID: PMC10807109 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of maternal pregnancy complications, adverse birth outcomes and neurodevelopmental delay in children may be attributable to high maternal pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI). However, BMI alone is insufficient for the identification of all at-risk mothers and children as many women with non-obesity(< 30 kg/m2) or normal weight(18.5-24.99 kg/m2) and their children may suffer from adversities. Evidence suggests that BMI-related metabolic changes during pregnancy may predict adverse mother-child outcomes better than maternal anthropometric BMI. METHODS In a cohort of 425 mother-child dyads, we identified maternal BMI-defined metabolome based on associations of 95 metabolic measures measured three times during pregnancy with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. We then examined whether maternal BMI-defined metabolome performed better than anthropometric BMI in predicting gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, gestational weight gain (GWG), Caesarian section delivery, child gestational age and weight at birth, preterm birth, admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and childhood neurodevelopment. Based on metabolic measures with the highest contributions to BMI-defined metabolome, including inflammatory and glycolysis-related measures, fatty acids, fluid balance, ketone bodies, lipids and amino acids, we created a set of maternal high BMI-related polymetabolic risk scores (PMRSs), and in an independent replication cohort of 489 mother-child dyads tested their performance in predicting the same set of mother-child outcomes in comparison to anthropometric BMI. RESULTS BMI-defined metabolome predicted all of the studied mother-child outcomes and improved their prediction over anthropometric BMI, except for gestational hypertension and GWG. BMI-related PMRSs predicted gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, Caesarian section delivery, admission to NICU, lower gestational age at birth, lower cognitive development score of the child, and improved their prediction over anthropometric BMI. BMI-related PMRSs predicted gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, Caesarean section delivery, NICU admission and child's lower gestational age at birth even at the levels of maternal non-obesity and normal weight. CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI-defined metabolome improves the prediction of pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, and neurodevelopment in children over anthropometric BMI. The novel, BMI-related PMRSs generated based on the BMI-defined metabolome have the potential to become biomarkers identifying at-risk mothers and their children for timely targeted interventions even at the level of maternal non-obesity and normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Girchenko
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, (Haartmaninkatu 3), P.O BOX 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, (Haartmaninkatu 3), P.O BOX 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia M Villa
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, (Haartmaninkatu 3), P.O BOX 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sormunen-Harju H, Huvinen E, Girchenko PV, Kajantie E, Villa PM, Hämäläinen EK, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Laivuori H, Räikkönen K, Koivusalo SB. Metabolomic Profiles of Nonobese and Obese Women With Gestational Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2862-2870. [PMID: 37220084 PMCID: PMC10584006 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In non-pregnant population, nonobese individuals with obesity-related metabolome have increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The risk of these diseases is also increased after gestational diabetes. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to examine whether nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obese non-GDM women differ in metabolomic profiles from nonobese non-GDM controls. METHODS Levels of 66 metabolic measures were assessed in early (median 13, IQR 12.4-13.7 gestation weeks), and across early, mid (20, 19.3-23.0), and late (28, 27.0-35.0) pregnancy blood samples in 755 pregnant women from the PREDO and RADIEL studies. The independent replication cohort comprised 490 pregnant women. RESULTS Nonobese and obese GDM, and obese non-GDM women differed similarly from the controls across early, mid, and late pregnancy in 13 measures, including very low-density lipoprotein-related measures, and fatty acids. In 6 measures, including fatty acid (FA) ratios, glycolysis-related measures, valine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, the differences between obese GDM women and controls were more pronounced than the differences between nonobese GDM or obese non-GDM women and controls. In 16 measures, including HDL-related measures, FA ratios, amino acids, and inflammation, differences between obese GDM or obese non-GDM women and controls were more pronounced than the differences between nonobese GDM women and controls. Most differences were evident in early pregnancy, and in the replication cohort were more often in the same direction than would be expected by chance alone. CONCLUSION Differences between nonobese and obese GDM, or obese non-GDM women and controls in metabolomic profiles may allow detection of high-risk women for timely targeted preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Sormunen-Harju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia Huvinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Polina V Girchenko
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia M Villa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa K Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila B Koivusalo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Czamara D, Cruceanu C, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Dieckmann L, Ködel M, Sauer S, Rex-Haffner M, Sammallahti S, Kajantie E, Laivuori H, Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Binder EB. Genome-Wide Copy Number Variant and High-Throughput Transcriptomics Analyses of Placental Tissues Underscore Persisting Child Susceptibility in At-Risk Pregnancies Cleared in Standard Genetic Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911448. [PMID: 36232765 PMCID: PMC9569583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that children from pregnancies with estimated first-trimester risk based on fetal nuchal translucency thickness and abnormal maternal serum pregnancy protein and hormone levels maintain a higher likelihood of adverse outcomes, even if initial testing for known genetic conditions is negative. We used the Finnish InTraUterine cohort (ITU), which is a comprehensively characterized perinatal cohort consisting of 943 mothers and their babies followed throughout pregnancy and 18 months postnatally, including mothers shortlisted for prenatal genetic testing but cleared for major aneuploidies (cases: n = 544, 57.7%) and control pregnancies (n = 399, 42.3%). Using genome-wide genotyping and RNA sequencing of first-trimester and term placental tissue, combined with medical information from registry data and maternal self-report data, we investigated potential negative medical outcomes and genetic susceptibility to disease and their correlates in placenta gene expression. Case mothers did not present with higher levels of depression, perceived stress, or anxiety during pregnancy. Case children were significantly diagnosed more often with congenital malformations of the circulatory system (4.12 (95% CI [1.22−13.93]) higher hazard) and presented with significantly more copy number duplications as compared to controls (burden analysis, based on all copy number variants (CNVs) with at most 10% frequency, 823 called duplications in 297 cases versus 626 called duplications in 277 controls, p = 0.01). Fifteen genes showed differential gene expression (FDR < 0.1) in association with congenital malformations in first-trimester but not term placenta. These were significantly enriched for genes associated with placental dysfunction. In spite of normal routine follow-up prenatal testing results in early pregnancy, case children presented with an increased likelihood of negative outcomes, which should prompt vigilance in follow-up during pregnancy and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Linda Dieckmann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Sammallahti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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