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Yang J, Xie Q, Chen B, Wang J, Wang L, Luo C, Zhang Y, Xiong H, Xiang Q, Lei Z, Zeng G. Screening for negative emotions and analysis of related factors among general surgery inpatients: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1343164. [PMID: 38379622 PMCID: PMC10876801 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1343164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse psychological states in surgical patients can impact outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate mood disorders and associated factors in general surgery inpatients using the Huaxi Emotional Distress Index (HEI). Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed HEI scores of 20,398 adult patients hospitalized for elective surgery at a tertiary hospital in China (2018-2021). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression identified factors linked to moderate/severe mood disturbances. Results Factors linked to moderate/severe mood disturbances were identified through univariable and multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that 3.7% of the patients had HEI ≥ 13, indicating significant emotional issues. The mean age was 52.67 (16.14) years in the group with no/mild distress and 59.65 (16.34) years in the group with moderate/severe distress. Among all the cases included, there were 2,689 cases (13.18%) of gastric and esophageal diseases, 1,437 cases (7.04%) of hepatic diseases, 913 cases (4.47%) of periampullary and pancreatic tumors, 9,150 cases (44.85%) of gallbladder diseases, 2,777 cases (13.61%) of colorectal diseases, and 3,432 cases (16.83%) of other diseases. The male percentage was 45.5 and 54.9% in the two groups, respectively. Older age, male gender, unstable occupations, lower education, and unmarried status were associated with higher risks of mood disturbances (all p < 0.05). A significant downward trend in adverse emotions was observed with increasing education levels (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the study found that the inpatients had higher HEI scores prior to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to during the pandemic (p < 0.001). However, the occurrence of adverse mood states in these patients was not exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The trend test remained highly significant in the none-adjusted, age-sex adjusted, and fully adjusted models (all p for trend <0.001). Conclusion The implementation of routine screening in higher education institutions (HEIs) allows for the early identification of surgical inpatients who require psychological intervention. It is recommended that counseling services focus on individuals with lower levels of education and income instability in order to address negative mood states. Furthermore, the potential application of this screening system in other clinical settings could enable earlier psychological interventions for a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
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Bin X, Qu KY, Wang YH, Chen L, Xiong YJ, Wen JF, Wei HB, Bing T, Dan CY, Zhu JQ. Prevalence of depression, anxiety in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1267764. [PMID: 38249392 PMCID: PMC10796455 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1267764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health risks associated with the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic are often overlooked by the public. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression and anxiety disorders in China. Methods Studies were analyzed and extracted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 flowchart. The studies were screened and extracted using electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov according to the predefined eligibility criteria. The Cochrane Review Manager software 5.3.1 was used for data analysis and the risk of bias assessment. Results As of 2023, a total of 9,212,751 Chinese have been diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. A total of 913,036 participants in 44 studies were selected following the eligibility criteria, the statistical information of which was collected for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety were 0.31 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.35; I2 = 100.0%, p < 0.001) and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.36; I2 = 100.0%, p < 0.001), respectively. After performing a subgroup analysis, the prevalence of depression among women, healthcare workers, students, and adolescents was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.41), 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.44), 0.32 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.39), and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.44), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the Chinese was overall high. Monitoring and surveillance of the mental health status of the population during crises such as sudden global pandemics are imperative. Systematic review registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [CRD42023402190].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Bin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Yi Qu
- Department of Stomatology, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Fu Wen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Endocrinology of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Hua-Bo Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Tan Bing
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Dan
- Department of Human Resources, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Quan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Yuming T, Jiani S, Hefeng C, Ying Z, Weiyan Y, Duowu Z. The Clinical Characteristics and Related Factors of Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00624. [PMID: 37467381 PMCID: PMC10684177 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics and related factors of centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS). METHODS Our study included 73 patients with CAPS and 132 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls. The general information of the participants was collected, and the questionnaires were completed including the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Visual Analog Scale, and Short-Form 36. Univariate and forward stepwise regression analyses were performed to explore the influencing factors of CAPS. RESULTS Nonexercise (adjusted odds ration [AOR] 4.53; confidence interval [CI] 1.602-12.809), mild-to-moderate depression (AOR 7.931; CI 3.236-19.438), married status (AOR 3.656; CI 1.317-10.418), and drinking coffee (AOR 0.199; CI 0.051-0.775) were found to be related with centrally mediated abdominal syndrome. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale score (7-13) was significantly related to moderate-to-severe abdominal pain (AOR 7.043; CI 1.319-37.593). Higher Hamilton Depression Scale score was related to lower mental component scale score (β = -0.726, P < 0.01) and physical component scale score (β = -0.706, P < 0.01). DISCUSSION Depression, married status, and nonexercise were the independent risk factors of CAPS. Conversely, coffee intake was an independent protective factor of CAPS. Anxiety was related to the severity of abdominal pain, while depression was related to low health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yuming
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Jiani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Hefeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Weiyan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zou Duowu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Chu Y, Wang X, Dai H. Prevalence and risk factors for anxiety and depression among community dwelling patients with cervical spondylosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13497. [PMID: 36776911 PMCID: PMC9899124 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of COVID-19 and its unfavorable consequences lead to disease fear and other related mental health problems for individuals worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and relevant factors of anxiety and depression among community dwelling cervical spondylosis (CS) patients, and to explore the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and anxiety and depression, so as to provide scientific basis for improving their mental health. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a cohort of 556 CS patients by using convenient sampling. These participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). The Chi-square test was used to determine the differences among categorical variables. Binary stepwise logistic regression was used to determine predictors of anxiety and depression. Results The median HADS-A score was 5 (interquartile interval 2-7), and the median HADS-D score was 4 (interquartile interval 2-8). In this study, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was 25.0% and 26.6%, respectively. Gender and comorbid chronic diseases were predictors of depressive symptoms. In addition, fear of COVID-19 was related to depression and anxiety among community dwelling CS patients. Conclusion Approximately one quarter of community dwelling CS patients were suffering depression or anxiety. Our findings could provide a basis for the development of psychological crisis intervention strategies for CS patients under public health emergencies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongliang Dai
- Corresponding author. School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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Delpino FM, da Silva CN, Jerônimo JS, Mulling ES, da Cunha LL, Weymar MK, Alt R, Caputo EL, Feter N. Prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 2 million people. J Affect Disord 2022; 318:272-282. [PMID: 36096370 PMCID: PMC9462928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uncertainty, disruptions in daily routines, and concerns for the health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely associated with increases in generalized anxiety. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature in order to identify the update prevalence of anxiety in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis. It included studies that assessed the prevalence of anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS In total, we included 194 studies. The general prevalence of anxiety was 35.1 %, affecting approximately 851,000 participants. The prevalence in low and middle-income countries (35.1 %; 95%CI: 29.5 % to 41.0 %) was similar compared to high-income countries (34.7 %; 95%CI: 29.6 % to 40.1 %). In studies that provided the proportion of cases in each level of anxiety disorder, mild-to-moderate anxiety affected one quarter of the participants. One in ten cases with anxiety during the COVID-19 may be living with severe or extremely anxiety disorder. Most instruments estimated similar prevalence of anxiety disorders with notable difference in the prevalence estimated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). CONCLUSION One in three adults were living with anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Jeferson Santos Jerônimo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliete Stark Mulling
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Leal da Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Krause Weymar
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Caputo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natan Feter
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Kim TH, Kang JW, Jeon SR, Ang L, Lee HW, Lee MS. Use of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:884573. [PMID: 35615091 PMCID: PMC9125211 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.884573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTraditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) has been reported to use for symptom management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this review was to identify the overall usage prevalence of TCIM interventions for COVID-19.MethodsSurveys on the general population and observational studies on the COVID-19 patient chart review were located in the search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases in September 2021. Observational studies, such as cross-sectional studies, surveys, cohort studies and hospital-based patient case reviews, published in any language, reporting the usage of TCIM in the patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were included in this review. Data screening and extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. The reporting quality of the included studies was assessed with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. To conduct a meta-analysis of the usage prevalence of various TCIM interventions, the effect size of the proportion for each intervention was calculated with the inverse variance method. The main outcome was usage prevalence of TCIM interventions among patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsA total of 62 studies were included in this review. The overall TCIM usage prevalence was estimated to be 0.64 (95% CI 0.54–0.73). The overall prevalence did not differ between the population-based survey (0.65, 95% CI 0.48–0.81) and the hospital-based patient case review (0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.73). Statistical heterogeneity and comparatively low quality in reporting were observed, which should be cautiously considered when interpreting the results.ConclusionVarious TCIM interventions were reported to be used with comparatively high frequency. Future international collaborative research might overcome the main limitation of this study, i.e., the heterogeneity of the included data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=278452, identifier: CRD42021278452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sae-Rom Jeon
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lin Ang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myeong Soo Lee
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Yeni K, Tulek Z, Terzi M. A year with the fear of COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis patients: Examination of depression, sleep quality and quality of life before and after the pandemic. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103370. [PMID: 35158434 PMCID: PMC8579733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 outbreak, which has caused great fear and has affected many aspects of life even in healthy individuals, could become more threatening for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate depression, sleep and quality of life before and one year after the COVID-19 pandemic in PwMS and the association between the fear of COVID-19 and these parameters. Methods A total of 89 PwMS and 262 healthy controls were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The study compared the data collected before the pandemic with the data collected online approximately one year after the onset of the pandemic. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Worry and Anxiety Questionnaire (WAQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the MS Quality of life scale (MSQoL-54) were used as data collection tools. Results The mean age of the patients was 41.08 (±10.2) years; 62% were female and half (50.6%) of the patients were not working. The mean EDSS and the mean duration of diagnosis were found to be 1.33(±1.6) and 7.73(±6.1), respectively. The mean age of the control group was 38.08 (±11.4) and 51.5% were female. In both groups, social (PwMS 79.8% vs HC 89.3%) and psychological (PwMS 61.8% vs HC 51.9%) fields were found to have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic most. Of the patients, 19% reported that the frequency of exacerbations increased during the pandemic. In the patient group, the fear of coronavirus (p=0.808) and the sleep quality (p=0.906) were found not to be different to those in control group; however, the anxiety (p=0.001) and depression (p=0.001) levels were determined to be significantly higher. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the sleep quality of the patients was seen to be impaired during the pandemic (p<0.05); however, the depression scores were seen not to change (p>0.05). Although there were improvements in energy/vitality (p<0.001) and sexual function (p=0.002) scale scores, compared to the pre-pandemic period, deterioration in many sub-dimensions of quality of life was detected. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the anxiety, depression, and the sleep problems were predictors of both the physical health (p<0.001) and the mental health (p<0.001) sub-dimensions. The fear of coronavirus was determined not to have a significant effect on the quality of life (p>0.05). Conclusion It was determined that PwMS and were psychosocially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and had a significant deterioration in sleep quality at the end of a year spent with the pandemic. In addition, there was a deterioration in depression scores, although it was not statistically significant. Considering the fact that many subdimensions of quality of life, especially those associated with mental health, were impaired, it can be said that providing psychosocial support to patients is an important necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Yeni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Zeliha Tulek
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Terzi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Yang L, Yang J, He J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Sun B, Gao J, Qian L. Analysis of Anxiety and Depression Status in Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:771621. [PMID: 34955920 PMCID: PMC8708133 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) had caused a global pandemic and disrupted millions of lives. Cancer patients are a special group at greater risk of contracting viruses. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiety and depression status of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: 396 cancer patients who underwent radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to evaluate patient anxiety and depression, respectively. 373 cancer patients completed the questionnaires. Results: During the COVID-19 outbreak, the incidence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients were 34.9 and 33.8%, respectively. Approximately 31.4% of tumor radiotherapy patients had anxiety and depression. Based on univariate analysis, age, work status, education level, and clinical stage were related to anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Based on multiple regression analysis, age and clinical stage were related to anxiety, but only age was related to depression. Conclusions: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients experienced increased psychological problems. Our results have contributed to a better understanding of these psychological problems in cancer patients and provide a basis for psychological counseling and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liting Qian
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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