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Gupta D, Mohan S. Influenza vaccine: a review on current scenario and future prospects. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 38030859 PMCID: PMC10686931 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing influenza, but it requires annual updates in vaccine composition due to the ever-changing nature of the flu virus. While healthcare and economic burdens have reduced, the virus remains a challenge. Research conducted over the past decade has revealed pathways for improvement through both basic and clinical studies. Viral surveillance plays a vital role in the better selection of candidate viruses for vaccines and the early detection of drug-resistant strains.This page offers a description of future vaccine developments and an overview of current vaccine options. In the coming years, we anticipate significant changes in vaccine production, moving away from traditional egg-based methods towards innovative technologies such as DNA and RNA vaccines. These newer approaches offer significant advantages over traditional egg-based and cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanshi Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sumedha Mohan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India.
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Krishnan A, Shekhawat K, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Kanungo S, Rajkumar P, Bhardwaj SD, Kumar R, Prabhakaran AO, Gopal G, Chakrabarti AK, Purushothaman GKC, Potdar V, Manna B, Gharpure R, Amarchand R, Choudekar A, Lafond KE, Dar L, Bhattacharjee U, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Saha S. Cost of acute respiratory illness episode and its determinants among community-dwelling older adults: a four-site cohort study from India. BMJ PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 1:e000103. [PMID: 38116390 PMCID: PMC10728158 DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Advocacy for the provision of public health resources, including vaccine for the prevention of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) among older adults in India, needs evidence on costs and benefits. Using a cohort of community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older in India, we estimated the cost of ARI episode and its determinants. Methods We enrolled 6016 participants in Ballabgarh, Chennai, Kolkata and Pune from July 2018 to March 2020. They were followed up weekly to identify ARI and classified them as acute upper respiratory illness (AURI) or pneumonia based on clinical features based on British Thoracic Society guidelines. All pneumonia and 20% of AURI cases were asked about the cost incurred on medical consultation, investigation, medications, transportation, food and lodging. The cost of services at public facilities was supplemented by WHO-Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective(CHOICE) estimates for 2019. Indirect costs incurred by the affected participant and their caregivers were estimated using human capital approach. We used generalised linear model with log link and gamma family to identify the average marginal effect of key determinants of the total cost of ARI. Results We included 2648 AURI and 1081 pneumonia episodes. Only 47% (range 36%-60%) of the participants with pneumonia sought care. The mean cost of AURI episode was US$13.9, while that of pneumonia episode was US$25.6, with indirect costs comprising three-fourths of the total. The cost was higher among older men by US$3.4 (95% CI: 1.4 to 5.3), those with comorbidities by US$4.3 (95% CI: 2.8 to 5.7) and those who sought care by US$17.2 (95% CI: 15.1 to 19.2) but not by influenza status. The mean per capita annual cost of respiratory illness was US$29.5. Conclusion Given the high community disease and cost burden of ARI, intensifying public health interventions to prevent and mitigate ARI among this fast-growing older adult population in India is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Center For Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kusum Shekhawat
- Center For Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ismael R Ortega-Sanchez
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suman Kanungo
- Indian Council of Medical Research,National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prabu Rajkumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj
- Indian Council of Medical Research,National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Center For Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Giridara Gopal
- Center For Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Chakrabarti
- Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Varsha Potdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research,National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Byomkesh Manna
- Indian Council of Medical Research,National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Radhika Gharpure
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ritvik Amarchand
- Center For Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Choudekar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kathryn E Lafond
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uttaran Bhattacharjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research,National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Lafond KE, Gharpure R, Dugan VG, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Estimating the full health and economic benefits of current and future influenza vaccines. BMC Med 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37501176 PMCID: PMC10373290 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of respiratory virus vaccines, it is crucial to assess the value of novel mRNA and combination influenza/COVID-19 vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. Modeling studies, such as the one conducted by Waterlow et al., provide vital information about the cost-benefit potential of these products compared to currently licensed vaccines. However, this approach only accounts for directly measured medically attended influenza-associated illnesses and has two major limitations. First, this method fails to capture the full disease burden of influenza (including non-respiratory and non-medically attended influenza illnesses), which are particularly important drivers of disease burden in infants and older adults. Second, the model does not describe the ancillary benefits of influenza vaccination such as the attenuation of severe disease, prevention of severe non-respiratory outcomes (e.g., myocardial infarctions), or reduced antibiotic use. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the benefits of influenza vaccines, we must strive to improve the inputs for future modeling-based evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lafond
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA.
| | - R Gharpure
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
| | - V G Dugan
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
| | - E Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
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Woodward M, Ramasubramanian V, Kamarulzaman A, Tantawichien T, Wang M, Song JY, Choi WS, Djauzi S, Solante R, Lee WS, Tateda K, Pan H, Wang NC, Pang T. Addressing Unmet Needs in Vaccination for Older Adults in the Asia Pacific: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:869-880. [PMID: 37284594 PMCID: PMC10239646 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s406601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of vaccinating the older population against vaccine-preventable diseases in terms of health, social and economic benefits has been increasingly recognised. However, there is a gap in the utilisation of vaccines worldwide. The population is ageing at an unprecedented pace in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region, with the number of persons older than 65 years set to double by 2050 to around 1.3 billion. More than 18% of the population in Japan, Hong Kong, and China is over the age of 65 years. This highlights the importance of prioritising resources to address societal obligations toward the needs of the ageing generation. This review provides an overview of the challenges to adult vaccination in APAC, drivers to increase vaccination coverage, vaccination insights gained through the COVID-19 pandemic, and potential measures to increase the uptake of adult vaccines in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Minggui Wang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, SH, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korean University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Samsuridjal Djauzi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rontgene Solante
- Adult Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, NCR, Philippines
| | - Wen-Sen Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhiko Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - HongXing Pan
- Institution of Vaccine Clinical Trials, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, JS, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning-Chi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tikki Pang
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Cai W, Su Z, Li C, Chen Z, Cao J, Xu F. Vaccine hesitancy amongst healthcare workers corrodes public vaccination trust. Vaccine X 2023:100309. [PMID: 37362022 PMCID: PMC10175077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zuanjun Su
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Canye Li
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhicong Chen
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Jinming Cao
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201400, China
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Krishnan A. Need for a robust public health response to seasonal influenza in India. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:421-426. [PMID: 37955218 PMCID: PMC10443721 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_184_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Marcenac P, McCarron M, Davis W, Igboh LS, Mott JA, Lafond KE, Zhou W, Sorrells M, Charles MD, Gould P, Arriola CS, Veguilla V, Guthrie E, Dugan VG, Kondor R, Gogstad E, Uyeki TM, Olsen SJ, Emukule GO, Saha S, Greene C, Bresee JS, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Fry AM, Jernigan DB, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Leveraging International Influenza Surveillance Systems and Programs during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S26-S33. [PMID: 36502434 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.212248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of global respiratory disease surveillance systems and partnerships has been built over decades as a direct response to the persistent threat of seasonal, zoonotic, and pandemic influenza. These efforts have been spearheaded by the World Health Organization, country ministries of health, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nongovernmental organizations, academic groups, and others. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention worked closely with ministries of health in partner countries and the World Health Organization to leverage influenza surveillance systems and programs to respond to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Countries used existing surveillance systems for severe acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness, respiratory virus laboratory resources, pandemic influenza preparedness plans, and ongoing population-based influenza studies to track, study, and respond to SARS-CoV-2 infections. The incorporation of COVID-19 surveillance into existing influenza sentinel surveillance systems can support continued global surveillance for respiratory viruses with pandemic potential.
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Impact of COVID-19 on the Changing Patterns of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:558-568. [PMID: 35893478 PMCID: PMC9394296 DOI: 10.3390/idr14040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality among children. Preventive measures implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including facemasks, stay-at-home orders, closure of schools and local-national borders, and hand hygiene, may have also prevented the transmission of RSV and influenza. However, with the easing of COVID-19 imposed restrictions, many regions are noticing a delayed RSV outbreak. Some of these regions have also noted an increase in severity of these delayed RSV outbreaks partly due to a lack of protective immunity in the community following a lack of exposure from the previous season. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic can be implemented for controlling RSV outbreaks, including: (1) measures to reduce the spread, (2) effective vaccine development, and (3) genomic surveillance tools and computational modeling to predict the timing and severity of RSV outbreaks. These measures can help reduce the severity and prepare the health care system to deal with future RSV outbreaks by appropriate and timely allocation of health care resources.
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