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Gleeson H, Earnshaw J, Craig C, Hodson C, Szatkowski L. Evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a smoking cessation service in Derbyshire: An interrupted time series analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303876. [PMID: 38843162 PMCID: PMC11156325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data published early in the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that smokers infected with SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to need hospital treatment or die than non-smokers, and thus this was seen as a motivator to encourage smokers to make a quit attempt. Live Life Better Derbyshire (LLBD) is an integrated lifestyle service providing free support for residents Derbyshire, UK, who want to quit smoking. On 19 March 2020, LLBD converted from offering face-to-face cessation support to a smoking cessation service delivered remotely. METHODS Interrupted time series analysis to investigate the impact of COVID-19, and the shift to remote delivery of smoking cessation support, on the number of smokers who accessed cessation support with LLBD, set a quit date, and self-reported having quit at 4-week follow-up. RESULTS 11,393 episodes of smoking cessation support were opened with LLBD between 01 January 2018 and 31 December 2021. The weekly count of all outcomes was increasing prior to the date when LLBD converted to remote-only delivery. There was a 20% immediate drop in the number of episodes opened coinciding with this date (IRR 0.88, 95% CI 0.646-0.992) but no change in the number of quit dates set or 4-week quits or the underlying longer-term trends. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic, and associated shift to remote delivery of smoking cessation support by LLBD, had no substantial sustained overall impact on measures of smoking cessation service activity and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Gleeson
- Derbyshire County Council Public Health Department, Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Earnshaw
- Derbyshire County Council Public Health Department, Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Craig
- Derbyshire County Council Public Health Department, Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Hodson
- Derbyshire County Council Public Health Department, Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Szatkowski
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Veldhuizen S, Zawertailo L, Selby P. Type-switching of short-acting nicotine replacement therapy products and its implications for treatment. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 160:209286. [PMID: 38160877 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The frequency with which people change from one medical treatment to another partly reflects satisfaction with the initial intervention. In this secondary analysis of observational data, we explore switch rates for short-acting nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products, which differ in mode of use, rapidity of action, and adverse effect profiles. METHODS We analyzed data from 46,882 participants in the Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients program who received short-acting NRT (gum, lozenge, oral spray, or inhaler) at their initial visit. We used discrete-time survival analysis to model the time elapsing before a change was made to another product and included time-by-product interactions to explore differences over time and product-by-previous-quit-attempts interactions to examine the importance of potential previous exposure to NRT. We adjusted both models for a range of sociodemographic and tobacco use variables. RESULTS Overall, 37.9% (95% CI = 37.5%, 38.4%) of participants switched to a different product at their first follow-up visit. Time-averaged and adjusted switch probabilities were 21.1% for gum, 23.8% for lozenge, 26.0% for inhaler, and 28.8% for oral spray. Switch rates were highest for people without past quit attempts, for women, and for people also using the nicotine patch. CONCLUSIONS People frequently switch from one type of short-acting NRT to another. We did not assess reasons for switching, but they may include adverse effects, impracticality, and perceived ineffectiveness. Given the superior effectiveness of combination treatment, making multiple products available may improve outcomes by allowing some people to continue with short-acting products for longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Veldhuizen
- Nicotine Dependence Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen St W - 3342, Toronto M6J 1H1, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Nicotine Dependence Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
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Krotter A, García-Pérez Á, Aonso-Diego G, García-Fernández G. Body weight change during a smoking cessation intervention for individuals with overweight or obesity. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101882. [PMID: 38723487 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A more comprehensive understanding of the factors regarding weight control in individuals with overweight or obesity after quitting smoking is needed. The study aimed to analyze the changes of in-treatment variables during a smoking cessation intervention and examine their impact on weight. METHODS A total of 120 individuals who smoke with overweight or obesity (MBMI = 31.75 ± 4.31; 54.16 % female) participated in a cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation and weight control or the same treatment plus contingency management. Weight, smoking variables (cotinine and continuous abstinence), eating behaviors (appetite, grazing), exercise, and sleep were assessed weekly throughout the treatment. RESULTS More participants gained weight over time with reduced nicotine use or abstinence. There was a tendency during treatment to increase appetite and exercise time, while grazing episodes and sleeping hours remained stable. Higher baseline weight (p < .001), greater cotinine reduction (p = .021) and time (p = .009) were associated with greater weight gain, while more hours of exercise (p = .003), no appetite changes (p = .003) and diminished appetite (p < .001) were associated with less gain over the treatment. Both treatment conditions showed similar results in all in-treatment variables. DISCUSSION Individuals with overweight and obesity with higher baseline weight and higher baseline cotinine levels during smoking cessation interventions may require special attention to improve weight outcomes. Exercise and appetite regulation may be useful for mitigating weight gain in smoking cessation interventions for individuals with overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Krotter
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Department of Psychology, Sociology and Philosophy, University of Leon, Education Faculty, Vegazana Campus s/n, 24071 Leon, Spain.
| | - Gema Aonso-Diego
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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Siu C, Stephenson E, Christie CD, Selby P, Tu K. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of primary care visits for substance use among patients in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288503. [PMID: 38127861 PMCID: PMC10734921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the prevalence of substance use presentations. This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of primary care visits for substance use including tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among primary care patients in Ontario, Canada. Diagnostic and service fee code data were collected from a longitudinal cohort of family medicine patients during pre-pandemic (March 14, 2019-March 13, 2020) and pandemic periods (March 14, 2020-March 13, 2021). Generalized linear models were used to compare the rate of substance-use related visits pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. The effects of demographic characteristics including age, sex, and income quintile were also assessed. Relative to the pre-pandemic period, patients were less likely to have a primary care visit during the pandemic for tobacco-use related reasons (OR = 0.288, 95% CI [0.270-0.308]), and for alcohol-use related reasons (OR = 0.851, 95% CI [0.780-0.929]). In contrast, patients were more likely to have a primary care visit for other drug-use related reasons (OR = 1.150, 95% CI [1.080-1.225]). In the face of a known increase in substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in substance use-related primary care visits likely represents an unmet need for this patient population. This study highlights the importance of continued research in the field of substance use, especially in periods of heightened vulnerability such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Siu
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ellen Stephenson
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea D. Christie
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Tu
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Western Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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van Westen-Lagerweij NA, Willemsen MC, Croes EA, Chavannes NH, Meijer E. Implementation of ask-advise-connect for smoking cessation in Dutch general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods evaluation using the CFIR framework. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:26. [PMID: 37161574 PMCID: PMC10169166 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) approach can help primary care providers to increase the number of people who attempt to quit smoking and enrol into cessation counselling. We implemented AAC in Dutch general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study we describe how AAC was received in Dutch general practice and assess which factors played a role in the implementation. METHODS A mixed-methods approach was used to evaluate the implementation of AAC. Implementation took place between late 2020 and early 2022 among 106 Dutch primary care providers (general practitioners (GPs), practice nurses and doctor's assistants). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through four online questionnaires. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the quantitative data. The qualitative data (consisting of answers to open-ended questions) were inductively analysed using axial codes. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to structure and interpret findings. RESULTS During the study, most participants felt motivated (84-92%) and able (80-94%) to apply AAC. At the end of the study, most participants reported that the AAC approach is easy to apply (89%) and provides advantages (74%). Routine implementation of the approach was, however, experienced to be difficult. More GPs (30-48%) experienced barriers in the implementation compared to practice nurses and doctor's assistants (7-9%). The qualitative analysis showed that especially external factors, such as a lack of time or priority to discuss smoking due to the COVID-19 pandemic, negatively influenced implementation of AAC. CONCLUSIONS Although AAC was mostly positively received in Dutch general practice, implementation turned out to be challenging, especially for GPs. Lack of time to discuss smoking was a major barrier in the implementation. Future efforts should focus on providing additional implementation support to GPs, for example with the use of e-health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A van Westen-Lagerweij
- The Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, PO Box 725, 3500 AS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- The Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, PO Box 725, 3500 AS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A Croes
- The Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, PO Box 725, 3500 AS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels H Chavannes
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- National eHealth Living Lab, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Meijer
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- National eHealth Living Lab, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Opportunistic Non-Governmental Organisation Delivery of a Virtual Stop Smoking Service in England during the COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137722. [PMID: 35805380 PMCID: PMC9266272 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Smoking cessation services have rapidly transformed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes include pivoting from face-to-face to telephone and video call support, remote provision of stop smoking aids and more flexible appointments. This study reports an evaluation of a charity-led smoking cessation service rapidly conceived and launched in this context. The pilot service accepted self-referrals in Yorkshire, England from 20 May 2020 to 5 June 2020. A dedicated smoking cessation practitioner provided 12 weeks of weekly behavioural support over telephone or video call. NRT and/or medication and/or e-cigarettes were posted to the participant bi-weekly for up to 12 weeks. Written and telephone evaluation questionnaires were administered post-programme. Of 79 participants, 57 (72.2%) self-reported a 4-week quit and 51 (64.6%) self-reported a 12-week quit. Those concurrently using e-cigarettes and NRT had an 84.1% 12-week quit rate. The majority of participants chose to use e-cigarettes and NRT in combination (55.7%). 39 participants completed an evaluation form, with at least 90% recording they were "very satisfied" with each service component. 27 participants completed a telephone interview, reporting a relationship with practitioners, as well as convenience, and organisational reputation as service strengths. Virtual services can be set up quickly and effectively in response to demand. Quit rates were highest for those concurrently using e-cigarettes and NRT. Service users value flexibility and convenience of remote support and posting of quit aids.
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Minian N, Lingam M, Moineddin R, Thorpe KE, Veldhuizen S, Dragonetti R, Zawertailo L, Taylor VH, Hahn M, deRuiter WK, Melamed OC, Selby P. Impact of a Clinical Decision Support System for Addressing Physical Activity and/or Healthy Eating during Smoking Cessation Treatment: Hybrid Type I Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e37900. [PMID: 36178716 PMCID: PMC9568810 DOI: 10.2196/37900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People who smoke have other risk factors for chronic diseases, such as low levels of physical activity and poor diet. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) might help health care practitioners integrate interventions for diet and physical activity into their smoking cessation programming but could worsen quit rates. Objective The aims of this study are to assess the effects of the addition of a CDSS for physical activity and diet on smoking cessation outcomes and to assess the implementation of the study. Methods We conducted a pragmatic hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation trial with 232 team-based primary care practices in Ontario, Canada, from November 2019 to May 2021. We used a 2-arm randomized controlled trial comparing a CDSS addressing physical activity and diet to treatment as usual and used the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework to measure implementation outcomes. The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day tobacco abstinence at 6 months. Results We enrolled 5331 participants in the study. Of these, 2732 (51.2%) were randomized to the intervention group and 2599 (48.8%) to the control group. At the 6-month follow-up, 29.7% (634/2137) of respondents in the intervention arm and 27.3% (552/2020) in the control arm reported abstinence from tobacco. After multiple imputation, the absolute group difference was 2.1% (95% CI −0.5 to 4.6; F1,1000.42=2.43; P=.12). Mean exercise minutes changed from 32 (SD 44.7) to 110 (SD 196.1) in the intervention arm and from 32 (SD 45.1) to 113 (SD 195.1) in the control arm (group effect: B=−3.7 minutes; 95% CI −17.8 to 10.4; P=.61). Servings of fruit and vegetables changed from 2.64 servings to 2.42 servings in the intervention group and from 2.52 servings to 2.45 servings in the control group (incidence rate ratio for intervention group=0.98; 95% CI 0.93-1.02; P=.35). Conclusions A CDSS for physical activity and diet may be added to a smoking cessation program without affecting the outcomes. Further research is needed to improve the impact of integrated health promotion interventions in primary care smoking cessation programs. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04223336
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04223336 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/19157
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Minian
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mathangee Lingam
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin E Thorpe
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Veldhuizen
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosa Dragonetti
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie H Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wayne K deRuiter
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Osnat C Melamed
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhang H, Mansoursadeghi-Gilan T, Hussain S, Veldhuizen S, Le Foll B, Selby P, Zawertailo L. Evaluating the effectiveness of bupropion and varenicline for smoking cessation using an internet-based delivery system: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (MATCH study). Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109312. [PMID: 35151504 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. However, accessibility to treatments remains a barrier, necessitating the remote delivery of evidence-based cessation interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an online treatment that included first-line prescription medications using a pragmatic randomized controlled trial design. METHODS This study was a two-group, parallel block randomized, open label, controlled trial, and conducted exclusively online. Participants were randomised (1:1) to either bupropion (150 mg) or varenicline (1 mg) for twelve weeks. Medication was couriered to participants. The primary outcome was 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA; defined as 0 cigarette puffs in the last 7 days) at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes were 7-day PPA at 4-, 8-, 26-, and 52-weeks follow-up. Adverse events were evaluated at each follow-up session during treatment. RESULTS The varenicline group (n = 499) had significantly higher 7-day PPA (30.3%) compared to the bupropion group (n = 465; 19.6%) at end of treatment (OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.49-2.90, p < 0.001). Seven-day PPA was also higher for the varenicline group at 4-weeks (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.23-2.40 p = 0.0001), and 8-weeks follow-up (OR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.43-2.67 p < 0.0001), but not at post-treatment follow-up. More adverse events were reported in the varenicline group, compared to bupropion. CONCLUSIONS This internet-based pharmacotherapy intervention was a feasible and effective method of treatment delivery for smoking cessation. This method can be used to increase the accessibility and availability of cessation interventions, decreasing the burden of smoking-related diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered with clinical trials.gov under NCT02146911. Registered 26 May 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02146911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Zhang
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Tara Mansoursadeghi-Gilan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sarwar Hussain
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Scott Veldhuizen
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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