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Walter S, Schmutz JB, Grote G. A Safety Approach for Improving Security - Effective Coordination Strategies at the Airport Security Screening Checkpoint. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:1302-1314. [PMID: 36059249 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze effective teamwork at security checkpoints by investigating how security crews communicate in different (routine and threat) situations. BACKGROUND Working at an airport security screening checkpoint is challenging. Although tasks and processes are highly regulated and standardized due to legal requirements, security screeners must be trained to deal with unforeseen threat situations involving high levels of uncertainty. Therefore, security crews need to engage in flexible and adaptive coordination according to the situation and circumstances. METHOD We conducted a field study with 20 airport security screening crews comprising 100 security screeners. Teamwork in terms of interaction between crew members was measured, differentiating between proactive "push" communication and information on request representing "pull" communication. Furthermore, non-task related communication was assessed. RESULTS While crews showed non-task related communication more in routine situations, both task-related "push" and "pull" communication occurred more in threat situations. In terms of team performance, we could show significant positive effects of proactive "push" communication and non-task related interaction in threat situations. CONCLUSION Our results underscore the specific setting of airport security screening and the challenges that arise for teamwork. This study investigates professional screeners and passengers in the field. In contrast to other high-risk areas, security crews are confronted with a third party that complicates coordination strategies considered effective in previous studies. APPLICATION Our findings recommend situation-specific communication strategies for practical training for airport security screening crews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Walter
- Department of Research and Development, Zurich State Police, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan B Schmutz
- ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gudela Grote
- ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mommers L, Verstegen D, Dolmans D, van Mook WNKA. Observation of behavioural skills by medical simulation facilitators: a cross-sectional analysis of self-reported importance, difficulties, observation strategies and expertise development. Adv Simul (Lond) 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 38031197 PMCID: PMC10685611 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-023-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between team performance and patient care was an immense boost for team-based education in health care. Behavioural skills are an important focus in these sessions, often provided via a mannikin-based immersive simulation experience in a (near) authentic setting. Observation of these skills by the facilitator(s) is paramount for facilitated feedback with the team. Despite the acknowledgement that trained facilitators are important for optimal learning, insight into this observation process by facilitators is limited. OBJECTIVES What are the self-reported current practices and difficulties regarding the observation of behavioural skills amongst facilitators during team training and how have they been trained to observe behavioural skills? METHODS This cross-sectional study used a pilot-tested, content-validated, multi-linguistic online survey within Europe, distributed through a non-discriminative snowball sampling method. Inclusion was limited to facilitators observing behavioural skills within a medical team setting. RESULTS A total of 175 persons filled in the questionnaire. All aspects of behavioural skill were perceived as very important to observe. The self-perceived difficulty of the behavioural skill aspects ranged from slightly to moderately difficult. Qualitative analysis revealed three major themes elaborating on this perceived difficulty: (1) not everything can be observed, (2) not everything is observed and (3) interpretation of observed behavioural skills is difficult. Additionally, the number of team members health care facilitators have to observe, outnumbers their self-reported maximum. Strategies and tools used to facilitate their observation were a blank notepad, co-observers and predefined learning goals. The majority of facilitators acquired observational skills through self-study and personal experience and/or observing peers. Co-observation with either peers or experts was regarded as most learn some for their expertise development. Overall, participants perceived themselves as moderately competent in the observation of behavioural skills during team training. CONCLUSIONS Observation of behavioural skills by facilitators in health care remains a complex and challenging task. Facilitators' limitations with respect to attention, focus and (in)ability to perform concomitant tasks, need to be acknowledged. Although strategies and tools can help to facilitate the observation process, they all have their limitations and are used in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mommers
- Department of Simulation in Healthcare, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO 5800, NL-6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniëlle Verstegen
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Dolmans
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N K A van Mook
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Postgraduate Medical Training, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bienefeld N, Kolbe M, Camen G, Huser D, Buehler PK. Human-AI teaming: leveraging transactive memory and speaking up for enhanced team effectiveness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1208019. [PMID: 37599773 PMCID: PMC10436524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1208019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this prospective observational study, we investigate the role of transactive memory and speaking up in human-AI teams comprising 180 intensive care (ICU) physicians and nurses working with AI in a simulated clinical environment. Our findings indicate that interactions with AI agents differ significantly from human interactions, as accessing information from AI agents is positively linked to a team's ability to generate novel hypotheses and demonstrate speaking-up behavior, but only in higher-performing teams. Conversely, accessing information from human team members is negatively associated with these aspects, regardless of team performance. This study is a valuable contribution to the expanding field of research on human-AI teams and team science in general, as it emphasizes the necessity of incorporating AI agents as knowledge sources in a team's transactive memory system, as well as highlighting their role as catalysts for speaking up. Practical implications include suggestions for the design of future AI systems and human-AI team training in healthcare and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Bienefeld
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Camen
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Huser
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Karl Buehler
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
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Weiss KE, Kolbe M, Lohmeyer Q, Meboldt M. Measuring teamwork for training in healthcare using eye tracking and pose estimation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1169940. [PMID: 37325757 PMCID: PMC10264622 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1169940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Teamwork is critical for safe patient care. Healthcare teams typically train teamwork in simulated clinical situations, which require the ability to measure teamwork via behavior observation. However, the required observations are prone to human biases and include significant cognitive load even for trained instructors. In this observational study we explored how eye tracking and pose estimation as two minimal invasive video-based technologies may measure teamwork during simulation-based teamwork training in healthcare. Mobile eye tracking, measuring where participants look, and multi-person pose estimation, measuring 3D human body and joint position, were used to record 64 third-year medical students who completed a simulated handover case in teams of four. On one hand, we processed the recorded data into the eye contact metric, based on eye tracking and relevant for situational awareness and communication patterns. On the other hand, the distance to patient metric was processed, based on multi-person pose estimation and relevant for team positioning and coordination. After successful data recording, we successfully processed the raw videos to specific teamwork metrics. The average eye contact time was 6.46 s [min 0 s - max 28.01 s], while the average distance to the patient resulted in 1.01 m [min 0.32 m - max 1.6 m]. Both metrics varied significantly between teams and simulated roles of participants (p < 0.001). With the objective, continuous, and reliable metrics we created visualizations illustrating the teams' interactions. Future research is necessary to generalize our findings and how they may complement existing methods, support instructors, and contribute to the quality of teamwork training in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Lohmeyer
- Product Development Group Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Meboldt
- Product Development Group Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Johansson AC, Manago B, Sell J, Jackson CD. Measuring Team Hierarchy During High-Stakes Clinical Decision Making: Development and Validation of a New Behavioral Observation Method. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:505-513. [PMID: 36598467 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hierarchy is often cited as a cause of health care team failure; however, there are no validated measures of team hierarchy. Research on group processes in sociology provides a theoretical framework-status characteristics and expectation states (SCES)-that explains the mechanisms that produce the observable power and prestige order (status hierarchy) of the team. The authors use this formal theoretical framework to gather evidence of validity by adapting the method to measure the status hierarchy of medical teams. METHOD In this retrospective, secondary analysis, the authors analyzed archived videorecorded training exercises conducted between 2007 and 2010 of mixed-gender health care teams of first-year residents and nurses engaged in simulated, complex decision-making scenarios. Analyses were conducted in 2013 with data reanalyzed in July 2022. By adapting the SCES framework for the unique features of academic health care, they developed and refined a coding method from videos and transcripts. To examine validity, they consider the content, response process, internal structure, relation to other variables, and consequences of the framework. RESULTS Having established an acceptable level of coding reliability for key variables for videos and transcripts, the authors demonstrate relation to other variables, specifically detailing how the coding scheme delineates 2 status characteristics-occupation and gender. The mean numbers of statement types by gender and occupation were largely as predicted. Directives, question directives, patient work, and knowledge claims were more likely to be coded during video than transcript coding, whereas questions, statements of fact, and compliance were more likely to be coded during transcript than video coding. However, the relative rates of each statement type by status remained largely consistent among the coding methods. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insight into the mechanisms by which hierarchy impacts team decision making and develops the necessary framework and measurement tool to perform larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Johansson
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bianca Manago
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Sell
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cullen D Jackson
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ravindran S, Cavilla R, Ashrafian H, Haycock A, Healey C, Coleman M, Archer S, Darzi A, Thomas-Gibson S. Development of the "Teamwork in Endoscopy Assessment Module for Endoscopic Non-Technical Skills" (TEAM-ENTS) behavioral marker system. Endoscopy 2022; 55:403-412. [PMID: 36223812 DOI: 10.1055/a-1959-6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-technical skills (NTS) are integral to team performance and subsequent quality and safety of care. Behavioral marker systems (BMSs) are now increasingly used in healthcare to support the training and assessment of team NTS. Within gastrointestinal endoscopy, this is an area of novel research. The aims of this study were to define the core relevant NTS for endoscopy teams and develop a preliminary framework for a team-based BMS known as TEAM-ENTS (Teamwork in Endoscopy Assessment Module for Endoscopic Non-Technical Skills). METHODS This study was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, a literature review of team-based BMSs was performed to inform an interview study of core endoscopy team members. Cognitive task analysis was used to break down the NTS relevant to endoscopy teams. Framework analysis generated the structure for the preliminary TEAM-ENTS framework. In phase 2, a modified Delphi process was undertaken to refine the items of the framework. RESULTS Seven consultant endoscopists and six nurses were interviewed. The final coding framework consisted of 88 codes grouped into five overarching categories. In total, 58 participants were recruited to the Delphi panel. In the first round, nine elements and 37 behavioral descriptors did not meet consensus. Following item adjustment, merging and deletion, all remaining items met consensus thresholds after the second round. The refined TEAM-ENTS BMS consists of five categories, 16 elements, and 47 behavioral descriptors. CONCLUSIONS The refined TEAM-ENTS behavioral marker system was developed to reflect the core NTS relevant to endoscopy teams. Future studies will aim to fully validate this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Ravindran
- Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK.,Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hutan Ashrafian
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Haycock
- Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chris Healey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Airedale NHS Foundation Trust, Keighley, UK
| | - Mark Coleman
- Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Steph Archer
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siwan Thomas-Gibson
- Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Vauk S, Seelandt JC, Huber K, Grande B, Kolbe M. Exposure to incivility does not hinder speaking up: a randomised controlled high-fidelity simulation-based study. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:776-787. [PMID: 36075775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Speaking up with concerns is critical for patient safety. We studied whether witnessing a civil (i.e. polite, respectful) response to speaking up would increase the occurrence of further speaking up by hospital staff members as compared with witnessing a pseudo-civil (i.e. vague and slightly dismissive) or rude response. METHODS In this RCT in a single, large academic teaching hospital, a single simulated basic life support scenario was designed to elicit standardised opportunities to speak up. Participants in teams of two or three were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which the degree of civility in reacting to speaking up was manipulated by an embedded simulated person. Speaking up behaviour was assessed by behaviour coding of the video recordings of the team interactions by applying 10 codes using The Observer XT 14.1. Data were analysed using multilevel modelling. RESULTS The sample included 125 interprofessional hospital staff members (82 [66%] women, 43 [34%] men). Participants were more likely to speak up when they felt psychologically safe (γ=0.47; standard error [se]=0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.85; P=0.017). Participants were more likely to speak up in the rude condition than in the other conditions (γ=0.28; se=0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.52; P=0.019). Across conditions, participants spoke up most frequently by structuring inquiry (n=289, 31.52%), proactive (n=240, 26.17%), and reactive (n=148, 16.14%) instruction statements, and gestures (n=139, 15.16%). CONCLUSION Our study challenges current assumptions about the interplay of civility and speaking up behaviour in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Vauk
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia C Seelandt
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Huber
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Grande
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fernandez R, Rosenman ED, Plaza‐Verduin M, Grand JA. Developing adaptive performance: A conceptual model to guide simulation-based training design. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2022; 6:e10762. [PMID: 35756335 PMCID: PMC9201563 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Effective emergency department care requires individuals and teams to adapt to changes in patient condition, team factors, environmental issues, and system-level challenges. Adaptability is often listed as an important skill for emergency medicine physicians; however, conceptual models describing the processes involved in adaptive performance have not been translated for health care settings. Similarly, educators have not described training design strategies that support the development of adaptive performance. Methods We examined the team science and health care literatures for key concepts in adaptive performance, health care team performance, and diagnostic decision-making. Using expert consensus, we integrated these concepts to develop the team adaptive performance model and to identify training design approaches that support the development of adaptability. Results We identify nine training principles supported by the team adaptive performance model and the adaptive learning system. Each training principle is accompanied by recommendations and mechanisms for implementation in emergency medicine simulation-based education. Conclusion Training experiences can be designed to target processes that support adaptive performance.
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Rico R, Uitdewilligen SG, Dorta D. Patterns of team adaptation: The effects of behavioural interaction patterns on team adaptation and the antecedent effect of empowering versus directive leadership. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Rico
- Department of Business Administration Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Getafe Madrid Spain
| | - Sjir G. Uitdewilligen
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht Limburg The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Dorta
- Department of Economics and Business Administration Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canarias Spain
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Willing M, Dresen C, Gerlitz E, Haering M, Smith M, Binnewies C, Guess T, Haverkamp U, Schinzel S. Behavioral responses to a cyber attack in a hospital environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19352. [PMID: 34588503 PMCID: PMC8481235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical and organizational steps are necessary to mitigate cyber threats and reduce risks. Human behavior is the last line of defense for many hospitals and is considered as equally important as technical security. Medical staff must be properly trained to perform such procedures. This paper presents the first qualitative, interdisciplinary research on how members of an intermediate care unit react to a cyberattack against their patient monitoring equipment. We conducted a simulation in a hospital training environment with 20 intensive care nurses. By the end of the experiment, 12 of the 20 participants realized the monitors' incorrect behavior. We present a qualitative behavior analysis of high performing participants (HPP) and low performing participants (LPP). The HPP showed fewer signs of stress, were easier on their colleagues, and used analog systems more often than the LPP. With 40% of our participants not recognizing the attack, we see room for improvements through the use of proper tools and provision of adequate training to prepare staff for potential attacks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Gerlitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics, Wachtberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Smith
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics, Wachtberg, Germany
| | | | - Tim Guess
- University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
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11
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Lemke R, Burtscher MJ, Seelandt JC, Grande B, Kolbe M. Associations of form and function of speaking up in anaesthesia: a prospective observational study. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:971-980. [PMID: 34511257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Speaking up with concerns in the interest of patient safety has been identified as important for the quality and safety of patient care. The study objectives were to identify how anaesthesia care providers speak up, how their colleagues react to it, whether there is an association among speak up form and reaction, and how this reaction is associated with further speak up. METHODS Data were collected over 3 months at a single centre in Switzerland by observing 49 anaesthesia care providers while performing induction of general anaesthesia in 53 anaesthesia teams. Speaking up and reactions to speaking up were measured by event-based behaviour coding. RESULTS Instances of speaking up were classified as opinion (59.6%), oblique hint (37.2%), inquiry (30.7%), and observation (16.7%). Most speak up occurred as a combination of different forms. Reactions to speak up included short approval (36.5%), elaboration (35.9%), no verbal reaction (26.3%), or rejection (1.28%). Speaking up was implemented in 89.1% of cases. Inquiry was associated with an increased likelihood of recipients discussing the respective issue (odds ratio [OR]=13.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9-31.5; P<0.0001) and with a decreased likelihood of implementing the speak up during the same induction (OR=0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.88; P=0.03). Reacting with elaboration to the first speak up was associated with decreased further speak up during the same induction (relative risk [RR]=0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.83; P=0.018). CONCLUSION Our study provides insights into the form and function of speaking up in clinical environments and points to a perceived dilemma of speaking up via questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Lemke
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Burtscher
- School of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland; Universtiy of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia C Seelandt
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Grande
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schmutz JB, Lei Z, Eppich WJ. Reflection on the Fly: Development of the Team Reflection Behavioral Observation (TuRBO) System for Acute Care Teams. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:1337-1345. [PMID: 33788785 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute care teams work in dynamic and complex environments and must adapt to changing circumstances. A team process that helps teams process information and adapt is in-action team reflection (TR), defined as concurrent collective reflection on group objectives, strategies, or processes during an ongoing care event. However, the health care field lacks a means for systematically observing and ultimately training in-action TR in acute care teams. To bridge this gap, the authors developed a theoretically and empirically informed framework, Team Reflection Behavioral Observation (TuRBO), for measuring in-action TR. METHOD In 2018 at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, the authors developed a theoretical framework based on the literature and theory. They then conducted exploratory reviews of preexisting videos of acute care teams training simulated emergencies. The authors adapted observation codes using an iterative approach. Using the developed coding framework, they coded 23 video recordings of acute care teams and provided validity evidence from the 3 sources: content, internal structure (interrater reliability), and relations to other variables. RESULTS The final TuRBO framework consists of 3 general dimensions-seeking information, evaluating information, and planning-that are further specified in 7 subcodes. Interrater agreement of the coding was substantial (κ = 0.80). As hypothesized, the data showed a positive relationship between in-action TR and team performance. Also, physicians spent significantly more time on in-action TR than nurses. CONCLUSIONS The TuRBO framework for assessing in-action TR in acute care teams provides positive validity evidence of the data. TuRBO integrates different team communication and calibration processes under the overarching concept of in-action TR and provides descriptive behavioral markers. TuRBO taps into powerful cultural and normative components of patient safety. This tool can augment team training that allows all team members to serve as an important resource for flexible, resilient, and safer patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Schmutz
- J.B. Schmutz is researcher and lecturer, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-807X
| | - Zhike Lei
- Z. Lei is associate professor of applied behavioral science, Graziadio Business School, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Walter J Eppich
- W.J. Eppich is professor of simulation education and research, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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Konradt U, Schippers MC, Krys S, Fulmer A. Teams in Transition: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study of Reflection, Implicit and Explicit Coordination and Performance Improvements. Front Psychol 2021; 12:677896. [PMID: 34163412 PMCID: PMC8215207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that team reflection is a critical transition process for coordination processes and team performance, but our understanding of its dynamics and relationship to action processes and performance is incomplete. The goal of the present study was to examine the long-term change in reflection in teams over time and explore whether these changes are related to implicit and explicit coordination processes and performance improvement. Drawing on the recurring phase model of team processes and team reflexivity theory, we hypothesized that team reflection is at least stable or increases over time for dissimilar tasks, that reflection trajectories are positively associated with implicit and negatively associated with explicit coordination in the later phases, and that implicit coordination mediates the relationship between team reflection and performance improvement. This model was tested in a three-wave longitudinal study (N = 175 teams) over a 2-months period. Results from growth curve modeling and structural equation modeling provided support for our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Konradt
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michaéla C. Schippers
- Department of Technology and Operations Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Krys
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ashley Fulmer
- J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Leenstra NF, Jung OC, Cnossen F, Jaarsma ADC, Tulleken JE. Development and Evaluation of the Taxonomy of Trauma Leadership Skills-Shortened for Observation and Reflection in Training: A Practical Tool for Observing and Reflecting on Trauma Leadership Performance. Simul Healthc 2021; 16:37-45. [PMID: 32732816 PMCID: PMC7850591 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma leadership skills are increasingly being addressed in trauma courses, but few resources are available to systematically observe and debrief trainees' performances. The authors therefore translated their previously developed, extensive Taxonomy of Trauma Leadership Skills (TTLS) into a practical observation tool that is tailored to the vocabulary of clinician instructors and their workflow and workload during simulation-based training. METHODS In 2016 to 2018, the TTLS was subjected to practical evaluation in an iterative process of 2 stages. In the first stage, testing panels of trauma specialists observed excerpts from videotaped simulations and indicated from the list of elements which behaviors they felt were being shown. Any ambiguities or redundancy were addressed by rephrasing or combining elements. In the second stage, iterations were used in actual scenario training to observe and debrief trainees' performances. The instructors' recommendations resulted in further improvements of clarity, ease of use, and usefulness, until no new suggestions were raised. RESULTS The resultant "TTLS-Shortened for Observation and Reflection in Training" was given a simpler structure and more concrete and self-explanatory benchmarks. It contains 6 skill categories for evaluation, each with 4 to 6 benchmark behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The TTLS-Shortened for Observation and Reflection in Training is an important addition to other trauma assessment tools because of its specific focus on leadership skills. It helps set concrete performance expectations, simplify note taking, and target observations and debriefings. One central challenge was striking a balance between its conciseness and specificity. The authors reflected on how the decisions for the resultant structure ease and leverage the conduct of observations and performance debriefing.
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Krenz HL, Burtscher MJ. Investigating voice in action teams: a critical review. COGNITION, TECHNOLOGY & WORK (ONLINE) 2020; 23:605-624. [PMID: 34720736 PMCID: PMC8550263 DOI: 10.1007/s10111-020-00646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Team communication is considered a key factor for team performance. Importantly, voicing concerns and suggestions regarding work-related topics-also termed speaking up-represents an essential part of team communication. Particularly in action teams in high-reliability organizations such as healthcare, military, or aviation, voice is crucial for error prevention. Although research on voice has become more important recently, there are inconsistencies in the literature. This includes methodological issues, such as how voice should be measured in different team contexts, and conceptual issues, such as uncertainty regarding the role of the voice recipient. We tried to address these issues of voice research in action teams in the current literature review. We identified 26 quantitative empirical studies that measured voice as a distinct construct. Results showed that only two-thirds of the articles provided a definition for voice. Voice was assessed via behavioral observation or via self-report. Behavioral observation includes two main approaches (i.e., event-focused and language-focused) that are methodologically consistent. In contrast, studies using self-reports showed significant methodological inconsistencies regarding measurement instruments (i.e., self-constructed single items versus validated scales). The contents of instruments that assessed voice via self-report varied considerably. The recipient of voice was poorly operationalized (i.e., discrepancy between definitions and measurements). In sum, our findings provide a comprehensive overview of how voice is treated in action teams. There seems to be no common understanding of what constitutes voice in action teams, which is associated with several conceptual as well as methodological issues. This suggests that a stronger consensus is needed to improve validity and comparability of research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Burtscher
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hémon B, Michinov E, Guy D, Mancheron P, Scipion A. Speaking Up About Errors in Routine Clinical Practice: A Simulation-Based Intervention With Nursing Students. Clin Simul Nurs 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hautz SC, Oberholzer DL, Freytag J, Exadaktylos A, Kämmer JE, Sauter TC, Hautz WE. An observational study of self-monitoring in ad hoc health care teams. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:201. [PMID: 32576185 PMCID: PMC7313223 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working in ad hoc teams in a health care environment is frequent but a challenging and complex undertaking. One way for teams to refine their teamwork could be through post-resuscitation reflection and debriefing. However, this would require that teams have insight into the quality of their teamwork. This study investigates (1) the accuracy of the self-monitoring of ad hoc resuscitation teams and their leaders relative to external observations of their teamwork and (2) the relationship of team self-monitoring and external observations to objective performance measures. METHODS We conducted a quantitative observational study of real-world ad hoc interprofessional teams responding to a simulated cardiac arrest in an emergency room. Teams consisting of residents, consultants, and nurses were confronted with an unexpected, simulated, standardized cardiac arrest situation. Their teamwork was videotaped to allow for subsequent external evaluation on the team emergency assessment measure (TEAM) checklist. In addition, objective performance measures such as time to defibrillation were collected. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire prior to the simulation and a questionnaire tapping their perceptions of teamwork directly after it. RESULTS 22 teams consisting of 115 health care professionals showed highly variable performance. All performance measures intercorrelated significantly, with the exception of team leaders' evaluations of teamwork, which were not related to any other measures. Neither team size nor cumulative experience were correlated with any measures, but teams led by younger leaders performed better than those led by older ones. CONCLUSION Team members seem to have better insight into their team's teamwork than team leaders. As a practical consequence, the decision to debrief and the debriefing itself after a resuscitation should be informed by team members, not just leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Hautz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L Oberholzer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Freytag
- Simulated Patient Program, Office of the Vice Dean for Teaching and Learning, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aristomenis Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliane E Kämmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC), Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas C Sauter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Lernzentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf E Hautz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16c, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Kolbe M, Eppich W, Rudolph J, Meguerdichian M, Catena H, Cripps A, Grant V, Cheng A. Managing psychological safety in debriefings: a dynamic balancing act. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2020; 6:164-171. [PMID: 35518370 PMCID: PMC8936758 DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2019-000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Debriefings should promote reflection and help learners make sense of events. Threats to psychological safety can undermine reflective learning conversations and may inhibit transfer of key lessons from simulated cases to the general patient care context. Therefore, effective debriefings require high degrees of psychological safety-the perception that it is safe to take interpersonal risks and that one will not be embarrassed, rejected or otherwise punished for speaking their mind, not knowing or asking questions. The role of introductions, learning contracts and prebriefing in establishing psychological safety is well described in the literature. How to maintain psychological safety, while also being able to identify and restore psychological safety during debriefings, is less well understood. This review has several aims. First, we provide a detailed definition of psychological safety and justify its importance for debriefings. Second, we recommend specific strategies debriefers can use throughout the debriefing to build and maintain psychological safety. We base these recommendations on a literature review and on our own experiences as simulation educators. Third, we examine how debriefers might actively address perceived breaches to restore psychological safety. Re-establishing psychological safety after temporary threats or breaches can seem particularly daunting. To demystify this process, we invoke the metaphor of a 'safe container' for learning; a space where learners can feel secure enough to work at the edge of expertise without threat of humiliation. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and implications, particularly with respect to faculty development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Managment, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Eppich
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jenny Rudolph
- Center for Medical Simulation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Meguerdichian
- Harlem Hospital Center, New York City, New York, USA
- H+H Simulation Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Helen Catena
- KidSIM Simulation Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy Cripps
- KidSIM Simulation Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vincent Grant
- KidSIM Simulation Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Cheng
- KidSIM Simulation Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ravindran S, Haycock A, Woolf K, Thomas-Gibson S. Development and impact of an endoscopic non-technical skills (ENTS) behavioural marker system. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2020; 7:17-25. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2019-000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundNon-technical skills (NTS) are crucial to effective team working in endoscopy. Training in NTS has been shown to improve team performance and patient outcomes. As such, NTS training and assessment are now considered essential components of the endoscopy quality assurance process. Across the literature, other specialties have achieved this through development of behavioural marker systems (BMS). BMS provide a framework for assessing, training and measuring the NTS relevant to healthcare individuals and team. This article describes the development and impact of a novel BMS for endoscopy: the endoscopic non-technical skills (ENTS) system.MethodsThe initial NTS taxonomy for endoscopy was created through a combination of literature review, staff focus groups and semi-structured interviews, incorporating the critical decision method. Framework analysis was conducted with three individual coders and generated a skills list which formed the preliminary taxonomy. Video observation of Bowel Cancer Screening endoscopists was used to identify exemplar behaviours which were mapped to relevant skills in the NTS taxonomy. Behavioural descriptors, derived from video data, were added to form the basis of the ENTS system.ResultsA taxonomy of 33 skills in 14 separate categories were identified through framework analysis. Following video analysis and behaviour mapping, 4 overarching categories and 13 behavioural elements were identified which formed the ENTS framework. The endoscopy (directly observed procedural skills) 4-point rating scale was added to create the final ENTS system. Since its development in 2010, the ENTS system has been validated in the assessment of endoscopy for trainees nationally. ENTS informs a number of training initiatives, including a national strategy to improve NTS for all endoscopists.ConclusionsThe ENTS system is a clinically relevant tool, validated for use in trainee assessment. The use of ENTS will be important to the future of training and quality assurance in endoscopy.
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Krenz H, Burtscher MJ, Grande B, Kolbe M. Nurses’ voice: the role of hierarchy and leadership. Leadersh Health Serv (Bradf Engl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/lhs-07-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Voicing concerns and suggestions is crucial for preventing medical errors and improving patient safety. Research suggests that hierarchy in health-care teams impair open communication. Hierarchy, however, can vary with changing team composition, particularly during acute care situations where more senior persons join the team later on. The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes in hierarchy and leadership were associated with nurses’ voice frequency and nurses’ time to voice during simulated acute care situations.
Design/methodology/approach
This study’s sample consisted of 78 health-care providers (i.e. nurses, residents and consultants) who worked in 39 teams performing complex clinical scenarios in the context of interprofessional, simulation-based team training. Scenarios were videotaped and communication behaviour was coded using a systematic coding scheme. To test the hypotheses, multilevel regression analyses were conducted.
Findings
Hierarchy and leadership had no significant effect on nurses’ voice frequency. However, there were significant relationships between nurses’ time to voice and both hierarchy (γ = 30.00, p = 0.002; 95 per cent confidence interval [CI] = 12.43; 47.92) as well as leadership (γ = 0.30, p = 0.001; 95 per cent CI = 0.12; 0.47). These findings indicate that when more physicians are present and leadership is more centralised, more time passes until the first nurses’ voice occurred.
Originality/value
This study specifies previous findings on the relationships between hierarchy, leadership and nurses’ voice. Our findings suggest that stronger hierarchy and more centralised leadership delay nurses’ voice but do not affect the overall frequency of voice.
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Lavelle M, Reedy GB, Cross S, Jaye P, Simpson T, Anderson JE. An evidence based framework for the Temporal Observational Analysis of Teamwork in healthcare settings. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 82:102915. [PMID: 31422291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective teamwork is critical to patient safety across multiple healthcare settings. However, current observational tools assessing teamwork performance tend to be developed for specific settings or tasks and do not capture temporal features of interaction. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable observational teamwork behaviour framework, which is based on healthcare practice, applicable across a variety of healthcare contexts and can be used to capture temporal team dynamics. METHODS Team interactions were audio-visually recorded during routine simulation training at two large clinical education centres specialising in physical and mental healthcare. The framework was based on theoretical models of teamwork and was developed in three steps: 1-micro analysis of verbal and nonverbal behaviour during recorded scenarios (n = 20); 2-iterative test and refine cycles; 3-final behavioural framework applied to a cohort of acute emergency scenarios (n = 9) by two raters to assess inter-rater agreement. RESULTS The framework contains twenty-three specific verbal and nonverbal behaviours that can be identified during observations. Behaviours are grouped conceptually based on their function resulting in thirteen behavioural functions, which cluster into five overarching teamwork domains. Inter-rater agreement was excellent (Cohen's Kappa = .84, SE = 0.03). CONCLUSION We present a valid and reliable behavioural framework, grounded in teamwork theory and empirical observations of clinical team behaviour. This framework enables analysis of the nuances and temporal features of clinical practice in depth and across a wide range of clinical contexts and settings. Use of this framework will advance our understanding of teamworking in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lavelle
- The School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK; The Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and PalliativeCare, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Gabriel B Reedy
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean Cross
- Maudsley Simulation, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Jaye
- Simulation and Interactive Learning Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Simpson
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet E Anderson
- The Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and PalliativeCare, King's College London, London, UK
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Kolbe M, Boos M. Laborious but Elaborate: The Benefits of Really Studying Team Dynamics. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31316435 PMCID: PMC6611000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript we discuss the consequences of methodological choices when studying team processes "in the wild." We chose teams in healthcare as the application because teamwork cannot only save lives but the processes constituting effective teamwork in healthcare are prototypical for teamwork as they range from decision-making (e.g., in multidisciplinary decision-making boards in cancer care) to leadership and coordination (e.g., in fast-paced, acute-care settings in trauma, surgery and anesthesia) to reflection and learning (e.g., in post-event clinical debriefings). We draw upon recently emphasized critique that much empirical team research has focused on describing team states rather than investigating how team processes dynamically unfurl over time and how these dynamics predict team outcomes. This focus on statics instead of dynamics limits the gain of applicable knowledge on team functioning in organizations. We first describe three examples from healthcare that reflect the importance, scope, and challenges of teamwork: multidisciplinary decision-making boards, fast-paced, acute care settings, and post-event clinical team debriefings. Second, we put the methodological approaches of how teamwork in these representative examples has mostly been studied centerstage (i.e., using mainly surveys, database reviews, and rating tools) and highlight how the resulting findings provide only limited insights into the actual team processes and the quality thereof, leaving little room for identifying and targeting success factors. Third, we discuss how methodical approaches that take dynamics into account (i.e., event- and time-based behavior observation and micro-level coding, social sensor-based measurement) would contribute to the science of teams by providing actionable knowledge about interaction processes of successful teamwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Boos
- Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Ability to predict team members' behaviors in ICU teams is associated with routine ABCDE implementation. J Crit Care 2019; 51:192-197. [PMID: 30856524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poor coordination may impede delivery of the Awakening, Breathing Coordination, Delirium monitoring/management and Early exercise/mobility (ABCDE) bundle. Developing a shared mental model (SMM), where all team members are on the same page, may support coordination. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered a survey at the 2016 MHA Keystone Center ICU workshop. We measured different components of SMMs using five items from a validated survey, each on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree-strongly disagree). We measured self-reported routine ABCDE implementation using a single item 4-point Likert scale (ABCDE is routine-Made no steps to implement ABCDE). We examined the relationship between SMMs and routine ABCDE implementation using logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Among the 206 (75%) responses, 157 (84%) reported using the ABCDE bundle and 80 (51% of 157) reported routine use. When clinicians agreed it was difficult to predict team members' behaviors, the odds of reporting routine ABCDE implementation significantly decreased [0.26 (0.10-0.66)]. Other SMM components related to knowing team members' skills, access to information, team adaptability, and team help behavior, were not significantly associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION Increasing awareness of team members' behaviors may be a mechanism to improve the implementation of complex care bundles like ABCDE.
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Do you see us?—Applied visual analytics for the investigation of group coordination. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-019-00449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rutherford JS. Monitoring teamwork: a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2018; 72 Suppl 1:84-94. [PMID: 28044332 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A narrative review was carried out to identify articles on monitoring of teamwork, with particular relevance to anaesthetists. The papers reviewed showed that team monitoring takes place both implicitly and explicitly in the anaesthetic environment. No single optimal model of teamwork monitoring for all situations was identified. Most of the studies identified were of a pre-intervention, post-intervention design, without randomisation or control group. Information shared during a formal briefing is more likely to be recalled, and provides a basis for a shared team mental model. A number of studies appeared to show that targeted teamwork training has a positive impact on both teamwork and patient safety.
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Gundrosen S, Thomassen G, Wisborg T, Aadahl P. Team talk and team decision processes: a qualitative discourse analytical approach to 10 real-life medical emergency team encounters. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023749. [PMID: 30391920 PMCID: PMC6231597 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore the function of three specific modes of talk (discourse types) in decision-making processes. DESIGN Ten real-life admissions of patients with critical illness were audio/video recorded and transcribed. Activity-type analysis (a qualitative discourse analytical method) was applied. SETTING Interdisciplinary emergency teams admitting patients with critical illness in a Norwegian university hospital emergency department (ED). PARTICIPANTS All emergency teams consisted of at least two internal medicine physicians, two ED nurses, one anaesthetist and one nurse anaesthetist. The number of healthcare professionals involved in each emergency team varied between 11 and 20, and some individuals were involved with more than one team. RESULTS The three discourse types played significant roles in team decision-making processes when negotiating meaning. Online commentaries (ONC) and metacommentaries (MC) created progression while offline commentaries (OFC) temporarily placed decisions on hold. Both ONC and MC triggered action and distributed tasks, resources and responsibility in the team. OFC sought mutual understanding and created a broader base for decisions. CONCLUSION A discourse analytical perspective on team talk in medical emergencies illuminates both the dynamics and complexity of teamwork. Here, we draw attention to the way specific modes of talk function in negotiating mutual understanding and distributing tasks and responsibilities in non-algorithm-driven activities. The analysis uncovers a need for an enhanced focus on how language can trigger safe team practice and integrate this knowledge in teamwork training to improve communication skills in ad hoc emergency teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gundrosen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Thomassen
- Department of Language and Literature, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torben Wisborg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Finnmarkssykehuset, Hammerfest, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Petter Aadahl
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Burtscher MJ, Jordi Ritz EM, Kolbe M. Differences in talking-to-the-room behaviour between novice and expert teams during simulated paediatric resuscitation: a quasi-experimental study. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2018; 4:165-170. [PMID: 35519005 PMCID: PMC8936681 DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2017-000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Team coordination represents an important factor for clinical performance. Research in this area suggests that not only behaviour frequencies but also patterns of team coordination constitute a central aspect of teamwork. However, little is known about potential differences in coordination patterns between novice teams (ie, teams of inexperienced members) and expert teams (ie, teams of experienced members). The current study addresses this gap by investigating the use of talking-to-the-room-an important implicit coordination behaviour-in novice teams versus expert teams. Aim To illustrate differences in coordination behaviour between novice and expert teams. This will provide important knowledge for simulation-based training. Methods The study was conducted in the context of two resuscitation training courses (introductory course and refresher course) for staff members at a children's hospital. Volunteers from both courses participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to 16 teams each consisting of one physician and two nurses. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two conditions (novice vs expert). Participants of the introductory course were assigned to the novice condition (eight teams), and participants of the refresher course were assigned to the expert condition (eight teams). All teams completed the same standardised paediatric resuscitation scenario. They were videotaped during the simulation, and team coordination behaviour was coded using Co-ACT. Results Lag-sequential analysis of 1902 distinct coordination acts revealed that novice teams and expert teams differed significantly in their coordination behaviour. Expert teams were characterised by patterns in which implicit coordination behaviour (ie, talking to the room) was followed by further implicit coordination behaviour and not followed by explicit coordination behaviour (ie, instructions), whereas the reverse was found for novice teams. Conclusion The current study highlights role of coordination patterns for understanding teamwork in healthcare and provides important insights for team training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva-Maria Jordi Ritz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gucciardi DF, Crane M, Ntoumanis N, Parker SK, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Ducker KJ, Peeling P, Chapman MT, Quested E, Temby P. The emergence of team resilience: A multilevel conceptual model of facilitating factors. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joop.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Monique Crane
- School of Psychology; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Sharon K. Parker
- Curtin Business School; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | | | - Kagan J. Ducker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Michael T. Chapman
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Eleanor Quested
- School of Psychology; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Philip Temby
- Land Division; Defence Science and Technology Group; Edinburgh South Australia Australia
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Weiss M, Kolbe M, Grote G, Spahn DR, Grande B. We can do it! Inclusive leader language promotes voice behavior in multi-professional teams. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Seelandt JC, Grande B, Kriech S, Kolbe M. DE-CODE: a coding scheme for assessing debriefing interactions. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2018; 4:51-58. [PMID: 35515884 PMCID: PMC8990183 DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2017-000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Debriefings are crucial for learning during simulation-based training (SBT). Although the quality of debriefings is very important for SBT, few studies have examined actual debriefing conversations. Investigating debriefing conversations is important for identifying typical debriefer-learner interaction patterns, obtaining insights into associations between debriefers' communication and learners' reflection and comparing different debriefing approaches. We aim at contributing to the science of debriefings by developing DE-CODE, a valid and reliable coding scheme for assessing debriefers' and learners' communication in debriefings. It is applicable for both direct, on-site observations and video-based coding. Methods The coding scheme was developed both deductively and inductively from literature on team learning and debriefing and observing debriefings during SBT, respectively. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa. DE-CODE was tested for both live and video-based coding. Results DE-CODE consists of 32 codes for debriefers' communication and 15 codes for learners' communication. For live coding, coders achieved good inter-rater reliabilities with the exception of four codes for debriefers' communication and two codes for learners' communication. For video-based coding, coders achieved substantial inter-rater reliabilities with the exception of five codes for debriefers' communication and three codes for learners' communication. Conclusion DE-CODE is designed as micro-level measurement tool for coding debriefing conversations applicable to any debriefing of SBT in any field (except for the code medical input). It is reliable for direct, on-site observations as well as for video-based coding. DE-CODE is intended to allow for obtaining insights into what works and what does not work during debriefings and contribute to the science of debriefing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Seelandt
- Quality Management and Patient Safety, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Grande
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Kriech
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang D, Gao Q, Li Z, Song F, Ma L. Developing a taxonomy of coordination behaviours in nuclear power plant control rooms during emergencies. ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:1634-1652. [PMID: 28490255 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1329941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a taxonomy of coordination behaviours during emergencies in nuclear power plants (NPPs). We summarised basic coordination behaviours from literature in aviation, health care and nuclear field and identified coordination behaviours specific to the nuclear domain by interviewing and surveying control crew operators. The established taxonomy includes 7 workflow stages and 24 basic coordination behaviours. To evaluate the reliability and feasibility of the taxonomy, we analysed 12 videos of operators' training sessions by coding coordination behaviours with the taxonomy and the inter-rater reliability was acceptable. Further analysis of the frequency, the duration and the direction of the coordination behaviours revealed four coordination problems. This taxonomy provides a foundation of systematic observation of coordination behaviours among NPP crews, advances researchers' understanding of the coordination mechanism during emergencies in NPPs and facilitate the possibility to deepen the understanding of the relationships between coordination behaviours and team performance. Practitioner Summary: A taxonomy of coordination behaviours during emergencies in nuclear power plants was developed. Reliability and feasibility of the taxonomy was verified through the analysis of 12 training sessions. The taxonomy can serve as an observation system for analysis of coordination behaviours and help to identify coordination problems of control crews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunxing Wang
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Qin Gao
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Fei Song
- b Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Ins , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P.R. China
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Schmutz JB, Eppich WJ. Promoting Learning and Patient Care Through Shared Reflection: A Conceptual Framework for Team Reflexivity in Health Care. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2017; 92:1555-1563. [PMID: 28445215 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Health care teams are groups of highly skilled experts who may often form inexpert teams because of a lack of collective competence. Because teamwork and collaboration form the foundation of effective clinical practice, factors that promote collective competence demand exploration. The authors review team reflexivity (TR), a concept from the psychology and management literatures, and how it could contribute to the collective competence of health care teams. TR captures a team's ability to reflect collectively on group objectives, strategies, goals, processes, and outcomes of past, current, and future performance to process key information and adapt accordingly. As an overarching process that promotes team functioning, TR builds shared mental models as well as triggering team adaptation and learning.The authors present a conceptual framework for TR in health care, describing three phases in which TR may occur: pre-action TR (briefing before patient care), in-action TR (deliberations during active patient care), and post-action TR (debriefing after patient care). Depending on the phase, TR targets either goals, taskwork, teamwork, or resources and leads to different outcomes (e.g., optimal preparation, a shared mental model, adaptation, or learning). This novel conceptual framework incorporates various constructs related to reflection and unites them under the umbrella of TR. Viewing reflection through a team lens may guide future research about team functioning, optimize training efforts, and elucidate mechanisms for workplace learning, with better patient care as the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Schmutz
- J.B. Schmutz is researcher and lecturer, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. W.J. Eppich is associate professor of pediatrics-emergency medicine and medical education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Dieckmann P, Patterson M, Lahlou S, Mesman J, Nyström P, Krage R. Variation and adaptation: learning from success in patient safety-oriented simulation training. Adv Simul (Lond) 2017; 2:21. [PMID: 29450022 PMCID: PMC5806267 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-017-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulation is traditionally used to reduce errors and their negative consequences. But according to modern safety theories, this focus overlooks the learning potential of the positive performance, which is much more common than errors. Therefore, a supplementary approach to simulation is needed to unfold its full potential. In our commentary, we describe the learning from success (LFS) approach to simulation and debriefing. Drawing on several theoretical frameworks, we suggest supplementing the widespread deficit-oriented, corrective approach to simulation with an approach that focusses on systematically understanding how good performance is produced in frequent (mundane) simulation scenarios. We advocate to investigate and optimize human activity based on the connected layers of any setting: the embodied competences of the healthcare professionals, the social and organizational rules that guide their actions, and the material aspects of the setting. We discuss implications of these theoretical perspectives for the design and conduct of simulation scenarios, post-simulation debriefings, and faculty development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dieckmann
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, 25. Floor, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mary Patterson
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Saadi Lahlou
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE UK
| | - Jessica Mesman
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Grote Gracht 90-92, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrik Nyström
- Patient Safety and Learning Centre, ARCADA University of Applied Sciences, Jan-Magnus Janssons plats 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Krage
- ADAM Simulation Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gjeraa K, Mundt AS, Spanager L, Hansen HJ, Konge L, Petersen RH, Østergaard D. Important Non-Technical Skills in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lobectomy: Team Perspectives. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104:329-335. [PMID: 28587738 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety in the operating room is dependent on the team's non-technical skills. The importance of non-technical skills appears to be different for minimally invasive surgery as compared with open surgery. The aim of this study was to identify which non-technical skills are perceived by team members to be most important for patient safety, in the setting of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. METHODS This was an explorative, semistructured interview-based study with 21 participants from all four thoracic surgery centers in Denmark that perform VATS lobectomy. Data analysis was deductive, and directed content analysis was used to code the text into the Oxford Non-Technical Skills system for evaluating operating teams' non-technical skills. RESULTS The most important non-technical skills described by the VATS teams were planning and preparation, situation awareness, problem solving, leadership, risk assessment, and teamwork. These non-technical skills enabled the team to achieve shared mental models, which in turn facilitated their efforts to anticipate next steps. This was viewed as important by the participants as they saw VATS lobectomy as a high-risk procedure with complementary and overlapping scopes of practice between surgical and anesthesia subteams. CONCLUSIONS This study identified six non-technical skills that serve as the foundation for shared mental models of the patient, the current situation, and team resources. These findings contribute three important additions to the shared mental model construct: planning and preparation, risk assessment, and leadership. Shared mental models are crucial for patient safety because they enable VATS teams to anticipate problems through adaptive patterns of both implicit and explicit coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gjeraa
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna S Mundt
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Spanager
- Department of General Surgery, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Hansen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Konge
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René H Petersen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Doris Østergaard
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Morineau T, Chapelain P, Le Courtois M, Le Gac JM. Fields of promoted actions for facilitating multitasking activity during a medical emergency. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2017; 3:70-72. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2016-000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAn adverse clinical event requires emergency team coordination and multitasking activity. Based on studies in ecological psychology, we propose that a structured ambient environment can implicitly facilitate these requirements.MethodWe designed a new configuration of work in which spatial zones were specified as fields of promoted actions for doctors, nurses and nursing auxiliaries. 6 emergency teams were confronted with scenarios in a simulation setting, either with a traditional configuration of work or with the new configuration.ResultsSignificantly, each kind of caregiver respected the delimited spatial zones: 91.5% of occupation time for doctors, 97.1% for nurses and 95.3% for nursing auxiliaries. The mean durations of occupation of a same zone by the nursing auxiliaries and another caregiver decreased significantly, thus reducing the likelihood of mutual disturbance. Readiness for multitasking activity measured before and after experiencing the work configuration increased significantly among caregivers. An ergonomic evaluation scale showed a high level of satisfaction among caregivers (68.5 points out of 100). Participants also indicated the advantages and disadvantages of this new work configuration.ConclusionsThis study is a first step towards recommendations to standardise the positioning of emergency team members and for a new spatial arrangement of equipment.
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Dieckmann P, Zeltner LG, Helsø AM. "Hand-it-on": an innovative simulation on the relation of non-technical skills to healthcare. Adv Simul (Lond) 2016; 1:30. [PMID: 29449999 PMCID: PMC5806363 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-016-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-technical skills (NTS) are an integral part of the abilities healthcare professionals need to optimally care for patients. Integrating NTS into the already complex tasks of healthcare can be a challenge for clinicians. Integrating NTS into simulation-based training increases the demands for simulation instructors with regard to scenario design, conduct, and debriefing. We introduce a simulation game, Hand-it-on, that can trigger discussions on how NTS can influence work processes. Hand-it-on aims to help clinicians and simulation instructors alike to improve their understanding of NTS concepts and where they can apply them in their work. It complements existing approaches to teaching NTS by limiting the complexity of the game and by removing medical content, allowing learners to concentrate on NTS. Hand-it-on is relevant for groups and teams working across the range of different healthcare contexts. During Hand-it-on, participants stand in a circle and hand on everyday objects to each other according to simple rules, resulting in many events that can be debriefed in relation to safe patient care. We describe both the conduct of Hand-it-on and ideas on how to debrief participants. We provide variations that can be used in different contexts, focusing the exercise on different learning goals. We also offer the theoretical rationale for using an out-of-context simulation in combination with other forms of teaching. Although we did not evaluate Hand-it-on formally, oral feedback from participants and the replication of Hand-it-on by many simulation teams support its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dieckmann
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, 25th floor, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2370 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Louise Graae Zeltner
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, 25th floor, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2370 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Helsø
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for Human Resources, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev Hospital, 25th floor, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2370 Herlev, Denmark
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SYNSEG – Eine Methode zur syntaxgeleiteten Segmentierung von Kodiereinheiten für die Analyse von Gruppenprozessen. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-016-0345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meinecke AL, Kauffeld S. Interaktionsanalyse in Gruppen: Anwendung und Herausforderungen. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-016-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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„Speaking Up“ statt tödlichem Schweigen im Krankenhaus. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-016-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Weiss M, Kolbe M, Grote G, Spahn DR, Grande B. Why didn’t you say something? Effects of after-event reviews on voice behaviour and hierarchy beliefs in multi-professional action teams. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2016.1208652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Waller MJ, Kaplan SA. Systematic Behavioral Observation for Emergent Team Phenomena. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116647785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of moving images to generate data for behavioral analysis has long been a methodology available to organizational researchers. In this article, we draw from previous research in team dynamics to describe and discuss various methodological approaches to using video recorded behavior as a source of quantitative data. More specifically, we identify and examine key decision points for researchers and illustrate benefits and drawbacks to consider. The article concludes with suggestions for ways in which quantitative video-based approaches could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Waller
- Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth A. Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Leenstra NF, Jung OC, Johnson A, Wendt KW, Tulleken JE. Taxonomy of Trauma Leadership Skills: A Framework for Leadership Training and Assessment. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2016; 91:272-281. [PMID: 26352763 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Good leadership is essential for optimal trauma team performance, and targeted training of leadership skills is necessary to achieve such leadership proficiency. To address the need for a taxonomy of leadership skills that specifies the skill components to be learned and the behaviors by which they can be assessed across the five phases of trauma care, the authors developed the Taxonomy of Trauma Leadership Skills (TTLS). METHOD Critical incident interviews were conducted with trauma team leaders and members from different specialties-emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, anesthesiologists, and emergency ward nurses-at three teaching hospitals in the Netherlands during January-June 2013. Data were iteratively analyzed for examples of excellent leadership skills at each phase of trauma care. Using the grounded theory approach, elements of excellent leadership skills were identified and classified. Elements and behavioral markers were sorted and categorized using multiple raters. In a two-round verification process in late 2013, the taxonomy was reviewed and rated by trauma team leaders and members from the multiple specialties for its coverage of essential items. RESULTS Data were gathered from 28 interviews and 14 raters. The TTLS details 5 skill categories (information coordination, decision making, action coordination, communication management, and coaching and team development) and 37 skill elements. The skill elements are captured by 67 behavioral markers. The three-level taxonomy is presented according to five phases of trauma care. CONCLUSIONS The TTLS provides a framework for teaching, learning, and assessing team leadership skills in trauma care and other complex, acute care situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico F Leenstra
- N.F. Leenstra is psychologist, Department of Traumatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. O.C. Jung is staff anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. A. Johnson is professor, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. K.W. Wendt is chief, Department of Traumatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. J.E. Tulleken is professor and staff intensivist, Department of Critical Care, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Michinov E, Jamet E, Dodeler V, Haegelen C, Jannin P. Assessing neurosurgical non-technical skills: an exploratory study of a new behavioural marker system. J Eval Clin Pract 2014; 20:582-8. [PMID: 24798683 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The management of non-technical skills is a major factor affecting teamwork quality and patient safety. This article presents a behavioural marker system for assessing neurosurgical non-technical skills (BMS-NNTS). We tested the BMS during deep brain stimulation surgery. METHOD We developed the BMS in three stages. First, we drew up a provisional assessment tool based on the literature and observation tools developed for other surgical specialties. We then analysed videos made in an operating room (OR) during deep brain stimulation operations in order to ensure there were no significant omissions from the skills list. Finally, we used five videos of operations to identify the behavioural markers of non-technical skills in verbal communications. RESULTS Analyses of more than six hours of observations revealed 3515 behaviours from which we determined the neurosurgeon's non-technical skills behaviour pattern. The neurosurgeon frequently engaged in explicit coordination, situation awareness and leadership behaviours. In addition, the neurosurgeon's behaviours differed according to the stage of the operation and the OR staff members with whom she was communicating. CONCLUSIONS Our behavioural marker system provides a structured approach to assessing non-technical skills in the field of neurosurgery. It can also be transferred to other surgical specialties and used in surgeon training curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Michinov
- Department of Psychology, CRPCC (E.A. 1285), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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Weiss M, Kolbe M, Grote G, Dambach M, Marty A, Spahn DR, Grande B. Agency and Communion Predict Speaking Up in Acute Care Teams. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1046496414531495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Speaking up with suggestions, problems, or doubts is important—especially in health care action teams where each team member’s input can be crucial for the treatment of a patient. Implementing a high-fidelity simulation study, we investigated individual predictors of speaking up in acute care teams (ACTs). Participants were 27 physicians and 27 nurses from a hospital who completed measures on self-perceived agency (i.e., assertiveness, persistence, independence) and communion (i.e., helpfulness, friendliness, sociability). In two-person teams, they managed simulated critical events that required speaking up. In line with our hypotheses, we found that agency positively and communion negatively predicted actual speaking up behavior. We discuss the differential effects of agency and communion on speaking up and thereby highlight theoretical and practical implications.
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Abstract
Safety and quality of health care depend on collaborative efforts of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary teams of care providers. Team research in aviation and the military has produced a wealth of knowledge in terms of concepts and intervention strategies to improve team performance. Research on collaborative work in health care in the past 20 years has uncovered unique characteristics and requirements of teams in hospitals and other health care settings and has provided early assessment of the utility of the theoretical concepts, methodologies, and interventions developed outside health care. In this chapter, we review a set of concepts that have been used in characterizing teams in health care and in improving teamwork. These concepts include the organizational shell to capture the sociotechnical environment in which teams reside as well as nontechnical skills, team leadership, team mental models, and so on. We will review a number of leading interventions to enhance team performance, such as teamwork training (e.g., TeamSTEPPS) and structured communication (e.g., SBAR). Future directions are suggested on better understanding of the interdependencies between teams and their organizational shell, such as standardization of operating procedures and training, and to focus on the patient in terms of teamwork improvement.
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