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Ahmad S, Nasser W, Ahmad A. Epigenetic mechanisms of alveolar macrophage activation in chemical-induced acute lung injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1488913. [PMID: 39582870 PMCID: PMC11581858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1488913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Airways, alveoli and the pulmonary tissues are the most vulnerable to the external environment including occasional deliberate or accidental exposure to highly toxic chemical gases. However, there are many effective protective mechanisms that maintain the integrity of the pulmonary tissues and preserve lung function. Alveolar macrophages form the first line of defense against any pathogen or chemical/reactant that crosses the airway mucociliary barrier and reaches the alveolar region. Resident alveolar macrophages are activated or circulating monocytes infiltrate the airspace to contribute towards inflammatory or reparative responses. Studies on response of alveolar macrophages to noxious stimuli are rapidly emerging and alveolar macrophage are also being sought as therapeutic target. Here such studies have been reviewed and put together for a better understanding of the role pulmonary macrophages in general and alveolar macrophage in particular play in the pathogenesis of disease caused by chemical induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Mughis M, Ahmad M, Rashid H, Nasir A, Mukarram H, Chaudhary S, Tariq S, Zaman T. Assessment of Respiratory Health Implications of Vaping: A Systematic Review of Toxicity Mechanisms and Adverse Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Cureus 2024; 16:e69236. [PMID: 39398779 PMCID: PMC11470825 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes are thought to aid in tobacco smoking cessation, but there are concerns about their overall effectiveness and safety for the general population, particularly adults. This review aims to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity and adverse effects of e-cigarettes on the respiratory system, comparing these effects with those of conventional smoking. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using keywords, controlled vocabulary, and text words, with the following criteria: studies published in English from 2014 to 2024, open access, peer-reviewed, and full-text availability. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in included randomized controlled trials, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was employed to assess the strength of evidence and determine its generalizability. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have diverse mechanisms of toxicity, including inflammation, hypoxia, cardiovascular stress, and metabolic changes. Reported adverse effects include cough, throat irritation, nausea, and hemodynamic changes. However, ENDS are associated with fewer risks compared to conventional cigarette smoking. ENDS users experience fewer respiratory and cardiovascular issues and have lower levels of biomarkers such as NNAL and CO compared to traditional smokers. Additionally, ENDS are more effective than nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine patches) for smoking cessation, particularly in pregnant women. The side effects of ENDS and nicotine-free vaping are similar to those of conventional smoking in pregnant women, with the exception of a lower birth weight among newborns exposed to ENDS (p < 0.05). ENDS present a complex balance of benefits and risks regarding respiratory health. While there are adverse effects, ENDS are considered less detrimental than conventional smoking and a viable option for smoking cessation. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate their safety with long-term use (>16 weeks). Policymakers and health practitioners should use these findings to develop balanced public health policies that weigh the benefits of ENDS against potential health risks, enabling informed decision-making for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mughis
- Acute Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, GBR
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Hamayun Rashid
- Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, GBR
| | - Anum Nasir
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Hassan Mukarram
- Internal Medicine, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, GBR
| | - Sadia Chaudhary
- Behavioral Sciences, Rahbar Medical & Dental College Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Salman Tariq
- General Internal Medicine, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackburn, GBR
| | - Tahir Zaman
- General Medicine, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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da Silva HT, Magalhães TS, Pires SA, Santos APR, Rodrigues JL, Faria MCDS. Artisanal Gem Mining in Brazil: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:871. [PMID: 39063448 PMCID: PMC11277206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study was carried out in the district of Taquaral de Minas, in the municipality of Itinga, located in Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, which is considered one of the largest yolk-producing regions in Brazil. Miners in gem extraction areas are prone to severe oxidative damage due to their increased exposure to toxic metals, as well as chemical, physical, and biological agents, resulting in diseases such as silicosis. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate occupational exposure in prospectors through biomonitoring techniques using a variety of biomarkers for oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. Twenty-two miners and seventeen workers who were not occupationally exposed were recruited, totaling thirty-nine participants. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys. In this study, the levels of total peroxides, catalase activity, and microelements in plasma were evaluated. Additionally, environmental analysis was carried out through the Ames and Allium cepa tests. The results of the lipoperoxidation assessment were significant, with increased frequencies in exposed individuals compared to controls (p < 0.05), as determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Micronutrients in the blood showed lower concentrations in the group exposed to Fe and Se than in individuals not exposed to these elements. The results of the Ames test and Allium cepa test were statistically significant compared to the controls (p < 0.05), as determined by the Mann-Whitney test for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Thus, the results of the present study indicate possible environmental contamination and a potential risk to the health of miners, which suggests that further studies are important in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heberson Teixeira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
| | - Thainá Sprícido Magalhães
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
| | - Sumaia Araújo Pires
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rufino Santos
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
| | - Jairo Lisboa Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
| | - Márcia Cristina da Silva Faria
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil; (H.T.d.S.); (T.S.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.P.R.S.); (M.C.d.S.F.)
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Janssen LM, Lemaire F, Marain NF, Ronsmans S, Heylen N, Vanstapel A, Velde GV, Vanoirbeek JA, Pollard KM, Ghosh M, Hoet PH. Differential pulmonary toxicity and autoantibody formation in genetically distinct mouse strains following combined exposure to silica and diesel exhaust particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38409078 PMCID: PMC10898103 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of airborne particulate matter, such as silica and diesel exhaust particles, poses serious long-term respiratory and systemic health risks. Silica exposure can lead to silicosis and systemic autoimmune diseases, while DEP exposure is linked to asthma and cancer. Combined exposure to silica and DEP, common in mining, may have more severe effects. This study investigates the separate and combined effects of occupational-level silica and ambient-level DEP on lung injury, inflammation, and autoantibody formation in two genetically distinct mouse strains, thereby aiming at understanding the interplay between genetic susceptibility, particulate exposure, and disease outcomes. Silica and diesel exhaust particles were administered to mice via oropharyngeal aspiration. Assessments of lung injury and host response included in vivo lung micro-computed tomography, lung function tests, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis including inflammatory cytokines and antinuclear antibodies, and histopathology with particle colocalization. RESULTS The findings highlight the distinct effects of silica and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on lung injury, inflammation, and autoantibody formation in C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Silica exposure elicited a well-established inflammatory response marked by inflammatory infiltrates, release of cytokines, and chemokines, alongside mild fibrosis, indicated by collagen deposition in the lungs of both C57BL/6J and NOD/ShilLtJ mice. Notably, these strains exhibited divergent responses in terms of respiratory function and lung volumes, as assessed through micro-computed tomography. Additionally, silica exposure induced airway hyperreactivity and elevated antinuclear antibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, particularly prominent in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Moreover, antinuclear antibodies correlated with extent of lung inflammation in NOD/ShiLTJ mice. Lung tissue analysis revealed DEP loaded macrophages and co-localization of silica and DEP particles. However, aside from contributing to airway hyperreactivity specifically in NOD/ShiLtJ mice, the ambient-level DEP did not significantly amplify the effects induced by silica. There was no evidence of synergistic or additive interaction between these specific doses of silica and DEP in inducing lung damage or inflammation in either of the mouse strains. CONCLUSION Mouse strain variations exerted a substantial influence on the development of silica induced lung alterations. Furthermore, the additional impact of ambient-level DEP on these silica-induced effects was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mf Janssen
- Environment and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nora Fopke Marain
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Environment and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Arno Vanstapel
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aj Vanoirbeek
- Environment and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Manosij Ghosh
- Environment and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hm Hoet
- Environment and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Janssen LM, Lemaire F, Marain NF, Ronsmans S, Heylen N, Vanstapel A, Velde GV, Vanoirbeek JA, Pollard KM, Ghosh M, Hoet PH. Differential Pulmonary Toxicity and Autoantibody Formation in Genetically Distinct Mouse Strains Following Combined Exposure to Silica and Diesel Exhaust Particles. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3408546. [PMID: 37886437 PMCID: PMC10602120 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3408546/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Inhalation of airborne particulate matter, such as silica and diesel exhaust particles, poses serious long-term respiratory health risks. Silica exposure can lead to silicosis and systemic autoimmune diseases, while DEP exposure is linked to asthma and cancer. Combined exposure to silica and DEP, common in mining, may have more severe effects. This study investigates the separate and combined effects of silica and DEP on lung injury, inflammation, and autoantibody formation in two genetically distinct mouse strains, thereby aiming at understanding the interplay between genetic susceptibility, particulate exposure, and disease outcomes. Silica and diesel exhaust particles were administered to mice via oropharyngeal aspiration. Assessments of lung injury and host response included in vivo lung micro-computed tomography, lung function tests, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis including inflammatory cytokines and antinuclear antibodies, and histopathology with particle colocalization. Results Silica exposure elicited a well-established inflammatory response marked by inflammatory infiltrates, release of cytokines, and chemokines, alongside limited fibrosis, indicated by collagen deposition in the lungs of both C57BL/6J and NOD/ShilLtJ mice. Notably, these strains exhibited divergent responses in terms of respiratory function and lung volumes, as assessed through micro-computed tomography. Additionally, silica exposure induced airway hyperreactivity and elevated antinuclear antibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, particularly prominent in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Lung tissue analysis revealed DEP loaded macrophages and co-localization of silica and DEP particles. Conclusion Mouse strain variations exerted a substantial influence on the development of silica induced lung alterations. Furthermore, the additional impact of diesel exhaust particles on these silica-induced effects was minimal.
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