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Herren A, Palmer CS, Landolt MA, Lehner M, Neuhaus TJ, Simma L. Pediatric Trauma and Trauma Team Activation in a Swiss Pediatric Emergency Department: An Observational Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1377. [PMID: 37628376 PMCID: PMC10453385 DOI: 10.3390/children10081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma is one of the most common causes of death in childhood, but data on severely injured Swiss children are absent from existing national registries. Our aim was to analyze trauma activations and the profiles of critically injured children at a tertiary, non-academic Swiss pediatric emergency department (PED). In the absence of a national pediatric trauma database, this information may help to guide the design of infrastructure, processes within organizations, training, and policies. METHODS A retrospective analysis of pediatric trauma patients in a prospective resuscitation database over a 2-year period. Critically injured trauma patients under the age of 16 years were included. Patients were described with established triage and injury severity scales. Statistical evaluation included logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 82 patients matched one or more of the study inclusion criteria. The most frequent age group was 12-15 years, and 27% were female. Trauma team activation (TTA) occurred with 49 patients (59.8%). Falls were the most frequent mechanism of injury, both overall and for major trauma. Road-traffic-related injuries had the highest relative risk of major trauma. In the multivariate analysis, patients receiving medicalized transport were more likely to trigger a TTA, but there was no association between TTA and age, gender, or Injury Severity Score (ISS). Nineteen patients (23.2%) sustained major trauma with an ISS > 15. Injuries of Abbreviated Injury Scale severity 3 or greater were most frequent to the head, followed by abdomen, chest, and extremities. The overall mortality rate in the cohort was 2.4%. Conclusions: Major trauma presentations only comprise a small proportion of the total patient load in the PED, and trauma team activation does not correlate with injury severity. Low exposure to high-acuity patients highlights the importance of deliberate learning and simulation for all professionals in the PED. Our findings indicate that high priority should be given to training in the management of severely injured children in the PED. The leading major trauma mechanisms were preventable, which should prompt further efforts in injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Herren
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, CH-6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, University’s Children Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron S. Palmer
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Markus A. Landolt
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lehner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, CH-6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Neuhaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, CH-6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Leopold Simma
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Emergency Department, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Spitalstrasse, CH-6000 Lucerne, Switzerland
- Emergency Department, University’s Children Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Taylor A, Foster NW, Ricca RL, Choi PM. Pediatric Surgical Care During Humanitarian and Disaster Relief Missions. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40719-022-00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Simma L, Palmer CS, Ngo A, Jowett HE, Teague WJ. An evaluation of the presentation and severity of Australian football injury in children. TRAUMA-ENGLAND 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1460408620941335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Child participation in sport is important for physical, cognitive and psychosocial wellbeing. Australian rules football has high participation, but also carries a high risk of injury due to the contact nature of the sport. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the presentation and hospital admission of paediatric Australian rules football-related injuries, and to compare the severity of these injuries with those from other team ball sports. Materials and methods At an Australian paediatric major trauma service, ED and hospital trauma registry data relating to Australian rules football injury between 2009 and 2015 were obtained. Data from other common team ball sports with a shared field of play were also identified. Results During the study period, there were 10,003 ED presentations, and 1110 admissions resulting from team ball sports. With 4751 ED presentations and 616 admissions, Australian rules football accounted for almost one-third of all sports-related presentations and admissions, and around half of the team ball sports cohort. Compared to other team ball sports patients, Australian rules football-related patients were 40% more likely to be admitted, and nearly twice as likely to be classified as severe injury. Australian rules football players presented with different injury patterns were compared to other team ball sports players; admitted players were significantly more likely to have sustained head or neck injuries, and were more than twice as likely to sustain truncal injury. Conclusions Australian rules football is a common cause of ED presentations and results in substantial morbidity, both overall and when compared with other team ball sports. Australian rules football should remain a focus for ongoing and active research into strategies which reduce injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Simma
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Emergency Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Children's Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Cameron S Palmer
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan Ngo
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Emergency Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen E Jowett
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Pediatric trauma triage: A Pediatric Trauma Society Research Committee systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89:623-630. [PMID: 32301877 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant variability exists in the triage of injured children with most systems using mechanism of injury and/or physiologic criteria. It is not well established if existing triage criteria predict the need for intervention or impact morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated existing evidence for pediatric trauma triage. Questions defined a priori were as follows: (1) Do prehospital trauma triage criteria reduce mortality? (2) Do prehospital trauma scoring systems predict outcomes? (3) Do trauma center activation criteria predict outcomes? (4) Do trauma center activation criteria predict need for procedural or operative interventions? (5) Do trauma bay pediatric trauma scoring systems predict outcomes? (6) What secondary triage criteria for transfer of children exist? METHODS A structured, systematic review was conducted, and multiple databases were queried using search terms related to pediatric trauma triage. The literature search was limited to January 1990 to August 2019. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was applied with the methodological index for nonrandomized studies tool used to assess the quality of included studies. Qualitative analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 1,752 articles were screened, and 38 were included in the qualitative analysis. Twelve articles addressed questions 1 and 2, 21 articles addressed question 3 to 5, and five articles addressed question 6. Existing literature suggest that prehospital triage criteria or scoring systems do not predict or reduce mortality, although selected physiologic parameters may. In contrast, hospital trauma activation criteria can predict the need for procedures or surgical intervention and identify patients with higher mortality; again, physiologic signs are more predictive than mechanism of injury. Currently, no standardized secondary triage/transfer protocols exist. CONCLUSION Evidence supporting the utility of prehospital triage criteria for injured children is insufficient, while physiology-based trauma system activation criteria do appropriately stratify injured children. The absence of strong evidence supports the need for further prehospital and secondary transfer triage-related research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review study, level II.
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Abstract
Introduction Major trauma in the elderly population has been increasingly reported over the past decade. Compared to younger populations, elderly patients may experience major trauma as a result of low mechanisms of injury (MOIs) and as a result, existing definitions for 'major trauma' should be challenged.This literature review provides an overview of previous conceptualisations of defining 'major trauma' and considers their utility in relation to the pre-hospital phase of care. Methods A systematic search strategy was performed using CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science (MEDLINE). Grey literature and key documents from cited references were also examined. Results A total of 121 articles were included in the final analysis. Predominantly, retrospective scoring systems, such as the Injury Severity Score (ISS), were used to define major trauma.Pre-hospital variables considered indicative of major trauma included: fatal outcomes, injury type/pattern, deranged physiology and perceived need for treatment sequelae such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, surgical intervention or the administration of blood products.Within the pre-hospital environment, retrospective scoring systems as a means of identifying major trauma are of limited utility and should not detract from the broader clinical picture. Similarly, although MOI is often a useful consideration, it should be used in conjunction with other factors in identifying major trauma patients. Conclusions In the pre-hospital environment, retrospective scoring systems are not available and other variables must be considered. Based upon this review, a working definition of major trauma is suggested as: 'A traumatic event resulting in fatal injury or significant injury with accompanying deranged physiology, regardless of MOI, and/or is predicted to require significant treatment sequelae such as ICU admission, surgical intervention, or the administration of blood products'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Thompson
- North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust; Northumbria University; Northern Trauma Network: ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-1662
| | | | - Gary Shaw
- North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
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Choi SJ, Oh MY, Kim NR, Jung YJ, Ro YS, Shin SD. Comparison of trauma care systems in Asian countries: A systematic literature review. Emerg Med Australas 2017; 29:697-711. [PMID: 28782875 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to compare the trauma care systems in Asian countries. METHODS Asian countries were categorised into three groups; 'lower middle-income country', 'upper middle-income country' and 'high-income country'. The Medline/PubMed database was searched for articles published from January 2005 to December 2014 using relevant key words. Articles were excluded if they examined a specific injury mechanism, referred to a specific age group, and/or did not have full text available. We extracted information and variables on pre-hospital and hospital care factors, and regionalised system factors and compared them across countries. RESULTS A total of 46 articles were identified from 13 countries, including Pakistan, India, Vietnam and Indonesia from lower middle-income countries; the Islamic Republic of Iran, Thailand, China, Malaysia from upper middle-income countries; and Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore from high-income countries. Trauma patients were transported via various methods. In six of the 13 countries, less than 20% of trauma patients were transported by ambulance. Pre-hospital trauma teams primarily comprised emergency medical technicians and paramedics, except in Thailand and China, where they included mainly physicians. In Iran, Pakistan and Vietnam, the proportion of patients who died before reaching hospital exceeded 50%. In only three of the 13 countries was it reported that trauma surgeons were available. In only five of the 13 countries was there a nationwide trauma registry. CONCLUSION Trauma care systems were poorly developed and unorganised in most of the selected 13 Asian countries, with the exception of a few highly developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Choi
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Young Oh
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Rae Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Joong Jung
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sun Ro
- Laboratory of Emergency Medical Services, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Do Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Dehli T, Monsen SA, Fredriksen K, Bartnes K. Evaluation of a trauma team activation protocol revision: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24:105. [PMID: 27561336 PMCID: PMC5000402 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-016-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Correct triage based on prehospital information contributes to a better outcome for potentially seriously injured patients. In 2011 we changed the trauma team activation (TTA) criteria in our center in order to improve the high over- and undertriage properties of the protocol. Five criteria that were unable to predict severe injury were removed. In the present study, we evaluated the protocol revision by comparing over- and undertriage in the former and present set of criteria. Methods All severely injured patients (Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 15) and all patients admitted with TTA in the period of 01.01.2013 – 31.12.2014 were included in the study. We defined overtriage as the fraction of patients with TTA when ISS ≤15 and undertriage as the fraction of patients without TTA when ISS > 15. We also evaluated triage with the occurrence of emergency procedures immediately after admission. Results 324 patients were included, 164 patients had ISS>15, 287 were admitted with TTA. Over- and undertriage were 74 % and 28 % respectively. When we used emergency procedure as reference, the figures were 83 % and 15 % respectively. Undertriaged patients had significantly more neurosurgical injuries and were significantly more often transferred from an acute care hospital. Discussion Over- and undertriage are almost the same as before the criteria were revised, and higher thanrecommended levels. Conclusions Revision of the TTA criteria has not improved triage, and further measures are necessary to achieveacceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Dehli
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital North Norway (UNN), 9038, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Svein Arne Monsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Helgeland Hospital, 8801, Sandnessjøen, Norway
| | - Knut Fredriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Emergency Medical Services, UNN, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristian Bartnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, UNN, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
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