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Furlan L, Jacobitti Esposito G, Gianni F, Solbiati M, Mancusi C, Costantino G. Syncope in the Emergency Department: A Practical Approach. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3231. [PMID: 38892942 PMCID: PMC11172976 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Syncope is a common condition encountered in the emergency department (ED), accounting for about 0.6-3% of all ED visits. Despite its high frequency, a widely accepted management strategy for patients with syncope in the ED is still missing. Since syncope can be the presenting condition of many diseases, both severe and benign, most research efforts have focused on strategies to obtain a definitive etiologic diagnosis. Nevertheless, in everyday clinical practice, a definitive diagnosis is rarely reached after the first evaluation. It is thus troublesome to aid clinicians' reasoning by simply focusing on differential diagnoses. With the current review, we would like to propose a management strategy that guides clinicians both in the identification of conditions that warrant immediate treatment and in the management of patients for whom a diagnosis is not immediately reached, differentiating those that can be safely discharged from those that should be admitted to the hospital or monitored before a final decision. We propose the mnemonic acronym RED-SOS: Recognize syncope; Exclude life-threatening conditions; Diagnose; Stratify the risk of adverse events; Observe; decide on the Setting of care. Based on this acronym, in the different sections of the review, we discuss all the elements that clinicians should consider when assessing patients with syncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Furlan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.F.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
- Internal Medicine Department, IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Jacobitti Esposito
- Emergency Medicine School, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.J.E.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Gianni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.F.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Solbiati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.F.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Costantino Mancusi
- Emergency Medicine School, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.J.E.); (C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.F.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Dipaola F, Gatti M, Menè R, Shiffer D, Giaj Levra A, Solbiati M, Villa P, Costantino G, Furlan R. A Hybrid Model for 30-Day Syncope Prognosis Prediction in the Emergency Department. J Pers Med 2023; 14:4. [PMID: 38276219 PMCID: PMC10817569 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Syncope is a challenging problem in the emergency department (ED) as the available risk prediction tools have suboptimal predictive performances. Predictive models based on machine learning (ML) are promising tools whose application in the context of syncope remains underexplored. The aim of the present study was to develop and compare the performance of ML-based models in predicting the risk of clinically significant outcomes in patients presenting to the ED for syncope. We enrolled 266 consecutive patients (age 73, IQR 58-83; 52% males) admitted for syncope at three tertiary centers. We collected demographic and clinical information as well as the occurrence of clinically significant outcomes at a 30-day telephone follow-up. We implemented an XGBoost model based on the best-performing candidate predictors. Subsequently, we integrated the XGboost predictors with knowledge-based rules. The obtained hybrid model outperformed the XGboost model (AUC = 0.81 vs. 0.73, p < 0.001) with acceptable calibration. In conclusion, we developed an ML-based model characterized by a commendable capability to predict adverse events within 30 days post-syncope evaluation in the ED. This model relies solely on clinical data routinely collected during a patient's initial syncope evaluation, thus obviating the need for laboratory tests or syncope experienced clinical judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Dipaola
- Internal Medicine, Syncope Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Roberto Menè
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dana Shiffer
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Monica Solbiati
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Paolo Villa
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Raffaello Furlan
- Internal Medicine, Syncope Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy;
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Uit Het Broek LG, Ort BBA, Vermeulen H, Pelgrim T, Vloet LCM, Berben SAA. Risk stratification tools for patients with syncope in emergency medical services and emergency departments: a scoping review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2023; 31:48. [PMID: 37723535 PMCID: PMC10508018 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-023-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a syncope constitute a challenge for risk stratification in (prehospital) emergency care. Professionals in EMS and ED need to differentiate the high-risk from the low-risk syncope patient, with limited time and resources. Clinical decision rules (CDRs) are designed to support professionals in risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Current CDRs seem unable to meet the standards to be used in the chain of emergency care. However, the need for a structured approach for syncope patients remains. We aimed to generate a broad overview of the available risk stratification tools and identify key elements, scoring systems and measurement properties of these tools. METHODS We performed a scoping review with a literature search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science from January 2010 to May 2022. Study selection was done by two researchers independently and was supervised by a third researcher. Data extraction was performed through a data extraction form, and data were summarised through descriptive synthesis. A quality assessment of included studies was performed using a generic quality assessment tool for quantitative research and the AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews. RESULTS The literature search identified 5385 unique studies; 38 were included in the review. We discovered 19 risk stratification tools, one of which was established in EMS patient care. One-third of risk stratification tools have been validated. Two main approaches for the application of the tools were identified. Elements of the tools were categorised in history taking, physical examination, electrocardiogram, additional examinations and other variables. Evaluation of measurement properties showed that negative and positive predictive value was used in half of the studies to assess the accuracy of tools. CONCLUSION A total of 19 risk stratification tools for syncope patients were identified. They were primarily established in ED patient care; most are not validated properly. Key elements in the risk stratification related to a potential cardiac problem as cause for the syncope. These insights provide directions for the key elements of a risk stratification tool and for a more advanced process to validate risk stratification tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia G Uit Het Broek
- Research Department of Emergency and Critical Care, School of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Bastiaan A Ort
- Research Department of Emergency and Critical Care, School of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester Vermeulen
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Pelgrim
- Research Department of Emergency and Critical Care, School of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian C M Vloet
- Research Department of Emergency and Critical Care, School of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sivera A A Berben
- Research Department of Emergency and Critical Care, School of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Moss L, Propersi ME, Karounos M. Syncope in the Emergency Department: Should We Be Using the Canadian Syncope Risk Score?: July 2023 Annals of Emergency Medicine Journal Club. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 82:115-117. [PMID: 37349069 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnsey Moss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health at Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY
| | - Marco E Propersi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health at Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY
| | - Marianna Karounos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health at Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY
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Li Y, Liu J, Wang M, Zhao H, Liu X, Hu J, Zhao C, Kong Q. Predictive value of EGSYS score in the differential diagnosis of cardiac syncope and neurally mediated syncope in children. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1091778. [PMID: 37008325 PMCID: PMC10063910 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectiveSyncope is a common emergency with diverse etiologies in children. Among these, cardiac syncope (CS) is associated with high mortality and is usually difficult to diagnose. However, there is still no validated clinical prediction model to distinguish CS from other forms of pediatric syncope. The Evaluation of Guidelines in Syncope Study (EGSYS) score was designed to identify CS in adults and has been validated in several studies. In this study, we aimed to assess the ability of the EGSYS score in predicting CS in children.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we calculated and analyzed the EGSYS scores of 332 children hospitalized for syncope between January 2009 and December 2021. Among them, 281 were diagnosed with neurally mediated syncope (NMS) through the head-up tilt test, and 51 were diagnosed with CS using electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO), coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA), myocardial enzymes and genetic screening. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the predictive value of the EGSYS score system.ResultsThe median scores of 51 children with CS and 281 children with NMS were 4 [interquartile range (IQR): 3-5] and −1 (IQR: -2-1), respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.922 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.892-0.952; P < 0.001], indicating that the EGSYS score system has good discrimination. The best cutoff point was ≥3, with a sensitivity and specificity of 84.3% and 87.9%, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test demonstrated satisfactory calibration (χ²=1.468, P > 0.05) of the score, indicating a good fit of the model.ConclusionThe EGSYS score appeared to be sensitive for differentiating CS from NMS in children. It might be used as an additional diagnostic tool to aid pediatricians in accurately identifying children with CS in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianglin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haizhao Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cuifen Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Correspondence: Cuifen Zhao Qingyu Kong
| | - Qingyu Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Correspondence: Cuifen Zhao Qingyu Kong
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Voigt RD, Alsayed M, Bellolio F, Campbell RL, Mullan A, Colleti JE, Oliveira J. e Silva L. Prognostic accuracy of syncope clinical prediction rules in older adults in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12820. [PMID: 36311342 PMCID: PMC9597095 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Study objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of existing rules (San Francisco Syncope Rule [SFSR], Canadian Syncope Risk Score [CSRS], and FAINT score) in older adults. Methods This is a cohort study of adults aged ≥60 years presenting to an academic emergency department (ED) with syncope or near syncope. We used original criteria for all rules except for the FAINT score, in which N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide was largely missing from the extracted data. Patients were deemed positive for each rule if classified as non‐low risk. The primary outcome was the presence of 30‐day serious outcome, as defined by syncope research guidelines. Sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 404 ED visits (mean age of patients, 75.5 years) were included. Of these, 44 (10.9%) had a 30‐day serious outcome, and 24 (5.9%) had incomplete 30‐day follow‐up. SFSR was positive for 280 of 380 visits with complete follow‐up. Its sensitivity and NLR for predicting 30‐day serious outcomes were 86.4% (95% CI, 72.0%–94.3%) and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.25–1.15), respectively. The CSRS was positive for 299 of 380 visits (sensitivity was 88.6% [95% CI, 76.4%–95.7%], and NLR was 0.50 [95% CI, 0.22–1.17]). The modified FAI(N)T score was positive for 318 of 380 visits (sensitivity was 90.9% [95% CI, 77.4%–97.0%], and NLR was 0.53 [95% CI, 0.20–1.38]). Conclusion Existing rules are suboptimal to predict 30‐day serious outcomes in older adults presenting with syncope or near syncope to the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Voigt
- Department of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Momen Alsayed
- Department of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Fernanda Bellolio
- Department of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Aidan Mullan
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - James E. Colleti
- Department of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lucas Oliveira J. e Silva
- Department of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA,Department of Emergency MedicineHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrazil
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Veldhuis LI, Ridderikhof ML, Bergsma L, Van Etten-Jamaludin F, Nanayakkara PW, Hollmann M. Performance of early warning and risk stratification scores versus clinical judgement in the acute setting: a systematic review. J Accid Emerg Med 2022; 39:918-923. [PMID: 35944968 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2021-211524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk stratification is increasingly based on Early Warning Score (EWS)-based models, instead of clinical judgement. However, it is unknown how risk-stratification models and EWS perform as compared with the clinical judgement of treating acute healthcare providers. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of all available literature evaluating clinical judgement of healthcare providers to the use of risk-stratification models in predicting patients' clinical outcome. METHODS Studies comparing clinical judgement and risk-stratification models in predicting outcomes in adult patients presenting at the ED were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes included the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission; severe adverse events; clinical deterioration and mortality. Risk of bias among the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool. RESULTS Six studies (6419 participants) were included of which 4 studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. Only descriptive analysis was performed as a meta-analysis was not possible due to few included studies and high clinical heterogeneity. The performance of clinical judgement and risk-stratification models were both moderate in predicting mortality, deterioration and need for ICU admission with area under the curves between 0.70 and 0.89. The performance of clinical judgement did not significantly differ from risk-stratification models in predicting mortality (n=2 studies) or deterioration (n=1 study). However, clinical judgement of healthcare providers was significantly better in predicting the need for ICU admission (n=2) and severe adverse events (n=1 study) as compared with risk-stratification models. CONCLUSION Based on limited existing data, clinical judgement has greater accuracy in predicting the need for ICU admission and the occurrence of severe adverse events compared with risk-stratification models in ED patients. However, performance is similar in predicting mortality and deterioration. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020218893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ingmar Veldhuis
- Emergency Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lyfke Bergsma
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Prabath Wb Nanayakkara
- Section Acute Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Hollmann
- Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zimmermann T, du Fay de Lavallaz J, Nestelberger T, Gualandro DM, Lopez-Ayala P, Badertscher P, Widmer V, Shrestha S, Strebel I, Glarner N, Diebold M, Miró Ò, Christ M, Cullen L, Than M, Martin-Sanchez FJ, Di Somma S, Peacock WF, Keller DI, Bilici M, Costabel JP, Kühne M, Breidthardt T, Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Mueller C, Belkin M, Leu K, Lohrmann J, Boeddinghaus J, Twerenbold R, Koechlin L, Walter JE, Amrein M, Wussler D, Freese M, Puelacher C, Kawecki D, Morawiec B, Salgado E, Martinez-Nadal G, Inostroza CIF, Mandrión JB, Poepping I, Rentsch K, von Eckardstein A, Buser A, Greenslade J, Reichlin T, Bürgler F. International Validation of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score : A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:783-794. [PMID: 35467933 DOI: 10.7326/m21-2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS) was developed to predict 30-day serious outcomes not evident during emergency department (ED) evaluation. OBJECTIVE To externally validate the CSRS and compare it with another validated score, the Osservatorio Epidemiologico della Sincope nel Lazio (OESIL) score. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Large, international, multicenter study recruiting patients in EDs in 8 countries on 3 continents. PARTICIPANTS Patients with syncope aged 40 years or older presenting to the ED within 12 hours of syncope. MEASUREMENTS Composite outcome of serious clinical plus procedural events (primary outcome) and the primary composite outcome excluding procedural interventions (secondary outcome). RESULTS Among 2283 patients with a mean age of 68 years, the primary composite outcome occurred in 7.2%, and the composite outcome excluding procedural interventions occurred in 3.1% at 30 days. Prognostic performance of the CSRS was good for both 30-day composite outcomes and better compared with the OESIL score (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.85 [95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88] vs. 0.74 [CI, 0.71 to 0.78] and 0.80 [CI, 0.75 to 0.84] vs. 0.69 [CI, 0.64 to 0.75], respectively). Safety of triage, as measured by the frequency of the primary composite outcome in the low-risk group, was higher using the CSRS (19 of 1388 [0.6%]) versus the OESIL score (17 of 1104 [1.5%]). A simplified model including only the clinician classification of syncope (cardiac syncope, vasovagal syncope, or other) variable at ED discharge-a component of the CSRS-achieved similar discrimination as the CSRS (AUC, 0.83 [CI, 0.80 to 0.87] for the primary composite outcome). LIMITATION Unable to disentangle the influence of other CSRS components on clinician classification of syncope at ED discharge. CONCLUSION This international external validation of the CSRS showed good performance in identifying patients at low risk for serious outcomes outside of Canada and superior performance compared with the OESIL score. However, clinician classification of syncope at ED discharge seems to explain much of the performance of the CSRS in this study. The clinical utility of the CSRS remains uncertain. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Swiss National Science Foundation & Swiss Heart Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Zimmermann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Department of Cardiology, and Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (T.Z.)
| | - Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Thomas Nestelberger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Division of Cardiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.N.)
| | - Danielle M Gualandro
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (D.M.G.)
| | - Pedro Lopez-Ayala
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Patrick Badertscher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Velina Widmer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (V.W., N.G.)
| | - Samyut Shrestha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Ivo Strebel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Noemi Glarner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (V.W., N.G.)
| | - Matthias Diebold
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Òscar Miró
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (Ò.M.)
| | - Michael Christ
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Louise Cullen
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia (L.C.)
| | - Martin Than
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand (M.T.)
| | - F Javier Martin-Sanchez
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.)
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Emergency Medicine, Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Italy (S.D.S.)
| | - W Frank Peacock
- GREAT Network, Rome, Italy, and Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Houston, Texas (W.F.P.)
| | - Dagmar I Keller
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (D.I.K.)
| | - Murat Bilici
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | | | - Michael Kühne
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
| | - Tobias Breidthardt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), Department of Cardiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (T.B.)
| | | | - Christian Mueller
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and GREAT Network, Rome, Italy (J.F.L., P.L., P.B., S.S., I.S., M.D., M.K., C.M.)
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Costantino G, Solbiati M, Casazza G. In Reply: letter to the editor on 'Multicentre external validation of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict adverse events and comparison with clinical judgement'. Emerg Med J 2022; 39:489. [PMID: 35264452 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2022-212370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costantino
- UOC Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy .,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Solbiati
- UOC Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Thiruganasambandamoorthy V. Letter to the editor: Multicentre external validation of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict adverse events and comparison with clinical judgement. Emerg Med J 2022; 39:488. [PMID: 35264453 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2021-212268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Thiruganasambandamoorthy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sutton R, Ricci F, Fedorowski A. Risk stratification of syncope: Current syncope guidelines and beyond. Auton Neurosci 2022; 238:102929. [PMID: 34968831 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Syncope is an alarming event carrying the possibility of serious outcomes, including sudden cardiac death (SCD). Therefore, immediate risk stratification should be applied whenever syncope occurs, especially in the Emergency Department, where most dramatic presentations occur. It has long been known that short- and long-term syncope prognosis is affected not only by its mechanism but also by presence of concomitant conditions, especially cardiovascular disease. Over the last two decades, several syncope prediction tools have been developed to refine patient stratification and triage patients who need expert in-hospital care from those who may receive nonurgent expert care in the community. However, despite promising results, prognostic tools for syncope remain challenging and often poorly effective. Current European Society of Cardiology syncope guidelines recommend an initial syncope workup based on detailed patient's history, physical examination supine and standing blood pressure, resting ECG, and laboratory tests, including cardiac biomarkers, where appropriate. Subsequent risk stratification based on screening of features aims to identify three groups: high-, intermediate- and low-risk. The first should immediately be hospitalized and appropriately investigated; intermediate group, with recurrent or medium-risk events, requires systematic evaluation by syncope experts; low-risk group, sporadic reflex syncope, merits education about its benign nature, and discharge. Thus, initial syncope risk stratification is crucial as it determines how and by whom syncope patients are managed. This review summarizes the crucial elements of syncope risk stratification, pros and cons of proposed risk evaluation scores, major challenges in initial syncope management, and how risk stratification impacts management of high-risk/recurrent syncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sutton
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dept. of Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G.d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Casa di Cura Villa Serena, Città Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Artur Fedorowski
- Dept. of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Syncope Time Frames for Adverse Events after Emergency Department Presentation: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111235. [PMID: 34833453 PMCID: PMC8623370 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Knowledge of the incidence and time frames of the adverse events of patients presenting syncope at the ED is essential for developing effective management strategies. The aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of the incidence and time frames of adverse events of syncope patients. Materials and Methods: We combined individual patients’ data from prospective observational studies including adult patients who presented syncope at the ED. We assessed the pooled rate of adverse events at 24 h, 72 h, 7–10 days, 1 month and 1 year after ED evaluation. Results: We included nine studies that enrolled 12,269 patients. The mean age varied between 53 and 73 years, with 42% to 57% females. The pooled rate of adverse events was 5.1% (95% CI 3.4% to 7.7%) at 24 h, 7.0% (95% CI 4.9% to 9.9%) at 72 h, 8.4% (95% CI 6.2% to 11.3%) at 7–10 days, 10.3% (95% CI 7.8% to 13.3%) at 1 month and 21.3% (95% CI 15.8% to 28.0%) at 1 year. The pooled death rate was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1% to 0.5%) at 24 h, 0.3% (95% CI 0.1% to 0.7%) at 72 h, 0.5% (95% CI 0.3% to 0.9%) at 7–10 days, 1% (95% CI 0.6% to 1.7%) at 1 month and 5.9% (95% CI 4.5% to 7.7%) at 1 year. The most common adverse event was arrhythmia, for which its rate was 3.1% (95% CI 2.0% to 4.9%) at 24 h, 4.8% (95% CI 3.5% to 6.7%) at 72 h, 5.8% (95% CI 4.2% to 7.9%) at 7–10 days, 6.9% (95% CI 5.3% to 9.1%) at 1 month and 9.9% (95% CI 5.5% to 17) at 1 year. Ventricular arrhythmia was rare. Conclusions: The risk of death or life-threatening adverse event is rare in patients presenting syncope at the ED. The most common adverse events are brady and supraventricular arrhythmias, which occur during the first 3 days. Prolonged ECG monitoring in the ED in a short stay unit with ECG monitoring facilities may, therefore, be beneficial.
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