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Borkar SK, Hande P, Bankar NJ. Kounis Syndrome: Bee Sting-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cureus 2023; 15:e47507. [PMID: 38021736 PMCID: PMC10663870 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome or ST-elevation myocardial infarction that develops as a hypersensitive reaction following exposure to an allergen, such as chemicals or bee or wasp stings, is known as Kounis syndrome (KS). Based on angiographic characteristics, three kinds of KS have been identified. Multiple bee stings typically result in localized allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, but they can also occasionally induce severe systemic toxic reactions. Here, a case of KS in a 50-year-old male presented with swelling on the face and upper limbs and breathing difficulties resulting from bee stings which led to myocardial infarction. The risk of KS should be considered by the physician at the primary level in all situations involving multiple bee bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali K Borkar
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Nagpur, IND
| | | | - Nandkishor J Bankar
- Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Wardha, IND
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2
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Ding MC, Tsai YT, Tsai MS, Hsu CM, Chang GH. Safe Removal of a Centipede From the Ear By Using an Innovative Practicable Method: A Case Report. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023; 102:NP123-NP125. [PMID: 33587651 DOI: 10.1177/0145561321995010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods may become lodged inside the ear and cause considerable emotional and physical trauma. Cases of centipedes being lodged in the external auditory canal have rarely been reported. In this article, we present the case of woman who had a centipede lodged inside her right external auditory canal. Removal using a topical local anesthetic can lead to vigorous activity of the centipede, which can cause harm to the patient and clinicians. Therefore, we developed and successfully applied a practicable method that involved using a modified plastic bottle for safe centipede removal. In conclusion, centipedes can express distinct and threatening behavior, and clinicians should pay attention to the activity of the lodged centipede and possibly use the proposed method to safely remove it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chang Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 125573Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Yao-Te Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 125573Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Ming-Shao Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 125573Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, 125573Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Cheng-Ming Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 125573Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, 125573Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Geng-He Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 125573Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, 125573Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
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3
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Nwaji AR, Arieri O, Anyang AS, Nguedia K, Abiade EB, Forcados GE, Oladipo OO, Makama S, Elisha IL, Ozele N, Gotep JG. Natural toxins and One Health: a review. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2022; 1:100013. [PMID: 39076609 PMCID: PMC11262277 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Background The One Health concept considers the interconnectivity, interactions and interdependence of humans, animals and the environment. Humans, animals and other organisms are constantly exposed to a wide range of natural toxins present in the environment. Thus, there is growing concern about the potential detrimental effects that natural toxins could pose to achieve One Health. Interestingly, alkaloids, steroids and bioactive peptides obtained from natural toxins could be used for the development of therapeutic agents. Methodology Our literature search focused on the following keywords; toxins, One Health, microbial toxins, mycotoxins, phytotoxins, phycotoxins, insect toxins and toxin effects. Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science were the search engines used to obtain primary databases. We chose relevant full-text articles and review papers published in English language only. The research was done between July 2022 and January 2023. Results Natural toxins are poisonous substances comprising bioactive compounds produced by microorganisms, invertebrates, plants and animals. These compounds possess diverse structures and differ in biological function and toxicity, posing risks to human and animal health through the contamination of the environment, causing disease or death in certain cases. Findings from the articles reviewed revealed that effects of natural toxins on animals and humans gained more attention than the impact of natural toxins on the environment and lower organisms, irrespective of the significant roles that lower organisms play to maintain ecosystem balance. Also, systematic approaches for toxin control in the environment and utilization for beneficial purposes are inadequate in many regions. Remarkably, bioactive compounds present in natural toxins have potential for the development of therapeutic agents. These findings suggest that global, comprehensive and coordinated efforts are required for improved management of natural toxins through an interdisciplinary, One Health approach. Conclusion Adopting a One Health approach is critical to addressing the effects of natural toxins on the health of humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azubuike Raphael Nwaji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Onikisateinba Arieri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Petrochemical Technology, Faculty of Science Laboratory, University of Portharcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Kaze Nguedia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Sunday Makama
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ishaku Leo Elisha
- Drug Development Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Nonyelim Ozele
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Jurbe Gofwan Gotep
- Drug Development Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Özer EE, Aksam B, Sönmez U, Özdemir HÖ. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy of soft tissue necrosis due to centipede bite in a patient with diabetes. J Wound Care 2022; 31:586-588. [PMID: 35797257 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.7.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an option for the management of rapidly progressive tissue necrosis after centipede bites in patients with diabetes. METHOD In this case report, we introduce a patient with diabetes with soft tissue necrosis and secondary infection due to a centipede bite, who was treated with a multidisciplinary approach including HBOT. RESULTS In this case study, HBOT, applied in the treatment of rapidly developing cellulitis after a centipede bite in a patient with diabetes, accelerated wound healing. Deep soft tissue infection stopped progression to necrotising fasciitis and prevented possible amputation, and facilitated the patient's return to social life in a short time. CONCLUSION HBOT can be used in combination with other local and systemic, due to its anti-venom effect and treatment of extremity-threatening infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ebru Özer
- University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Turkey
| | - Berrak Aksam
- University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Sönmez
- University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infection Disease, Turkey
| | - Hülya Özkan Özdemir
- University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infection Disease, Turkey
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5
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Centipede Venom: A Potential Source of Ion Channel Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137105. [PMID: 35806107 PMCID: PMC9266919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centipedes are one of the most ancient and successful living venomous animals. They have evolved spooky venoms to deter predators or hunt prey, and are widely distributed throughout the world besides Antarctica. Neurotoxins are the most important virulence factor affecting the function of the nervous system. Ion channels and receptors expressed in the nervous system, including NaV, KV, CaV, and TRP families, are the major targets of peptide neurotoxins. Insight into the mechanism of neurotoxins acting on ion channels contributes to our understanding of the function of both channels and centipede venoms. Meanwhile, the novel structure and selective activities give them the enormous potential to be modified and exploited as research tools and biological drugs. Here, we review the centipede venom peptides that act on ion channels.
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De Lucca Caetano LH, Nishiyama-Jr MY, de Carvalho Lins Fernandes Távora B, de Oliveira UC, de Loiola Meirelles Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Faquim-Mauro EL, Magalhães GS. Recombinant Production and Characterization of a New Toxin from Cryptops iheringi Centipede Venom Revealed by Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:858. [PMID: 34941696 PMCID: PMC8704451 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Chilopoda class of centipede, the Cryptops genus is one of the most associated with envenomation in humans in the metropolitan region of the state of São Paulo. To date, there is no study in the literature about the toxins present in its venom. Thus, in this work, a transcriptomic characterization of the Cryptops iheringi venom gland, as well as a proteomic analysis of its venom, were performed to obtain a toxin profile of this species. These methods indicated that 57.9% of the sequences showed to be putative toxins unknown in public databases; among them, we pointed out a novel putative toxin named Cryptoxin-1. The recombinant form of this new toxin was able to promote edema in mice footpads with massive neutrophils infiltration, linking this toxin to envenomation symptoms observed in accidents with humans. Our findings may elucidate the role of this toxin in the venom, as well as the possibility to explore other proteins found in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lhiri Hanna De Lucca Caetano
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.Y.N.-J.); (U.C.d.O.); (I.d.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | | | - Ursula Castro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.Y.N.-J.); (U.C.d.O.); (I.d.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | | | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
| | - Geraldo Santana Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (L.H.D.L.C.); (B.d.C.L.F.T.); (E.L.F.-M.)
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Changratanakorn C, Fasawang N, Chenthanakit B, Tansanthong P, Mapairoje C, Tunud R, Pipopwongpisan A, Wittayachamnankul B. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with centipede stings: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2021; 8:43-47. [PMID: 33845522 PMCID: PMC8041584 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.20.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Centipede stings are a common problem in tropical countries. Current treatment guidelines do not include recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent the associated bacterial infection since no previous study has assessed the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in patients bitten by centipedes. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis over placebo for the skin infections that occur after a centipede sting. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, multi-center clinical trial conducted in the emergency departments in four hospitals, patients with any history of a centipede sting were prospectively enrolled and divided randomly into two groups. One group received dicloxacillin and the other a placebo. The primary outcome was the incidence of wound infection 3 to 5 days after the centipede sting. RESULTS From December 2014 to October 2015, a total of 83 patients were enrolled in the study and were randomized into antibiotic (n=43) and placebo (n=40) groups. Two patients in the antibiotic group developed wound infections, while none showed wound infection in the placebo group (5% vs. 0%). The wound infection rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.496). CONCLUSION Antibiotic prophylaxis may be unnecessary in cases of centipede stings. Proper wound care is an adequate and appropriate treatment for patients with centipede stings. However, the patient should be re-evaluated for detection of secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanon Changratanakorn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Napasawan Fasawang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Boriboon Chenthanakit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tansanthong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wiang Nong Long Hospital, Lamphun, Thailand
| | | | - Ratree Tunud
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Li Hospital, Lamphun, Thailand
| | | | - Borwon Wittayachamnankul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Niruntarai S, Rueanpingwang K, Othong R. Patients with centipede bites presenting to a university hospital in Bangkok: a 10-year retrospective study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:721-726. [PMID: 33475426 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1865543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Centipede envenomation occurs commonly in tropical and subtropical countries. In most cases, centipede envenomation causes benign clinical manifestations. Serious complications are reported occasionally. Clinical studies regarding centipede envenomation are limited to case reports and case series. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of centipede bites in Bangkok, Thailand. METHODS This was a retrospective medical record review study. We included patients who were clearly envenomated by a centipede presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary university hospital in Bangkok from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015. Data were collected on demographics, details of the exposure, signs, symptoms, treatment, and complications of envenomation. RESULTS A total of 245 cases were included. The prevalence of centipede bite was 0.0367%. The majority were female (56.7%). The median age was 34.6 years (range: 1 month to 90 years). The number of envenomations was highest from October through December. Feet (38.3%) and hands (19.1%) were the parts of the body most often envenomated. Local effects were common with 99.5% of patients having localized pain and 87% having local swelling at the bite site. In terms of systemic effects, urticarial rash (5.7%) and fever (4.1%) were most frequently observed. Twelve cases (5%) had clinical pictures compatible with anaphylaxis. For pain management, all patients who had pain received analgesic drugs, while 29.7% were injected with local anesthesia. Antibiotics, antihistamines, and steroids were prescribed in 53.9%, 20.4%, and 10.2% of cases, respectively. No deaths occurred in this study. CONCLUSIONS Even though the location of our hospital is in a metropolitan city in Thailand, there were centipede bites every month, especially during the last three months of each year. Nearly all patients had local effects. In contrast, serious complications such as anaphylaxis and systemic infection only occurred occasionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supa Niruntarai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rittirak Othong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Puzzo A, Pari C, Bettinelli G, Raggini F, Paderni S, Belluati A. An unusual two-stage infection following a scolopendra bite. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020009. [PMID: 33559643 PMCID: PMC7944685 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i14-s.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Scolopendrae represent the best-known genus of centipedes. They are nocturnal general feeders with strong mandibles and venomous fangs which leave visible puncture marks at the bite site. The bite accidents occur during the warm rainy season and mostly take place on the extremities. Following the bite, the most common symptoms are mild: limited localized erythema, pain, swelling, local itching and burning sensation. However, more severe local and systemic sequelae can not be excluded. Method: we report the case of a 63-year-old man with fever and a widespread edema of the right hand and forearm, happened as a consequence of a Scolopendra Subspinipes bite. During the weeks following the bite, he developed a severe unusual superinfection via hematogenous dissemination, which required a double surgical debridement and a targeted intravenous antibiotic therapy. Results: the complete clinical recovery took over two months. Conclusions: Many victims of Scolopendra envenomation do not seek medical attention since most symptoms will resolve spontaneously. The case presented falls within the spectrum of those rare cases which escalate due to bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Puzzo
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy.
| | | | - Giulia Bettinelli
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Filippo Raggini
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Paderni
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Alberto Belluati
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy.
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Modak BK, Gorai P, Pandey DK, Dey A, Malik T. An evidence based efficacy and safety assessment of the ethnobiologicals against poisonous and non-poisonous bites used by the tribals of three westernmost districts of West Bengal, India: Anti-phospholipase A2 and genotoxic effects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242944. [PMID: 33253320 PMCID: PMC7703885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To explore the ethnobiological wisdom of the tribals of three western districts of West Bengal, India against poisonous and non-poisonous bites and stings, a quantitative approach was adopted. These age-old yet unexplored knowledge can be utilized in finding lead-molecules against poisonous and non-poisonous animal-bites. Further, an evidence-based approach is needed to assess the venom-neutralization ability of plants by experimental studies. Materials and methods During 2008–2009 and 2012–2017, 11 ethnomedicinal surveys were carried out to explore the use of medicinal flora and fauna via conducting open semi-structured interviews with 47 traditional healers (THs) or informants. The retrieved dataset was statistically evaluated using seven quantitative-indexes: use-value (UV), informants'-consensus-factor (ICF), fidelity-level (FL), relative-importance (RI), cultural importance-index (CI), index of agreement on remedies (IAR) and cultural agreement-index (CAI). Anti-phospholipaseA2 (PLA2) properties of selected plant extracts were also examined. In addition, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the water extract of the plants showing high FL as well as significant PLA2 inhibitory potential were investigated using Allium cepa root tip assay. Results A total of 41 traditional-formulations (TFs) containing 40 plant species (of 39 genera from 28 families) and 3 animal species were prescribed by the THs. Fabaceae exhibited most number of medicinal plants. Piper nigrum (1.78) and Apis cerana indica and Crossopriza lyoni (both 0.21) exhibited the highest UV among the plants and the animals respectively. Stinging of centipede and dog/cat/hyena bite displayed highest ICF (1.00 each). Among the plants, the maximum RI (0.91) and CI (4.98) values were observed for Aristolochia indica. IAR (1.00) was recorded maximum for Achyranthes aspera, Gloriosa superba, Lycopodium cernuum, Smilax zeylanica and Streblus asper. Maximum CAI value was noted for Piper nigrum (5.5096). Among the animals, Apis cerana indica (0.31) and Crossopriza lyoni (1.52) displayed the highest RI and CI values respectively. Crossopriza lyoni (0.99) and Apis cerana indica (1.3871) exhibited maximum IAR and CAI values respectively. Plants showing higher FL exhibited higher anti-PLA2 activity via selective inhibition of human-group PLA2. In addition, Allium cepa root tip assay has indicated the safety and/or toxicity of the plant parts prescribed by the THs. Root water extracts of Aristolochia indica and Gloriosa superba exhibited significant genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Conclusions Three western districts of West Bengal is the natural abode for many tribal and non-tribal communities. A noteworthy correlation was established between the plants used against poisonous-bites and their anti-PLA2 activity. A few plant parts used by the THs also exhibited high toxicity. Such alternative medical practices serve as the only option in these underprivileged and backward areas during medical-exigencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Kumar Modak
- Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Lagda, West Bengal, India
| | - Partha Gorai
- Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Lagda, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (TM); (AD)
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: (TM); (AD)
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Chu Y, Qiu P, Yu R. Centipede Venom Peptides Acting on Ion Channels. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040230. [PMID: 32260499 PMCID: PMC7232367 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centipedes are among the oldest venomous arthropods that use their venom to subdue the prey. The major components of centipede venom are a variety of low-molecular-weight peptide toxins that have evolved to target voltage-gated ion channels to interfere with the central system of prey and produce pain or paralysis for efficient hunting. Peptide toxins usually contain several intramolecular disulfide bonds, which confer chemical, thermal and biological stability. In addition, centipede peptides generally have novel structures and high potency and specificity and therefore hold great promise both as diagnostic tools and in the treatment of human disease. Here, we review the centipede peptide toxins with reported effects on ion channels, including Nav, Kv, Cav and the nonselective cation channel polymodal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Chu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.Y.)
| | - PeiJu Qiu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - RiLei Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.Y.)
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12
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Youyou Z, Yalei Y, Jie Z, Chuhuai G, Liang L, Liang R. Molecular biomarkers of cantharidin‐induced cardiotoxicity in Sprague‐Dawley rats: Troponin T, vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor‐1α. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1153-1161. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Youyou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu Yalei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhang Jie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Guan Chuhuai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Liu Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ren Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Pallett SJ, Dickson N, Moles I. Challenges of Remote Medical Care in South Sudan: Centipede Bites. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:203-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Du C, Li J, Shao Z, Mwangi J, Xu R, Tian H, Mo G, Lai R, Yang S. Centipede KCNQ Inhibitor SsTx Also Targets K V1.3. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020076. [PMID: 30717088 PMCID: PMC6409716 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently discovered that Ssm Spooky Toxin (SsTx) with 53 residues serves as a key killer factor in red-headed centipede’s venom arsenal, due to its potent blockage of the widely expressed KCNQ channels to simultaneously and efficiently disrupt cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems, suggesting that SsTx is a basic compound for centipedes’ defense and predation. Here, we show that SsTx also inhibits KV1.3 channel, which would amplify the broad-spectrum disruptive effect of blocking KV7 channels. Interestingly, residue R12 in SsTx extends into the selectivity filter to block KV7.4, however, residue K11 in SsTx replaces this ploy when toxin binds on KV1.3. Both SsTx and its mutant SsTx_R12A inhibit cytokines production in T cells without affecting the level of KV1.3 expression. The results further suggest that SsTx is a key molecule for defense and predation in the centipedes’ venoms and it evolves efficient strategy to disturb multiple physiological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canwei Du
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiameng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zicheng Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Runjia Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huiwen Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoxiang Mo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Shilong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
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Ombati R, Luo L, Yang S, Lai R. Centipede envenomation: Clinical importance and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Toxicon 2018; 154:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The work showed that centipede venom can cause disorders in cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. The cardiovascular toxicity of the venom comes mostly from a peptide toxin SsTx, which blocks the KCNQ family of potassium channels. Retigabine, a KCNQ channel opener, neutralizes centipede venom toxicity, and thus could be used to treat centipede envenomation. Centipedes can subdue giant prey by using venom, which is metabolically expensive to synthesize and thus used frugally through efficiently disrupting essential physiological systems. Here, we show that a centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, ∼3 g) can subdue a mouse (∼45 g) within 30 seconds. We found that this observation is largely due to a peptide toxin in the venom, SsTx, and further established that SsTx blocks KCNQ potassium channels to exert the lethal toxicity. We also demonstrated that a KCNQ opener, retigabine, neutralizes the toxicity of a centipede’s venom. The study indicates that centipedes’ venom has evolved to simultaneously disrupt cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems by targeting the broadly distributed KCNQ channels, thus providing a therapeutic strategy for centipede envenomation.
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Sivaraj D, Shanmugam S, Rajan M, Sasidharan SP, Sathyanarayanan S, Muniyandi K, Thangaraj P, de Souza Araújo AA. Evaluation of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L. methanol extract against centipede Scolopendra moristans L. using Wistar albino rats and screening of bioactive compounds by high pressure liquid chromatography: a polyherbal formulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1603-1612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Boucaud-Maitre D, Ferracci S, Pelczar S. Quels sont les facteurs pronostiques de recours des urgentistes aux centres antipoison et de toxicovigilance ? Étude rétrospective de cohorte en Guadeloupe entre 2013 et 2015. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Essler SE, Julakanti M, Juergens AL. Lymphangitis From Scolopendra heros Envenomation: The Texas Redheaded Centipede. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:51-53. [PMID: 28089338 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation by Scolopendra heros, the Texas redheaded centipede, can present variably. Although transient pain and erythema are often treated conservatively, complications may include cellulitis, necrosis, myocardial infarction, and rhabdomyolysis. We present a case of an elderly man who came to the emergency department with lymphangitis and dermatitis secondary to a centipede sting that awoke him from sleep. It is important to recognize the potential of centipede envenomation to have severe local and systemic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Essler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX (Drs Essler and Juergens).
| | | | - Andrew L Juergens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX (Drs Essler and Juergens)
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20
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Involvement of mast cells and histamine in edema induced in mice by Scolopendra viridicornis centipede venom. Toxicon 2016; 121:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mavridis IN, Meliou M, Pyrgelis ES. Clinical consequences of centipede bite: Is it neurotoxic? World J Neurol 2016; 6:23-29. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v6.i2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this article was to review the current literature regarding the clinical consequences of centipede envenomation in humans, in order to determine whether the bite of these arthropods is neurotoxic to humans or not. A thorough search of the literature regarding the clinical consequences of centipede bites in humans was applied, with great respect to neurological symptoms potentially caused by such bites. Centipede bite commonly causes only local reactions, which usually resolve within a few days without sequelae. The patients in the majority of centipede envenomations describe a painful but benign syndrome. However, mild constitutional symptoms are relatively frequent. Remarkably, centipedes can rarely cause severe systematic reactions such as anaphylaxis or even hypotension and myocardial ischemia. Factors such as patient age, comorbidity, anatomic site of envenomation, and size/species of centipede should be considered when evaluating a centipede envenomation victim. According to the current literature, the centipede bite does not seem to be neurotoxic to humans. However, it commonly causes symptoms mediated by the nervous system. These include local and generalized symptoms, with the first dominated by sensory disturbances and the second by non-specific symptoms such as headache, anxiety and presyncope. Based on our results, the answer to our study’s question is negative. The centipede bite is not neurotoxic to humans. However, it commonly causes symptoms mediated by the nervous system, which include primarily local pain and sensory disturbances, as well as generalized non-specific symptoms such as headache, anxiety and vagotonia.
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Üreyen ÇM, Arslan Ş, Baş CY. Cardiovascular collapse after myocardial infarction due to centipede bite. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:577-9. [PMID: 25994876 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Centipede bites have been reported to cause localized and/or systemic symptoms including local pain, erythema and edema, nausea and vomiting, palpitations, headache, lymphadenopathy, and rhabdomyolysis. However, acute myocardial infarction due to centipede envenomation is reported in only three cases in English medical literature.We present a case of 31-year-old male bitten by a golden colored centipede leading to myocardial infarction and cardiopulmonary arrest which is seen very rarely. The patient was admitted to emergency department with a swollen and painful right foot. However, typical chest pain became the major complaint and cardiopulmonary arrest developed while electrocardiography was being obtained. The patient was resuscitated successfully for 5 min and acute infero-posterolateral myocardial infarction was detected on electrocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağin Mustafa Üreyen
- Department of Cardiology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Varlık mah. Kazımkarabekir Caddesi, Soğuksu, Muratpaşa, 07100, Antalya, Turkey
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23
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Fenderson JL. Centipede envenomation: bringing the pain to Hawai'i and Pacific Islands. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 73:41-43. [PMID: 25478303 PMCID: PMC4244901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scolopendra subspinipes is the only clinically significant centipede found in Hawai'i. Envenomation typically leads to extreme localized pain, erythema, induration, and tissue necrosis and possible lymphedema or lymphangitis. Mortality is uncommon and results from secondary infection or anaphylaxis. Management is supportive and includes wound care, pain control, and treatment with topical or oral antihistamines and anti-inflammatory medications.
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Veraldi S, Cuka E, Gaiani F. Scolopendra bites: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:869-72. [PMID: 24673437 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centipedes are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda. Approximately 3000 species have been described. Centipedes are found more commonly in tropical and subtropical countries. Centipedes possess venomous fangs. The Scolopendra represent the best-known genus of centipede. METHODS We describe two cases of severe skin reactions caused by Scolopendra subspinipes bites. RESULTS Both patients were bitten on the hand. The clinical picture was characterized by severe erythematous edema. In addition, one patient presented with a blister. Both patients complained of severe pain. Laboratory examinations showed leukocytosis and an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Complete remission was achieved within two weeks by means of paracetamol and oral prednisone. CONCLUSIONS Western dermatologists should be aware of the possibility of severe skin reactions caused by centipede bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) (Italian Research Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy
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25
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Senthilkumaran S, Meenakshisundaram R, Michaels AD, Suresh P, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction from a centipede bite. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2012; 2:244-6. [PMID: 22135485 PMCID: PMC3224447 DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.89811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following a centipede bite has been very rarely reported. Here, we describe a 22 year-old man who had ST-segment elevation AMI after a centipede bite. He presented with typical chest pain, electro and echocardiographic abnormalities, and elevated cardiac enzymes with normal coronary angiography. The probable mechanisms were described. Practitioners treating centipede bites shall not consider it lightly, as centipede envenomation may produce a variety of systemic and local manifestations in susceptible individuals.
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Haddad V, Cardoso JLC, Lupi O, Tyring SK. Tropical dermatology: Venomous arthropods and human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:347.e1-9; quiz 355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dugon MM, Black A, Arthur W. Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): a comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:231-243. [PMID: 22370199 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The forcipules of centipedes are the only known example in the animal kingdom of an evolutionary transition from walking legs to venom-injecting appendages. They provide a classic case of an evolutionary novelty under most (but not all) definitions of that concept. Although there is a reasonable literature on forcipules, and on the forcipular segment more generally, it is fragmentary and scattered. Also, many previous studies have been based on a single species and hence have no comparative component. Here, we build on this earlier literature by providing detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the forcipular segments of representatives of the five extant orders of centipedes. Our results reveal notable differences between the orders - as well as considerable variation within some of them. The pattern of inter-group differences can be used to infer, albeit cautiously, a major evolutionary trend from a presumed scutigeromorph-like last common ancestor (LCA), in which the forcipules were probably leg-like (as in present-day scutigeromorphs) to a more specialized claw-like structure with movement restricted to the horizontal plane. This morphological trend may reflect an ecological trend from open-habitat ambush predation to leaf-litter and subterranean predatory opportunism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Dugon
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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28
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Effects of spider venom toxin PWTX-I (6-Hydroxytrypargine) on the central nervous system of rats. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:142-62. [PMID: 22069702 PMCID: PMC3202814 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-hydroxytrypargine (6-HT) is an alkaloidal toxin of the group of tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβC) isolated from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata. These alkaloids are reversible inhibitors of the monoamine-oxidase enzyme (MAO), with hallucinogenic, tremorigenic and anxiolytic properties. The toxin 6-HT was the first THβC chemically reported in the venom of spiders; however, it was not functionally well characterized up to now. The action of 6-HT was investigated by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intravenous (i.v.) applications of the toxin in adult male Wistar rats, followed by the monitoring of the expression of fos-protein, combined with the use of double labeling immunehistochemistry protocols for the detection of some nervous receptors and enzymes related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). We also investigated the epileptiform activity in presence of this toxin. The assays were carried out in normal hippocampal neurons and also in a model of chronic epilepsy obtained by the use of neurons incubated in free-magnesium artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (ACSF). Trypargine, a well known THβC toxin, was used as standard compound for comparative purposes. Fos-immunoreactive cells (fos-ir) were observed in hypothalamic and thalamic areas, while the double-labeling identified nervous receptors of the sub-types rGlu2/3 and NMR1, and orexinergic neurons. The 6-HT was administrated by perfusion and ejection in "brain slices" of hippocampus, inducing epileptic activity after its administration; the toxin was not able to block the epileptogenic crisis observed in the chronic model of the epilepsy, suggesting that 6-HT did not block the overactive GluRs responsible for this epileptic activity.
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Undheim EAB, King GF. On the venom system of centipedes (Chilopoda), a neglected group of venomous animals. Toxicon 2011; 57:512-24. [PMID: 21255597 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Centipedes are among the oldest extant terrestrial arthropods and are an ecologically important group of soil and leaf litter predators. Despite their abundance and frequent, often painful, encounters with humans, little is known about the venom and venom apparatus of centipedes, although it is apparent that these are both quite different from other venomous lineages. The venom gland can be regarded as an invaginated cuticle and epidermis, consisting of numerous epithelial secretory units each with its own unique valve-like excretory system. The venom contains several different enzymes, but is strikingly different to most other arthropods in that metalloproteases appear to be important. Myotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic activities have been described, most of which have been attributed to high molecular weight proteins. Neurotoxic activities are also unusual in that G-protein coupled receptors often seem to be involved, either directly as targets of neurotoxins or indirectly by activating endogenous agonists. These relatively slow responses may be complemented by the rapid effects caused by histamines present in the venom and from endogenous release of histamines induced by venom cytotoxins. The differences probably reflect the ancient and independent evolutionary history of the centipede venom system, although they may also be somewhat exaggerated by the paucity of information available on this largely neglected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind A B Undheim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Yaegashi T, Nakamura Y, Sakagami S, Saeki T, Omi W, Ikeda K. Acute myocardial infarction following food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Intern Med 2011; 50:451-4. [PMID: 21372457 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 70-year-old man with a history of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) since age 50 was admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and urticaria caused by FDEIA. Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. After thrombus aspiration, a bare metal stent was placed into the culprit lesion, resulting in no residual stenosis. Urticaria disappeared on the second hospital day. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, in which acute myocardial infarction followed FDEIA. Physicians should be aware of acute myocardial infarction as a rare but potential complication of FDEIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yaegashi
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization, Kanazawa Medical Center, Japan
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Pelander L, Ljungvall I, Häggström J. Myocardial cell damage in 24 dogs bitten by the common European viper (Vipera berus
). Vet Rec 2010; 166:687-90. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Agricultural Sciences; 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - I. Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Agricultural Sciences; 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - J. Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Agricultural Sciences; 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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Kelley WE, Januzzi JL, Christenson RH. Increases of cardiac troponin in conditions other than acute coronary syndrome and heart failure. Clin Chem 2009; 55:2098-112. [PMID: 19815610 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.130799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cardiac troponin (cTn) is a cornerstone marker in the assessment and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart failure (HF), cTn is not diagnostically specific for any single myocardial disease process. This narrative review discusses increases in cTn that result from acute and chronic diseases, iatrogenic causes, and myocardial injury other than ACS and HF. CONTENT Increased cTn concentrations have been reported in cardiac, vascular, and respiratory disease and in association with infectious processes. In cases involving acute aortic dissection, cerebrovascular accident, treatment in an intensive care unit, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, increased cTn predicts a longer time to diagnosis and treatment, increased length of hospital stay, and increased mortality. cTn increases are diagnostically and prognostically useful in patients with cardiac inflammatory diseases and in patients with respiratory disease; in respiratory disease cTn can help identify patients who would benefit from aggressive management. In chronic renal failure patients the diagnostic sensitivity of cTn for ACS is decreased, but cTn is prognostic for the development of cardiovascular disease. cTn also provides useful information when increases are attributable to various iatrogenic causes and blunt chest trauma. SUMMARY Information on the diagnostic and prognostic uses of cTn in conditions other than ACS and heart failure is accumulating. Although increased cTn in settings other than ACS or heart failure is frequently considered a clinical confounder, the astute physician must be able to interpret cTn as a dynamic marker of myocardial damage, using clinical acumen to determine the source and significance of any reported cTn increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Kelley
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Two novel antimicrobial peptides from centipede venoms. Toxicon 2009; 55:274-9. [PMID: 19716842 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Centipede venoms are complex mixtures of biochemically and pharmacologically active components such as peptides and proteins. Very few are known about their pharmacological actions. The present work reports the structural and functional characterization of two antimicrobial peptides (scolopin 1 and -2) identified from centipede venoms of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans by Sephadex gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The amino acid sequences of scolopin 1 and -2 were FLPKMSTKLRVPYRRGTKDYH and GILKKFMLHRGTKVYKMRTLSKRSH determined by Edman degradation and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Both scolopin 1 and -2 showed strong antimicrobial activities against tested microorganisms including Gram-positive/negative bacteria and fungi. They also showed moderate hemolytic activity against both human and rabbit red cells. This is the first report of antimicrobial peptides from centipedes.
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Chaou CH, Chen CK, Chen JC, Chiu TF, Lin CC. Comparisons of ice packs, hot water immersion, and analgesia injection for the treatment of centipede envenomations in Taiwan. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:659-62. [PMID: 19640231 DOI: 10.1080/15563650802084821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of ice packs and hot water immersion for the treatment of centipede envenomations. METHODS Sixty patients envenomated by centipedes were randomized into three groups and were treated with ice packs, hot water immersion, or analgesia injection. The visual analog score (VAS) for pain was measured before the treatment and 15 min afterward. Demographic data and data on local and systemic effects after centipede bites were collected. The VAS scores and the pain decrease (DeltaVAS) were compared between the three groups. RESULTS All patients suffered from pain at the affected sites; other local effects included redness (n = 49, 81.7%), swelling (n = 32, 53.3%), heat (n = 14, 23.3%), itchiness (n = 5, 8.3), and bullae formation (n = 3, 5.0%). Rare systemic effects were reported. All three groups had similar VAS scores before and after treatment. They also had similar effectiveness in reducing pain caused by centipedes bites (DeltaVAS = 2.55 +/- 1.88, 2.33 +/- 1.78, and 1.55 +/- 1.68, with ice packs, analgesia, and hot water immersion, respectively, p = 0.165). CONCLUSION Ice packs, hot water immersion, and analgesics all improved the pain from centipede envenomation. Ice pack treatment is a safe, inexpensive, and non-invasive method for pre-hospital management in patients with centipede envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsien Chaou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei-Shang County, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Uzel AP, Steinmann G, Bertino R, Korsaga A. [Necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis of the upper limb resulting from centipede bite: two case reports]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 28:322-5. [PMID: 19574077 DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Centipede bites occurring in tropical countries are rare, however vigilance must be exercised during activities in the open air and dwellings should be checked in the event of rain. The bite is very painful and can be accompanied by generalised signs. An initial wound disinfection and a check of antitetanus vaccination status is all that is usually needed to ensure an uneventful outcome. There are however, rare cases where local toxicity and a bacterial super-infection, often with Gram+ cocci, can lead to a cellulitis or even necrotizing fasciitis of the hand. The diagnosis of a centipede bite can be made by the double marks made by the fangs. Wound debridement and antibiotics led to a good outcome in both our cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-P Uzel
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, route de Chauvel, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe.
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Saidemberg DM, Ferreira MAB, Takahashi TN, Gomes PC, Cesar-Tognoli LMM, da Silva-Filho LC, Tormena CF, da Silva GVJ, Palma MS. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of indolylalkaloid toxins from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata: functional characterization of PwTX-I. Toxicon 2009; 54:717-24. [PMID: 19501115 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colonial spiders evolved a differential prey-capture behaviour in concert with their venom chemistry, which may be a source of novel drugs. Some highly active tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THbetaC) toxins were recently isolated from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata; the spiders use these toxins as part of their chemical arsenal to kill and/or paralyze preys. The major THbetaC compound isolated from this venom was identified as 6-hydroxytrypargine, also known as PwTX-I. Most natural compounds of animal origin occur in low abundance, and the natural abundance of PwTX-I is insufficient for complete functional characterization. Thus, PwTx-I was synthesized using a Pictet-Spengler condensation strategy, and the stereoisomers of the synthetic toxin were separated by chiral chromatography. The fraction of venom containing a mixture of three natural THbetaC toxins and enantiomers of PwTx-I were analyzed for inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B and for toxicity to insects. We reveal that the mixture of the natural THbetaC toxins, as well as the enantiomers of PwTx-I, were non-competitive inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B and caused potent paralysis of honeybees. The (-)-PwTX-I enantiomer is 2-fold more potent than the (+)-PwTX-I enantiomer in the assays performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Saidemberg
- Department of Biology/CEIS, Laboratory Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenue 24A 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Antoniazzi MM, Pedroso CM, Knysak I, Martins R, Guizze SP, Jared C, Barbaro KC. Comparative morphological study of the venom glands of the centipede Cryptops iheringi, Otostigmus pradoi and Scolopendra viridicornis. Toxicon 2009; 53:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Toxic activities of Brazilian centipede venoms. Toxicon 2008; 52:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Medeiros CR, Susaki TT, Knysak I, Cardoso JLC, Málaque CMS, Fan HW, Santoro ML, França FOS, Barbaro KC. Epidemiologic and clinical survey of victims of centipede stings admitted to Hospital Vital Brazil (São Paulo, Brazil). Toxicon 2008; 52:606-10. [PMID: 18706923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed 98 proven cases of centipede stings admitted to Hospital Vital Brazil, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, between 1990 and 2007. Most stings occurred at the metropolitan area of São Paulo city (n=94, 95.9%), in the domiciles of patients (n=67, 68.4%), and during the warm-rainy season (n=60, 61.2%). The mean age of the victims was 32.0+/-18.8-years-old. Cryptops and Otostigmus genera were responsible for most cases. Around 86% of the patients sought medical care within 6h after the sting. Both lower (56.1 %) and upper limbs (41.8 %) were most frequently bitten, especially the feet and hands (89.8%). The most frequent local clinical manifestations were pain (94.9%), erythema (44.9%) and edema (21.4%), and the latter was mainly observed in patients bitten by Otostigmus spp. Supportive treatment was used in only 28.6% of the patients, namely administration of local anesthesia (9.2%) and systemic analgesia (13.3%). No sequels or complications were observed in patients, and the prognostic was benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Medeiros
- Hospital Vital Brazil, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tsai SH, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM, Yang SP. Use and interpretation of cardiac troponins in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26:331-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Del Furia F, Querceto L, Testi S, Santoro GM. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicating amoxycillin-induced anaphylaxis: A case report. Int J Cardiol 2007; 117:e37-9. [PMID: 17303266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 70-year-old man experienced an amoxycillin-induced anaphylactic reaction complicated by acute inferior myocardial infarction with transient ST-segment elevation. There was a spontaneous resolution of ST-segment elevation and the patient was treated for anaphylaxis. Coronary angiography showed severe obstructive coronary atherosclerosis, but not involving the infarct-related artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention of the affected artery was then performed and the patient was discharged three days later. Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction has been described as one of the severe, still rare cardiovascular complications of anaphylaxis. In the present case, according to the previous reports, the main pathogenetic mechanism involved appears to have been coronary vasospasm probably caused by the release of potent vasoactive mast cell derived mediators in the setting of anaphylaxis.
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