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Tang J, Peng W, Tian C, Zhang Y, Ji D, Wang L, Jin K, Wang F, Shao Y, Wang X, Sun Y. Molecular characteristics of early-onset compared with late-onset colorectal cancer: a case controlled study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:4559-4570. [PMID: 38742845 PMCID: PMC11326018 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is associated with a poorer prognosis relative to late-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC), and its incidence has witnessed a gradual escalation in recent years. This necessitates a comprehensive examination of the underlying pathogenesis and the identification of therapeutic targets specific to EOCRC patients. The present study aimed to delineate the distinct molecular landscape of EOCRC by juxtaposing it with that of LOCRC. METHODS A total of 11 344 colorectal cancer patients, diagnosed between 2003 and 2022, were enrolled in this study, comprising 578 EOCRC cases and 10 766 LOCRC cases. Next-generation sequencing technology was employed to assess the tumor-related mutation and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in these patients. PD-L1 expression was quantified using immunohistochemistry. Microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined via capillary electrophoresis (2B3D NCI Panel). RESULTS Upon comparing LOCRC with EOCRC patients, the latter group demonstrated a tendency towards advanced TNM stage, lower tumor differentiation, and less favorable histological types. Among LOCRC patients, those with MSI-H status were found to have an earlier TNM stage compared to those with MSI-L/MSS status. Significantly, the incidence of MSI-H was notably higher in EOCRC (10.2%) compared to LOCRC (2.2%). Mutations in the 7-gene panel (ARID1A, FANCI, CASP8, DGFRA, DPYD, TSHR, and PRKCI) were more prevalent in LOCRC. Within the EOCRC cohort, patients with the MSI-H subtype displayed an earlier TNM stage but concurrently exhibited poorer tissue differentiation and a higher frequency of mucinous adenocarcinoma. Among EOCRC patients, FBXW7, FAT1, ATM, ARID1A, and KMT2B mutations were significantly enriched in the MSI-H subgroup. A comparative analysis of MSI-H patients revealed heightened mutation frequencies of FGFBR2, PBRM1, RNF43, LRP1B, FBXW7, ATM, and ARID1A in the EOCRC group. Furthermore, EOCRC patients demonstrated a higher overall TMB, particularly in the MSI-H subtype. PD-L1 expression was elevated in EOCRC and positively associated with MSI status. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a significantly higher MSI-H distribution rate in EOCRC, and EOCRC exhibits a distinct mutational signature coupled with higher PD-L1 expression. These findings hold promise in guiding personalized therapeutic strategies for improved disease management in EOCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Chuanxing Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Dongjian Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Kangpeng Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Fufeng Wang
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine
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Liepert M, Brundler MA, Galante GJ. A Rare Presentation of Pediatric Lynch Syndrome Presenting with Recurrent Adenomatous Polyps. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e354. [PMID: 38034465 PMCID: PMC10684175 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common cause of inherited colorectal cancer and the increases risk of developing extracolonic cancers. We present the first case of pediatric-onset LS with recurrent adenomatous colonic polyps presenting with rectal prolapse. This case highlights the importance of considering polyposis syndromes such as LS as possible diagnoses for pediatric patients who present with colorectal adenomatous polyps, as well as the need to consider immunohistochemical staining of polyps for mismatch repair protein expression in pediatric populations to rule out LS as a diagnosis. We demonstrate the need to consider pediatric patients in LS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryah Liepert
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Anne Brundler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary J Galante
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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De S, Paul S, Manna A, Majumder C, Pal K, Casarcia N, Mondal A, Banerjee S, Nelson VK, Ghosh S, Hazra J, Bhattacharjee A, Mandal SC, Pal M, Bishayee A. Phenolic Phytochemicals for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030993. [PMID: 36765950 PMCID: PMC9913554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Limitations with existing treatment regimens have demanded the search for better treatment options. Different phytochemicals with promising anti-CRC activities have been reported, with the molecular mechanism of actions still emerging. This review aims to summarize recent progress on the study of natural phenolic compounds in ameliorating CRC using in vivo models. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reporting and Meta-Analysis. Information on the relevant topic was gathered by searching the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases using keywords, such as "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic compounds", "colorectal cancer" AND "polyphenol", "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic acids", "colorectal cancer" AND "flavonoids", "colorectal cancer" AND "stilbene", and "colorectal cancer" AND "lignan" from the reputed peer-reviewed journals published over the last 20 years. Publications that incorporated in vivo experimental designs and produced statistically significant results were considered for this review. Many of these polyphenols demonstrate anti-CRC activities by inhibiting key cellular factors. This inhibition has been demonstrated by antiapoptotic effects, antiproliferative effects, or by upregulating factors responsible for cell cycle arrest or cell death in various in vivo CRC models. Numerous studies from independent laboratories have highlighted different plant phenolic compounds for their anti-CRC activities. While promising anti-CRC activity in many of these agents has created interest in this area, in-depth mechanistic and well-designed clinical studies are needed to support the therapeutic use of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samhita De
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - Sourav Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713 209, India
| | - Anirban Manna
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | | | - Koustav Pal
- Jawaharlal Institute Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Nicolette Casarcia
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha 743 234, India
| | - Sabyasachi Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur 515 721, India
| | - Suvranil Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - Joyita Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713 209, India
| | | | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700 054, India
- Correspondence: or (M.P.); or (A.B.)
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
- Correspondence: or (M.P.); or (A.B.)
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Occurrence of variants of unknown clinical significance in genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and Lynch syndrome: a literature review and analytical observational retrospective cohort study. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 36647026 PMCID: PMC9843935 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Over the last decade, the implementation of multigene panels for hereditary tumor syndrome has increased at our institution (Inselspital, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of variants of unknown significance (VUS) in patients with suspected Lynch syndrome and suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, the latter in connection with the trend toward ordering larger gene panels. RESULTS Retrospectively collected data from 1057 patients at our institution showed at least one VUS in 126 different cases (11.9%). In patients undergoing genetic testing for BRCA1/2, the prevalence of VUS was 6%. When < 10 additional genes were tested in addition to BRCA1/2, the prevalence increased to 13.8%, and 31.8% for > 10 additional genes, respectively. The gene most frequently affected with a VUS was ATM. 6% of our patients who were tested for Lynch syndrome had a VUS result in either MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that panel testing statistically significantly increases VUS rates due to variants in non-BRCA genes. Good genetic counseling before and after obtaining results is therefore particularly important when conducting multigene panels to minimize patient uncertainty due to VUS results.
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Boumehdi AL, Cherbal F, Khider F, Oukkal M, Mahfouf H, Zebboudj F, Maaoui M. Germline variants screening of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 genes in 64 Algerian Lynch syndrome families: The first nationwide study. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:328-352. [PMID: 36073783 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women and men in Algeria. Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (MMR) and frequently predisposes to colorectal cancer. However, data about MMR germline pathogenic variants in Algerian patients are limited. This first nationwide study aims to describe clinicopathologic features and germline variants in MMR genes in Algerian families with suspected LS. Sixty-four (64) families with suspected LS were studied. Index cases with LS who fulfilled Amsterdam criteria were screened by PCR-direct sequencing for germline variants in MMR genes: MLH1 (exons 1, 9, 10, 13, 16), MSH2 (exons 5, 6, 7, 12), MSH6 (exons 4 and 8) and PMS2 (exons 6 and 10). We selected these specific risk exons genes since they have a higher probability of harboring pathogenic variants. In addition, two unrelated LS patients were screened by next-generation sequencing using a cancer panel of 30 hereditary cancer genes. Six germline pathogenic variants and one germline likely pathogenic variant were identified in 19 (29.68%) families (4 MLH1, 2 MSH2 and 1 MSH6). Of index cases and relatives who underwent genetic testing (n = 76), 30 (39.47%) had MMR pathogenic gene variants, one (0.13%) had MMR gene likely pathogenic variant and three had MMR variant of uncertain significance, respectively. Two novel germline pathogenic variants in MLH1 (2) and one germline likely pathogenic variant in MSH6 (1) never published in individuals with LS have been detected in the present study. The recurrent MLH1 germline pathogenic variant c.1546C>T has been found in nine LS families, six of them related with two large kindreds, from four North central provinces of Algeria. In addition, the common MSH2 germline pathogenic variant c.942+3A>T has been detected in five unrelated patients with a strong LS family history. The accumulative knowledge about clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of LS in Algerian patients will impact clinical management in the areas of both prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma-Lamia Boumehdi
- Molecular Genetics Team, LMCB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Farid Cherbal
- Molecular Genetics Team, LMCB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Feriel Khider
- Molecular Genetics Team, LMCB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Oukkal
- Clinic of Medical Oncology Amine Zirout, University Hospital of Beni-Messous, School of Medicine, University of Algiers-1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassen Mahfouf
- Mohamed El Kolli Public Hospital, Academic Medical Oncology Services, School of Medicine, University of Algiers-1, Rouiba, Algeria
| | - Ferhat Zebboudj
- Mohamed El Kolli Public Hospital, Academic General Surgery Services, School of Medicine, University of Algiers-1, Rouiba, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Maaoui
- Bachir Mentouri Public Hospital, Academic General Surgery Services, School of Medicine, University of Algiers-1, Kouba, Algeria
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Abu-Ghazaleh N, Kaushik V, Gorelik A, Jenkins M, Macrae F. Worldwide prevalence of Lynch syndrome in patients with colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2022; 24:971-985. [PMID: 35177335 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 3% of CRC. A prevalence study is needed to provide accurate estimates of the true prevalence of LS. METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, and Web of Science were searched. Prevalence was calculated by random effects meta-analysis models. I2 score was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Meta-regression was performed for between-study variance. RESULTS A total of 51 studies were included in this review. The overall pooled yield of LS screening was 2.2% based on all methods of detection. Studies performing germline tests on all participants with CRC reported higher prevalence (5.1%) as opposed to studies only performing germline tests on participants with tumors with mismatch repair deficiency (1.6%) or microsatellite instability (1.1%). Selected cohorts of CRC had a higher prevalence of germline LS diagnoses. CONCLUSION LS prevalence across multiple ethnic, geographic, and clinical populations is remarkably similar. Universal germline testing of patients presenting with cancer identifies that most CRCs are attributed to LS. Young patients presenting with CRC and those who fulfill criteria for a familial risk provide the highest returns for LS identification. Our study supports the universal germline CRC screening for LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abu-Ghazaleh
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Colorectal Cancer and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Varun Kaushik
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Colorectal Cancer and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Gorelik
- Department of Colorectal Cancer and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Finlay Macrae
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Colorectal Cancer and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hizuka K, Hagiwara SI, Maeyama T, Honma H, Kawai M, Akagi K, Yasuhara M, Tomita N, Etani Y. Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency in childhood colorectal cancer harboring a de novo variant in the MSH6 gene: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:60. [PMID: 33568103 PMCID: PMC7876783 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in one of the mismatch repair genes, and results in early onset colorectal cancer, leukemia, brain tumors and other childhood malignancies. Here we report a case of CMMRD with compound heterozygous variants in the MSH6 gene, including a de novo variant in multiple colorectal cancers. Case presentation An 11-year-old girl, who presented with multiple spots resembling café-au-lait macules since birth, developed abdominal pain, diarrhea and bloody stool over two months. Colonoscopy revealed multiple colonic polyps, including a large epithelial tumor, and pathological examination revealed tubular adenocarcinoma. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an unidentified bright object (UBO), commonly seen in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Genetic testing revealed compound heterozygous variants, c. [2969T > A (p.Leu990*)] and [3064G > T (p.Glu1022*)] in the MSH6 gene; c.2969T > A (p.Leu990*) was identified as a de novo variant. Conclusions We present the first report of a CMMRD patient with a de novo variant in MSH6, who developed colorectal cancer in childhood. CMMRD symptoms often resemble NF1, as observed here. Physicians should become familiar with CMMRD clinical phenotypes for the screening and early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keinosuke Hizuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hagiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan.
| | - Takatoshi Maeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Honma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, 780, Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 780362-0806, Japan
| | - Michiko Yasuhara
- Division of Lower GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tomita
- Division of Lower GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.,Cancer Treatment Center, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, 4-14-1, Shibahara-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8565, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
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Pathological features, immunoprofile and mismatch repair protein expression status in uterine endometrioid carcinoma: focus on MELF pattern of myoinvasion. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 47:338-345. [PMID: 32788094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) pattern of myoinvasion has been related with increased risk of lympho-vascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastasis. We analysed a cohort of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs) to examine the relationships between the MELF pattern of invasion and the clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical features of EEC. METHODS AND RESULTS 129 EECs were evaluated for the presence of MELF pattern and immunohistochemically tested for Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, p16, p53 and beta-catenin. We observed 28 MELF + EECs and 101 MELF- EECs. LVSI was observed in 20 MELF + cases and in MELF- tumors. Lymph-node metastases were observed in 7 MELF + cases (2 macrometastases, 3 micrometastases and 2 ITCs). None of the MELF- cases showed micrometastases or ITCs, 18 cases had macrometastatic lymph-nodes. Statistical analysis showed that MELF + tumors carry an increased risk of developing nodal metastasis independent of tumor dimension and LVSI. Loss of MMR proteins expression was observed in 11 MELF + cases and 45 MELF- cases, respectively. Our data showed a higher frequency of immunohistochemical MLH1-PMS2 loss in MELF- pattern of invasion (32.67% of MELF- cases vs 21.43% of MELF + cases) but a higher prevalence of MSH2-MSH6 loss in MELF + pattern (7.14% in MELF + population vs 3.96% of MELF- population) CONCLUSIONS: The morphological recognition of MELF pattern is more reliable than immunohistochemical and molecular signatures of EEC in predicting the risk of nodal involvement. The observed higher prevalence of MSH2-MSH6 loss in MELF + group and MLH1-PMS2 loss in MELF- group may suggest a different molecular signature.
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Amitay EL, Carr PR, Jansen L, Walter V, Roth W, Herpel E, Kloor M, Bläker H, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H, Hoffmeister M. Association of Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs With Colorectal Cancer Risk by Molecular Subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:475-483. [PMID: 30388256 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for a longer period has been inversely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, CRC is a heterogenic disease, and little is known regarding the associations with molecular pathological subtypes. METHODS Analyses included 2444 cases with a first diagnosis of CRC and 3130 healthy controls from a German population-based case control study. Tumor tissue samples were analyzed for major molecular pathological features: microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutation, and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog gene (KRAS) mutation. Information on past and current use of NSAIDs, including aspirin, was obtained by standardized interviews. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Regular use of NSAIDs was associated with a reduced CRC risk if tumors were MSS (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.77), BRAF wildtype (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.78), or KRAS wildtype (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.80). Regular NSAID use was less clearly and mostly not statistically significantly associated with CRC risk reduction for MSI-high, BRAF-mutated, or KRAS-mutated CRC. In more specific analyses on MSI-high CRC, regular use of NSAIDs was associated with much stronger risk reduction in the absence of BRAF or KRAS mutations (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.65) but not with KRAS- or BRAF-mutated MSI-high CRC (Pheterogeneity < .001). Results for just aspirin use were similar. CONCLUSION Our study suggests variation in risk reduction of CRC subtypes following regular use of NSAIDs and aspirin. Regular use of NSAIDs and aspirin may be more strongly associated with risk reduction of MSI-high CRC without KRAS or BRAF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat L Amitay
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prudence R Carr
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina Jansen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola Walter
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,NCT Tissue Bank, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Khand FM, Yao DW, Hao P, Wu XQ, Kamboh AA, Yang DJ. Microsatellite Instability and MMR Genes Abnormalities in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10020104. [PMID: 32075116 PMCID: PMC7169452 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of mammary gland tumors is a challenging task in animals, especially in unspayed dogs. Hence, this study investigated the role of microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR gene mRNA transcript levels and SNPs of MMR genes in canine mammary gland tumors (CMT). A total of 77 microsatellite (MS) markers in 23 primary CMT were selected from four breeds of dogs. The results revealed that 11 out of 77 MS markers were unstable and showed MSI in all the tumors (at least at one locus), while the other markers were stable. Compared to the other markers, the ABC9TETRA, MEPIA, 9A5, SCNA11 and FJL25 markers showed higher frequencies of instability. All CMT demonstrated MSI, with eight tumors presenting MSI-H. The RT-qPCR results revealed significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of cMSH3, cMLH1, and cPMSI, but downregulation of cMSH2 compared to the levels in the control group. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in the cMSH2 gene in four exons, i.e., 2, 6, 15, and 16. In conclusion, MSI, overexpression of MMR genes and SNPs in the MMR gene are associated with CMT and could be served as diagnostic biomarkers for CMT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Muhammad Khand
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Da-Wei Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Pan Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Xin-Qi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
| | - De-Ji Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; (F.M.K.); (D.-W.Y.); (P.H.); (X.-Q.W.); (A.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-843-95505
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11
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Antelo M, Golubicki M, Roca E, Mendez G, Carballido M, Iseas S, Cuatrecasas M, Moreira L, Sanchez A, Carballal S, Castells A, Boland CR, Goel A, Balaguer F. Lynch-like syndrome is as frequent as Lynch syndrome in early-onset nonfamilial nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:705-713. [PMID: 30693488 PMCID: PMC10423080 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset (<50 years-old) nonpolyposis nonfamilial colorectal cancer (EO NP NF CRC) is a common clinical challenge. Although Lynch syndrome (LS) is associated with EO CRC, the frequency of this syndrome in the EO NF cases remains unknown. Besides, mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) CRCs with negative MMR gene testing have recently been described in up to 60% of cases and termed "Lynch-like syndrome" (LLS). Management and counseling decisions of these patients are complicated because of unconfirmed suspicions of hereditary cancer. To define the prevalence of MMR deficient CRCs, LS and LLS in patients with EO NP NF CRC, we recruited 102 patients with a first diagnosis of NP NF CRC ≤ 50 years old during 2003-2009 who underwent genetic counseling at our institution in Argentina. Tumor immunohistochemical (IHC) MMR for protein expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) status were evaluated, and in those with loss of MLH1 expression by IHC, somatic BRAF V600E mutation and both somatic and germline MLH1 methylation levels were studied. Tumors characterized as MMRd without somatic BRAF mutation nor MLH1 methylation were sent for germline analysis. Twenty one (20.6%) tumors were MMRd. Fourteen of 16 putative LS cases underwent germline testing: 6 pathogenic mutations were identified and 8 cases had no identifiable pathogenic mutations. The prevalence of LS and LLS in this cohort was 5.8% (6/102) and 7.8% (8/102), respectively. As a conclusion we found that 20% of patients with EO NP NF CRC have MMRd tumors, and at least half of these are likely to have LLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Antelo
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Collective Health Institute, National University of Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Golubicki
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique Roca
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mendez
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Carballido
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Iseas
- Oncology Section, Hospital of Gastroenterology “Dr. C. B. Udaondo”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sanchez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Carballal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Castells
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott/White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’ Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Cheah PL, Li J, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Ong DBL, Arends MJ. DNA mismatch repair and CD133-marked cancer stem cells in colorectal carcinoma. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5530. [PMID: 30221090 PMCID: PMC6138039 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Except for a few studies with contradictory observations, information is lacking on the possibility of association between DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status and the presence of cancer stem cells in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), two important aspects in colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods Eighty (40 right-sided and 40 left-sided) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary CRC were immunohistochemically studied for CD133, a putative CRC stem cell marker, and MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. CD133 expression was semi-quantitated for proportion of tumor immunopositivity on a scale of 0-5 and staining intensity on a scale of 0-3 with a final score (units) being the product of proportion and intensity of tumor staining. The tumor was considered immunopositive only when the tumor demonstrated moderate to strong intensity of CD133 staining (a decision made after analysis of CD133 expression in normal colon). Deficient MMR (dMMR) was interpreted as unequivocal loss of tumor nuclear staining for any MMR protein despite immunoreactivity in the internal positive controls. Results CD133 was expressed in 36 (90.0%) left-sided and 28 (70.0%) right-sided tumors (p < 0.05) and CD133 score was significantly higher in left- (mean ± SD = 9.6 ± 5.3 units) compared with right-sided tumors (mean ± SD = 6.8 ± 5.6 units) p < 0.05). dMMR was noted in 14 (35%) right-sided and no (0%) left-sided CRC. When stratified according to MMR status, dMMR cases showed a lower frequency of CD133 expression (42.9%) and CD133 score (mean ± SD = 2.5 ± 3.6 units) compared with pMMR tumors on the right (frequency = 84.6%; mean score ± SD = 9.2 ± 5.0 units) as well as pMMR tumors on the left (frequency = 90.0%; mean score ± SD = 9.6 ± 5.3 units) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, frequencies of CD133 immunoreactivity and CD133 scores did not differ between pMMR CRC on the right versus the left (p > 0.05). Conclusion Proficient MMR correlated with high levels of CD133-marked putative cancer stem cells in both right- and left-sided tumors, whereas significantly lower levels of CD133-marked putative cancer stem cells were associated with deficient MMR status in colorectal carcinomas found on the right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaik-Leng Cheah
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Meng Looi
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kean-Hooi Teoh
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Diana Bee-Lan Ong
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Snowsill T, Coelho H, Huxley N, Jones-Hughes T, Briscoe S, Frayling IM, Hyde C. Molecular testing for Lynch syndrome in people with colorectal cancer: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2018; 21:1-238. [PMID: 28895526 DOI: 10.3310/hta21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair (MMR) genes lead to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), gynaecological cancers and other cancers, known as Lynch syndrome (LS). Risk-reducing interventions can be offered to individuals with known LS-causing mutations. The mutations can be identified by comprehensive testing of the MMR genes, but this would be prohibitively expensive in the general population. Tumour-based tests - microsatellite instability (MSI) and MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) - are used in CRC patients to identify individuals at high risk of LS for genetic testing. MLH1 (MutL homologue 1) promoter methylation and BRAF V600E testing can be conducted on tumour material to rule out certain sporadic cancers. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether testing for LS in CRC patients using MSI or IHC (with or without MLH1 promoter methylation testing and BRAF V600E testing) is clinically effective (in terms of identifying Lynch syndrome and improving outcomes for patients) and represents a cost-effective use of NHS resources. REVIEW METHODS Systematic reviews were conducted of the published literature on diagnostic test accuracy studies of MSI and/or IHC testing for LS, end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients and economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC patients. A model-based economic evaluation was conducted to extrapolate long-term outcomes from the results of the diagnostic test accuracy review. The model was extended from a model previously developed by the authors. RESULTS Ten studies were identified that evaluated the diagnostic test accuracy of MSI and/or IHC testing for identifying LS in CRC patients. For MSI testing, sensitivity ranged from 66.7% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 61.1% to 92.5%. For IHC, sensitivity ranged from 80.8% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 80.5% to 91.9%. When tumours showing low levels of MSI were treated as a positive result, the sensitivity of MSI testing increased but specificity fell. No end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients were identified. Nine economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC were identified. None of the included studies fully matched the decision problem and hence a new economic evaluation was required. The base-case results in the economic evaluation suggest that screening for LS in CRC patients using IHC, BRAF V600E and MLH1 promoter methylation testing would be cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for this strategy was £11,008 per QALY compared with no screening. Screening without tumour tests is not predicted to be cost-effective. LIMITATIONS Most of the diagnostic test accuracy studies identified were rated as having a risk of bias or were conducted in unrepresentative samples. There was no direct evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes. No probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Systematic review evidence suggests that MSI- and IHC-based testing can be used to identify LS in CRC patients, although there was heterogeneity in the methods used in the studies identified and the results of the studies. There was no high-quality empirical evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes and so an evidence linkage approach using modelling was necessary. Key determinants of whether or not screening is cost-effective are the accuracy of tumour-based tests, CRC risk without surveillance, the number of relatives identified for cascade testing, colonoscopic surveillance effectiveness and the acceptance of genetic testing. Future work should investigate screening for more causes of hereditary CRC and screening for LS in endometrial cancer patients. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016033879. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Snowsill
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Helen Coelho
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicola Huxley
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tracey Jones-Hughes
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Simon Briscoe
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian M Frayling
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Hyde
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Heath JA, Reece JC, Buchanan DD, Casey G, Durno CA, Gallinger S, Haile RW, Newcomb PA, Potter JD, Thibodeau SN, Le Marchand L, Lindor NM, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Win AK. Childhood cancers in families with and without Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2016; 14:545-51. [PMID: 25963852 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes or the EPCAM gene is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and other adult malignancies (Lynch syndrome). The risk of childhood cancers in Lynch syndrome families, however, is not well studied. Using data from the Colon Cancer Family Registry, we compared the proportion of childhood cancers (diagnosed before 18 years of age) in the first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of 781 probands with a pathogenic mutation in one of the MMR genes; MLH1 (n = 275), MSH2 (n = 342), MSH6 (n = 99), or PMS2 (n = 55) or in EPCAM (n = 10) (Lynch syndrome families), with that of 5073 probands with MMR-deficient colorectal cancer (non-Lynch syndrome families). There was no evidence of a difference in the proportion of relatives with a childhood cancer between Lynch syndrome families (41/17,230; 0.24%) and non-Lynch syndrome families (179/94,302; 0.19%; p = 0.19). Incidence rate of all childhood cancers was estimated to be 147 (95% CI 107-206) per million population per year in Lynch syndrome families and 115 (95% CI 99.1-134) per million population per year in non-Lynch syndrome families. There was no evidence for a significant increase in the risk of all childhood cancers, hematologic cancers, brain and central nervous system cancers, Lynch syndrome-associated cancers, or other cancers in Lynch syndrome families compared with non-Lynch syndrome families. Larger studies, however, are required to more accurately define the risk of specific individual childhood cancers in Lynch syndrome families.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Heath
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Oncology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jeanette C Reece
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Durno
- Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert W Haile
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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15
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Rubio I, Ibáñez-Feijoo E, Andrés L, Aguirre E, Balmaña J, Blay P, Llort G, González-Santiago S, Maortua H, Tejada MI, Martinez-Bouzas C. Analysis of Lynch Syndrome Mismatch Repair Genes in Women with Endometrial Cancer. Oncology 2016; 91:171-6. [PMID: 27398995 DOI: 10.1159/000447972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrial cancer is the second most frequent neoplasm in women with Lynch syndrome (LS). We sought to assess whether analyzing women with endometrial cancer would identify families with LS not identified with current clinical criteria. METHODS We included women diagnosed with endometrial cancer younger than 50 years and also older if they had a family cancer history associated with LS. In blood samples obtained, we analyzed mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, as well as protein expression by immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumour tissue. RESULTS A total of 103 patients were enrolled. We detected 14 pathogenic mutations and 4 genetic variants of unknown clinical significance in MMR genes. We found MSI in 41.66% of the women with a pathogenic mutation. In this group, 76.92% showed loss of at least one MMR protein. Women with mutations were younger at diagnosis, but all of them had a family history compatible with LS. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the MMR genes, in particular MSH6, seems to be appropriate in women with endometrial cancer and a family history of tumours associated with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Rubio
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Servicio de Genética, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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16
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Karlitz JJ, Sherrill MR, DiGiacomo DV, Hsieh MC, Schmidt B, Wu XC, Chen VW. Factors Associated With the Performance of Extended Colonic Resection vs. Segmental Resection in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e163. [PMID: 27077958 PMCID: PMC4855160 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates are rising. This group is susceptible to heritable conditions (i.e., Lynch syndrome (LS)) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with high metachronous CRC rates after segmental resection. Hence, extended colonic resection (ECR) is often performed and considered generally in young patients. As there are no population-based studies analyzing resection extent in early-onset CRC, we used CDC Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) data to assess state-wide operative practices. METHODS: Using CER and Louisiana Tumor Registry data, all CRC patients aged ≤50 years, diagnosed in Louisiana in 2011, who underwent surgery in 2011–2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Prevalence of, and the factors associated with operation type (ECR including subtotal/total/proctocolectomy vs. segmental resection) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 2,427 CRC patients, 274 were aged ≤50 years. In all, 234 underwent surgery at 53 unique facilities and 6.8% underwent ECR. Statistically significant ECR-associated factors included age ≤45 years, polyposis, synchronous/metachronous LS-associated cancers, and IBD. Abnormal microsatellite instability (MSI) was not ECR-associated. ECR was not performed in sporadic CRC. CONCLUSIONS: ECR is performed in the setting of clinically obvious associated high-risk features (polyposis, IBD, synchronous/metachronous cancers) but not in isolated/sporadic CRC. However, attention must be paid to patients with seemingly lower risk characteristics (isolated CRC, no polyposis), as LS can still be present. In addition, the presumed sporadic group requires further study as metachronous CRC risk in early-onset sporadic CRC has not been well-defined, and some may harbor undefined/undiagnosed hereditary conditions. Abnormal MSI (LS risk) is not associated with ECR; abnormal MSI results often return postoperatively after segmental resection has already occurred, which is a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Karlitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Meredith R Sherrill
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Daniel V DiGiacomo
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mei-Chin Hsieh
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana Tumor Registry, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Beth Schmidt
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana Tumor Registry, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wu
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana Tumor Registry, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vivien W Chen
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana Tumor Registry, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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17
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Hennink SD, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, Wolterbeek R, Crobach ASLP, Becx MCJM, Crobach WFSJ, van Haastert M, Ten Hove WR, Kleibeuker JH, Meijssen MAC, Nagengast FM, Rijk MCM, Salemans JMJI, Stronkhorst A, Tuynman HARE, Vecht J, Verhulst ML, de Vos Tot Nederveen Cappel WH, Walinga H, Weinhardt OK, Westerveld D, Witte AMC, Wolters HJ, Cats A, Veenendaal RA, Morreau H, Vasen HFA. Randomized Comparison of Surveillance Intervals in Familial Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:4188-93. [PMID: 26527788 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended for individuals with familial colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the appropriate screening interval has not yet been determined. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare a 3-year with a 6-year screening interval. PATIENTS AND METHODS Individuals between ages 45 and 65 years with one first-degree relative with CRC age < 50 years or two first-degree relatives with CRC were selected. Patients with zero to two adenomas at baseline were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group A (colonoscopy at 6 years) or group B (colonoscopy at 3 and 6 years). The primary outcome measure was advanced adenomatous polyps (AAPs). Risk factors studied included sex, age, type of family history, and baseline endoscopic findings. RESULTS A total of 528 patients were randomly assigned (group A, n = 262; group B, n = 266). Intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant difference in the proportion of patients with AAPs at the first follow-up examination at 6 years in group A (6.9%) versus 3 years in group B (3.5%). Also, the proportion of patients with AAPs at the final follow-up examination at 6 years in group A (6.9%) versus 6 years in group B (3.4%) was not significantly different. Only AAPs at baseline was a significant predictor for the presence of AAPs at first follow-up. After correction for the difference in AAPs at baseline, differences between the groups in the rate of AAPs at first follow-up and at the final examination were statistically significant. CONCLUSION In view of the relatively low rate of AAPs at 6 years and the absence of CRC in group A, we consider a 6-year surveillance interval appropriate. A surveillance interval of 3 years might be considered in patients with AAPs and patients with ≥ three adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Hennink
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea E van der Meulen-de Jong
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Wolterbeek
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Stijn L P Crobach
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco C J M Becx
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiet F S J Crobach
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Haastert
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Rogier Ten Hove
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Kleibeuker
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A C Meijssen
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fokko M Nagengast
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marno C M Rijk
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M J I Salemans
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold Stronkhorst
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans A R E Tuynman
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juda Vecht
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Louise Verhulst
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H de Vos Tot Nederveen Cappel
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herman Walinga
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf K Weinhardt
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dik Westerveld
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne M C Witte
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Wolters
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Cats
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roeland A Veenendaal
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans F A Vasen
- Simone D. Hennink, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Ron Wolterbeek, A. Stijn L.P. Crobach, Roeland A. Veenendaal, Hans Morreau, and Hans F.A. Vasen, Leiden University Medical Center; Wiet F.S.J. Crobach, W. Rogier ten Hove, and Anne M.C. Witte, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden; Marco C.J.M. Becx, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Michiel van Haastert and Hugo J. Wolters, Martini Hospital; Jan H. Kleibeuker, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen; Maarten A.C. Meijssen, Juda Vecht, Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, and Dik Westerveld, Isala Clinics, Zwolle; Fokko M. Nagengast, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Marno C.M. Rijk, Amphia Hospital, Breda; Jan M.J.I. Salemans and Marie-Louise Verhulst, Máxima Medical Center; Arnold Stronkhorst, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven; Hans A.R.E. Tuynman, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar; Herman Walinga, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft; Olaf K. Weinhardt, Scheper Hospital, Emmen; and Annemieke Cats, National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ladabaum U, Ford JM, Martel M, Barkun AN. American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on the Diagnosis and Management of Lynch Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:783-813.e20. [PMID: 26226576 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - James M Ford
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Myriam Martel
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan N Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Karlitz JJ, Hsieh MC, Liu Y, Blanton C, Schmidt B, Jessup JM, Wu XC, Chen VW. Population-Based Lynch Syndrome Screening by Microsatellite Instability in Patients ≤50: Prevalence, Testing Determinants, and Result Availability Prior to Colon Surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:948-55. [PMID: 25601013 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As there are no US population-based studies examining Lynch syndrome (LS) screening frequency by microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we seek to quantitate statewide rates in patients aged ≤50 years using data from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) project and identify factors associated with testing. Screening rates in this young, high-risk population may provide a best-case scenario as older patients, potentially deemed lower risk, may undergo testing less frequently. We also seek to determine how frequently MSI/IHC results are available preoperatively, as this may assist with decisions regarding colonic resection extent. METHODS Data from all Louisiana colorectal cancer (CRC) patients aged ≤50 years diagnosed in 2011 were obtained from the Louisiana Tumor Registry CER project. Registry researchers and physicians analyzed data, including pathology and MSI/IHC. RESULTS Of the 2,427 statewide all-age CRC patients, there were 274 patients aged ≤50 years, representing health care at 61 distinct facilities. MSI and/or IHC were performed in 23.0% of patients. Testing-associated factors included CRC family history (P<0.0045), urban location (P<0.0370), and care at comprehensive cancer centers (P<0.0020) but not synchronous/metachronous CRC or MSI-like histology. Public hospital screening was disproportionately low (P<0.0217). Of those tested, MSI and/or IHC was abnormal in 21.7%. Of those with abnormal IHC, staining patterns were consistent with LS in 87.5%. MSI/IHC results were available preoperatively in 16.9% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Despite frequently abnormal MSI/IHC results, LS screening in young, high-risk patients is low. Provider education and disparities in access to specialized services, particularly in underserved populations, are possible contributors. MSI/IHC results are infrequently available preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Karlitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mei-Chin Hsieh
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, Epidemiology Program, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christine Blanton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Beth Schmidt
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J Milburn Jessup
- Cancer Diagnosis Program-National Cancer Institute (NCI), Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD), National Institute of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wu
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, Epidemiology Program, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vivien W Chen
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, Epidemiology Program, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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20
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Snowsill T, Huxley N, Hoyle M, Jones-Hughes T, Coelho H, Cooper C, Frayling I, Hyde C. A systematic review and economic evaluation of diagnostic strategies for Lynch syndrome. Health Technol Assess 2015; 18:1-406. [PMID: 25244061 DOI: 10.3310/hta18580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder characterised by an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other cancers, and caused by mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair genes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of strategies to identify LS in newly diagnosed early-onset CRC patients (aged < 50 years). Cascade testing of relatives is employed in all strategies for individuals in whom LS is identified. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS Systematic reviews were conducted of the test accuracy of microsatellite instability (MSI) testing or immunohistochemistry (IHC) in individuals with CRC at risk of LS, and of economic evidence relating to diagnostic strategies for LS. Reviews were carried out in April 2012 (test accuracy); and in February 2012, repeated in February 2013 (economic evaluations). Databases searched included MEDLINE (1946 to April week 3, 2012), EMBASE (1980 to week 17, 2012) and Web of Science (inception to 30 April 2012), and risk of bias for test accuracy was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) quality appraisal tool. A de novo economic model of diagnostic strategies for LS was developed. RESULTS Inconsistencies in study designs precluded pooling of diagnostic test accuracy results from a previous systematic review and nine subsequent primary studies. These were of mixed quality, with significant methodological concerns identified for most. IHC and MSI can both play a part in diagnosing LS but neither is gold standard. No UK studies evaluated the cost-effectiveness of diagnosing and managing LS, although studies from other countries generally found some strategies to be cost-effective compared with no testing. The de novo model demonstrated that all strategies were cost-effective compared with no testing at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), with the most cost-effective strategy utilising MSI and BRAF testing [incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) = £5491 per QALY]. The maximum health benefit to the population of interest would be obtained using universal germline testing, but this would not be a cost-effective use of NHS resources compared with the next best strategy. When the age limit was raised from 50 to 60 and 70 years, the ICERs compared with no testing increased but remained below £20,000 per QALY (except for universal germline testing with an age limit of 70 years). The total net health benefit increased with the age limit as more individuals with LS were identified. Uncertainty was evaluated through univariate sensitivity analyses, which suggested that the parameters substantially affecting cost-effectiveness: were the risk of CRC for individuals with LS; the average number of relatives identified per index patient; the effectiveness of colonoscopy in preventing metachronous CRC; the cost of colonoscopy; the duration of the psychological impact of genetic testing on health-related quality of life (HRQoL); and the impact of prophylactic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy on HRQoL (this had the potential to make all testing strategies more expensive and less effective than no testing). LIMITATIONS The absence of high-quality data for the impact of prophylactic gynaecological surgery and the psychological impact of genetic testing on HRQoL is an acknowledged limitation. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that reflex testing for LS in newly diagnosed CRC patients aged < 50 years is cost-effective. Such testing may also be cost-effective in newly diagnosed CRC patients aged < 60 or < 70 years. Results are subject to uncertainty due to a number of parameters, for some of which good estimates were not identified. We recommend future research to estimate the cost-effectiveness of testing for LS in individuals with newly diagnosed endometrial or ovarian cancer, and the inclusion of aspirin chemoprevention. Further research is required to accurately estimate the impact of interventions on HRQoL. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002436. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Snowsill
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicola Huxley
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin Hoyle
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Tracey Jones-Hughes
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Helen Coelho
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Chris Cooper
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian Frayling
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Hyde
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Mismatch repair mRNA and protein expression in intestinal adenocarcinoma in sika deer (Cervus nippon) resembling heritable non-polyposis colorectal cancer in man. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:131-7. [PMID: 25678423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal adenocarcinomas seen in an inbred herd of farmed sika deer (Cervus nippon) morphologically resembled human hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Features common to both included multiple de novo sites of tumourigenesis in the proximal colon, sessile and non-polyposis mucosal changes, the frequent finding of mucinous type adenocarcinoma, lymphocyte infiltration into the neoplastic tubules and Crohn's-like lymphoid follicles at the deep margin of the tumour. HNPCC is defined by a germline mutation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes resulting in their inactivation and loss of expression. To test the hypothesis that similar MMR gene inactivation occurs in the deer tumours, the expression of the four most important MMR genes, MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 and PMS2, was examined at the mRNA level by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (n = 12) and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry (n = 40) in tumour and control tissues. All four genes were expressed equally in normal and neoplastic tissues, so MMR gene inactivation could not be implicated in the carcinogenesis of this tumour in sika deer.
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Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Rahman NA, Wong LX, Tan SY. Colorectal carcinoma in Malaysians: DNA mismatch repair pattern in a multiethnic population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3287-91. [PMID: 24815484 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interesting preponderance of Chinese with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) amongst the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia prompted a study to determine DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status in our CRC and attempt correlation with patient age, gender and ethnicity as well as location, grade, histological type and stage of tumour. Histologically re-confirmed CRC, diagnosed between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2007 at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies to MMR proteins, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 on the Ventana Benchmark XT autostainer. Of the 142 CRC cases entered into the study, there were 82 males and 60 females (M:F=1.4:1). Ethnically, 81 (57.0%) were Chinese, 32 (22.5%) Malays and 29 (20.4%) Indians. The patient ages ranged between 15-87 years (mean=62.4 years) with 21 cases <50-years and 121 ≥50-years of age. 14 (9.9%) CRC showed deficient MMR (dMMR). Concurrent loss of MLH1 and PMS2 occurred in 10, MSH2 and MSH6 in 2 with isolated loss of MSH6 in 1 and PMS2 in 1. dMMR was noted less frequently amongst the Chinese (6.2%) in comparison with their combined Malay and Indian counterparts (14.8%), and was associated with right sided and poorly differentiated tumours (p<0.05). 3 of the 5 (60.0%) dMMR CRC cases amongst the Chinese and 1 of 9 cases (11.1%) amongst the combined Malay and Indian group were <50-years of age. No significant association of dMMR was noted with patient age and gender, tumour stage or mucinous type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaik-Leng Cheah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
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Sijmons RH, Greenblatt MS, Genuardi M. Gene variants of unknown clinical significance in Lynch syndrome. An introduction for clinicians. Fam Cancer 2014; 12:181-7. [PMID: 23525798 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians referring patients for genetic testing for Lynch syndrome will sooner or later receive results for DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes reporting DNA changes that are unclear from a clinical point of view. These changes are referred to as variants of unknown, or unclear, clinical significance (VUS). In contrast to clearly pathogenic mutations, VUS do not firmly diagnose Lynch syndrome at the molecular level and cannot be used to identify with certainty any of the patients' asymptomatic relatives as Lynch syndrome mutation carriers. The International database that collects MMR gene variants ( www.insight-group.org/mutations ) already lists more than 1,000 different VUSs and these variants are likely the tip of the iceberg. This paper aims at introducing non-geneticist clinicians to the topic of clinical MMR gene variant interpretation. Many lines of evidence are being used to classify VUS. Some are already familiar to clinicians and others may be less familiar but are expected to become important in clinical genetics in the coming years. Clinicians can play an important role in collecting the data needed to interpret the MMR variants detected in their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf H Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a rare disease in the pediatric age group and, when present, suggests an underlying genetic predisposition. The most common hereditary colon cancer susceptibility condition, Lynch syndrome (LS), previously known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a germline mutation in 1 of 4 DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2. The mutation-prone phenotype of this disorder is associated with gastrointestinal, endometrial, and other cancers and is now being identified in both symptomatic adolescents with malignancy as well in asymptomatic mutation carriers who are at risk for a spectrum of gastrointestinal and other cancers later in life. We review the DNA MMR system, our present understanding of LS in the pediatric population, and discuss the newly identified biallelic form of the disease known as constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. Both family history and tumor characteristics can help to identify patients who should undergo genetic testing for these cancer predisposition syndromes. Patients who carry either single allele (LS) or double allele (constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome) mutations in the MMR genes benefit from cancer surveillance programs that target both the digestive and extraintestinal cancer risk of these diseases. Because spontaneous mutation in any one of the MMR genes is extremely rare, genetic counseling and testing are suggested for all at-risk family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry C Huang
- *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of California, San Diego †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ‡Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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Stigliano V, Sanchez-Mete L, Martayan A, Diodoro M, Casini B, Sperduti I, Anti M. Early-onset colorectal cancer patients without family history are "at very low risk" for lynch syndrome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:1. [PMID: 24383517 PMCID: PMC3892010 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Several studies evaluated the prevalence of Lynch Syndrome (LS) in young onset colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and the results were extremely variable (5%-20%). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR proteins and/or MSI analysis are screening tests that are done, either by themselves or in conjunction, on colon cancer tissue to identify individuals at risk for LS. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of LS in a large series of early-onset CRC without family history compared with those with family history. The secondary aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of IHC and MSI analysis as pre-screening tools for LS. Methods Early-onset CRC patients (≤ 50 years) were prospectively recruited in the study. IHC and MSI analysis were performed in all the patients. Germ-line mutation analysis (GMA) was carried out in all MMR deficient tumors. A logistic regression model was performed to identify clinical features predictive of MSI-H. Results 117 early onset CRC cases were categorized in three groups (A, B, C) according with family history of CRC. IHC and MSI analysis showed MMR deficiency in 6/70 patients (8.6%) of group A, 24/40 patients (60%) of group B and none of group C. GMA showed a deleterious mutation in 19 (47.5%) patients of group B. MSI analysis had a diagnostic accuracy of 95.7% (CI 92.1-99.4) and IHC of 83.8% (CI 77.1-90.4). The logistic regression model revealed that by using a combination of the two features “No Amsterdam Criteria” and ”left sided CRC” to exclude MSI-H, accuracy was 89.7% (84.2-95.2). Conclusions Early-onset CRC patients, with left sided CRC and without family history are “at very low risk” for Lynch syndrome. The two simple criteria of family history and CRC site could be used as a pre-screening tool to evaluate whether or not patients should undergo tissue molecular screening. In the few cases of suspected LS (right sided CRC and/or Amsterdam Criteria), a reasonable approach could be to perform MSI analysis first and IHC afterwards only in MSI-H patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Stigliano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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Knopperts AP, Nielsen M, Niessen RC, Tops CMJ, Jorritsma B, Varkevisser J, Wijnen J, Siezen CLE, Heine-Bröring RC, van Kranen HJ, Vos YJ, Westers H, Kampman E, Sijmons RH, Hes FJ. Contribution of bi-allelic germline MUTYH mutations to early-onset and familial colorectal cancer and to low number of adenomatous polyps: case-series and literature review. Fam Cancer 2013; 12:43-50. [PMID: 23007840 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-012-9570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of a polyposis phenotype, colorectal cancer (CRC) patients referred for genetic testing because of early-onset disease and/or a positive family history, typically undergo testing for molecular signs of Lynch syndrome in their tumors. In the absence of these signs, DNA testing for germline mutations associated with other known tumor syndromes is usually not performed. However, a few studies in large series of CRC patients suggest that in a small percentage of CRC cases, bi-allelic MUTYH germline mutations can be found in the absence of the MUTYH-associated polyposis phenotype. This has not been studied in the Dutch population. Therefore, we analyzed the MUTYH gene for mutations in 89 patients with microsatellite-low or stable CRC cancer diagnosed before the age of 40 years or otherwise meeting the Bethesda criteria, all of them without a polyposis phenotype. In addition, we studied a series of 693 non-CRC patients with 1-13 adenomatous colorectal polyps for the MUTYH hotspot mutations Y179C, G396D and P405L. No bi-allelic MUTYH mutations were observed. Our data suggest that the contribution of bi-allelic MUTYH mutations to the development of CRC in Dutch non-polyposis patients that meet clinical genetic referral criteria, and to the development of low number of colorectal adenomas in non-CRC patients, is likely to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Knopperts
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ongom PA, Odida M, Lukande RL, Jombwe J, Elobu E. Metastatic colorectal carcinoma mimicking primary ovarian carcinoma presenting as 'giant' ovarian tumors in an individual with probable Lynch syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013; 7:158. [PMID: 23787146 PMCID: PMC3694008 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ovarian metastases occur in 3 to 8% of women with primary colon cancer. In the setting of a pre-existing colorectal carcinoma this would constitute a hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, Lynch 2 syndrome, accounting for 5 to 10% of colon cancer cases. We unveil a case of ‘giant’ ovarian tumors mimicking primary ovarian cancer; ostensibly the first reported in East Africa. Case presentation A 58-year-old African woman was diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma in June 2009. She had a right hemicolectomy with the tumor staged as regional cancer, following histopathological examination. Chemotherapy was administered both adjuvantly and 1 year later for what was thought to be a recurrence of tumor. Despite this, her general condition deteriorated. Following re-evaluation and an exploratory laparotomy she was found to have bilateral ‘giant’ ovarian tumors, with peritoneal seedlings and subcutaneous metastases (colonic in origin). A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was done, accompanied by histopathological analysis with institution of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Following immunohistochemistry tests and microsatellite instability analysis it was found that the ovarian tumors were secondaries from the colon. She was also identified as a Lynch syndrome case or a case of sporadic microsatellite instability, although with no suggestive family cancer history. The treatment regimen was changed to suit metastatic disease. Conclusions The case presents a diagnostic and thus treatment conundrum. Two primary tumors (suspected Lynch syndrome) had been perceived yet there is actually only metastatic colorectal cancer. We also have a rare and unusual metastatic presentation: ‘giant’ bilateral ovarian tumors and subcutaneous nodules, concurrently. Further still, she is a case of probable Lynch syndrome, requiring genetic analysis for definitive classification and surveillance for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer-associated cancers. Important inferences are drawn. Firstly, ‘giant’ ovarian tumors diagnosed as primary ovarian cancer may actually be colonic secondaries. Secondly, immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability analysis tests ought to be part of the diagnostic package in colon cancer management, particularly for identifying tumor origin and the Lynch syndrome (a condition which has had little attention in resource-limited countries). Thirdly, multidisciplinary team collaboration is emphasized in colorectal cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ongom
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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Helder-Woolderink JM, De Bock GH, Sijmons RH, Hollema H, Mourits MJE. The additional value of endometrial sampling in the early detection of endometrial cancer in women with Lynch syndrome. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:304-8. [PMID: 23769810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on previous studies, standard gynecological screening consisting of annual transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) was added with endometrial sampling in women with Lynch syndrome (LS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional value of endometrial sampling in detecting (pre)malignancies of the endometrial tissue in women with LS or first-degree relatives. METHODS All women above 30 years of age with LS or first-degree relatives at 50% risk of LS are offered annual gynecological screening in our family cancer clinic. Endometrial screening results from January 2003-December 2007 (period I: standard screening by transvaginal sonography and serum CA125) were compared with screening results from January 2008-June 2012 (period II: standard screening added with endometrial sampling). RESULTS Seventy five women (300 patient years) were screened annually. There were 266 screening visits, 117 in period I and 149 in period II. In period I, four premalignant endometrial lesions were detected and one endometrial carcinoma (FIGO stage IB). In period II, two premalignancies were found. None of the lesions would have been missed without standard endometrial sampling. No interval endometrial cancers were detected in this study. CONCLUSION In this study, annual endometrial screening seems an effective screening tool in the detection of premalignancies and early endometrial cancer in women with LS. Adding standard endometrial sampling to annual TVU has no additional value in the early detection of (pre)malignant endometrial lesions in women with LS in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Helder-Woolderink
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Shin JS, Tut TG, Yang T, Lee CS. Radiotherapy response in microsatellite instability related rectal cancer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:1-8. [PMID: 23482947 PMCID: PMC3589603 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative radiotherapy may improve the resectability and subsequent local control of rectal cancers. However, the extent of radiation induced regression in these tumours varies widely between individuals. To date no reliable predictive marker of radiation sensitivity in rectal cancer has been identified. At the cellular level, radiation injury initiates a complex molecular network of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways that leads to cell cycle arrest, attempts at re-constituting the damaged DNA and should this fail, then apoptosis. This review presents the details which suggest the roles of DNA mismatch repair proteins, the lack of which define a distinct subset of colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI), in the DDR pathways. Hence routine assessment of the MSI status in rectal cancers may potentially serve as a predictor of radiotherapy response, thereby improving patient stratification in the administration of this otherwise toxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Shik Shin
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Western Sydney School of Medicine, Liverpool, NSW, Australia. ; Cancer Pathology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia. ; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney South West Area Pathology Service, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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Barrow PJ, Clancy T, Evans DG. Key genetic considerations in the management of suspected hereditary colorectal cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Hereditary bowel cancer syndromes account for up to 5% of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. Presentation of CRC under the age of 50 years should alert clinicians to a possible underlying genetic predisposition. This article focuses on Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis CRC). Regular bowel screening is effective in reducing the risk of CRC and improving overall survival in Lynch syndrome families. The issues surrounding the clinical diagnostic criteria and the shortcomings of the referral process are described, and it is questioned whether a universal strategy for diagnosis should be employed. This article summarizes the evidence for the benefit of bowel screening and suggests practical steps to help ensure compliance with screening recommendations. Finally, it is discussed how collaboration between geneticists, gastroenterologists and surgeons can inform surgical decision-making for the benefit of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Barrow
- Department of Genetic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Tara Clancy
- Department of Genetic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Department of Genetic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
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Psychological distress in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients following microsatellite instability testing for Lynch syndrome on the pathologist's initiative. Fam Cancer 2012; 11:259-67. [PMID: 22311584 PMCID: PMC3365237 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-012-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the Dutch Guideline on Hereditary Colorectal Cancer published in 2008, patients with recently diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC) should undergo microsatellite instability (MSI) testing by a pathologist immediately after tumour resection if they are younger than 50 years, or if a second CRC has been diagnosed before the age of 70 years, owing to the high risk of Lynch syndrome (MIPA). The aim of the present MIPAPS study was to investigate general distress and cancer-specific distress following MSI testing. From March 2007 to September 2009, 400 patients who had been tested for MSI after newly diagnosed CRC were recruited from 30 Dutch hospitals. Levels of general distress (SCL-90) and cancer-specific distress (IES) were assessed immediately after MSI result disclosure (T1) and 6 months later (T2). Response rates were 23/77 (30%) in the MSI-positive patients and 58/323 (18%) in the MSI-negative patients. Levels of general distress and cancer-specific distress were moderate. In the MSI-positive group, 27% of the patients had high general distress at T1 versus 18% at T2 (p = 0.5), whereas in the MSI-negative group, these percentage were 14 and 18% (p = 0.6), respectively. At T1 and T2, cancer-specific distress rates in the MSI-positive group and MSI-negative group were 39 versus 27% (p = 0.3) and 38 versus 36% (p = 1.0), respectively. High levels of general distress were correlated with female gender, low social support and high perceived cancer risk. Moderate levels of distress were observed after MSI testing, similar to those found in other patients diagnosed with CRC. Immediately after result disclosure, high cancer-specific distress was observed in 40% of the MSI-positive patients.
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Prevalence of Loss of Expression of DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins in Primary Epithelial Ovarian Tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31:524-31. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e31824fe2aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination deficiencies (Ig-CSR-Ds) are rare primary immunodeficiencies characterized by defective switched isotype (IgG/IgA/IgE) production. Depending on the molecular defect in question, the Ig-CSR-D may be combined with an impairment in somatic hypermutation (SHM). Some of the mechanisms underlying Ig-CSR and SHM have been described by studying natural mutants in humans. This approach has revealed that T cell-B cell interaction (resulting in CD40-mediated signaling), intrinsic B-cell mechanisms (activation-induced cytidine deaminase-induced DNA damage), and complex DNA repair machineries (including uracil-N-glycosylase and mismatch repair pathways) are all involved in class-switch recombination and SHM. However, several of the mechanisms required for full antibody maturation have yet to be defined. Elucidation of the molecular defects underlying the diverse set of Ig-CSR-Ds is essential for understanding Ig diversification and has prompted better definition of the clinical spectrum of diseases and the development of increasingly accurate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Hassen S, Ali N, Chowdhury P. Molecular signaling mechanisms of apoptosis in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:71-9. [PMID: 22737591 PMCID: PMC3382705 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most leading cause of cancer related deaths in the western countries. One of the forms of colorectal cancer is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as “Lynch syndrome”. It is the most common hereditary form of cancer accounting for 5%-10% of all colon cancers. HNPCC is a dominant autosomal genetic disorder caused by germ line mutations in mismatch repair genes. Human mismatch repair genes play a crucial role in genetic stability of DNA, the inactivation of which results in an increased rate of mutation and often a loss of mismatch repair function. Recent studies have shown that certain mismatch repair genes are involved in the regulation of key cellular processes including apoptosis. Thus, differential expression of mismatch repair genes particularly the contributions of MLH1 and MSH2 play important roles in therapeutic resistance to certain cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin that is used normally as chemoprevention. An understanding of the role of mismatch repair genes in molecular signaling mechanism of apoptosis and its involvement in HNPCC needs attention for further work into this important area of cancer research, and this review article is intended to accomplish that goal of linkage of apoptosis with HNPCC. The current review was not intended to provide a comprehensive enumeration of the entire body of literature in the area of HNPCC or mismatch repair system or apoptosis; it is rather intended to focus primarily on the current state of knowledge of the role of mismatch repair proteins in molecular signaling mechanism of apoptosis as it relates to understanding of HNPCC.
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Considerations on the Performance of Immunohistochemistry for Mismatch Repair Gene Proteins in Cases of Sebaceous Neoplasms and Keratoacanthomas With Reference to Muir–Torre Syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:416-22. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182226a28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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de Jong RA, Boerma A, Boezen HM, Mourits MJE, Hollema H, Nijman HW. Loss of HLA class I and mismatch repair protein expression in sporadic endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1828-36. [PMID: 22287095 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells can escape from cytotoxic T-cell responses by downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules expressed at the cell surface which has been associated with a deficient mismatch repair (MMR) system in colorectal carcinomas. Our study investigated the association between expression of MMR proteins and HLA class I in sporadic endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EC). In a consecutively selected cohort of 486 EC patients, MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6) and HLA class I (HLA-A, -B, -C or β(2) m) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of MMR proteins and HLA class I were compared between low-grade and high-grade ECs. HLA class I expression was compared between tumors with loss (negative immunostaining of ≥1 MMR protein) and expression of MMR proteins. Associations between previously determined numbers of intratumoral CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and expression of MMR proteins and HLA class I and the influence on survival was determined. ECs with loss of MMR protein expression (33.5%) more frequently have loss of HLA-B/C (37.3%), compared to ECs with MMR protein expression (25.5%, p = 0.007). Patients with loss of MMR proteins have a worse disease-specific survival compared to patients with expression (p = 0.039). CD8(+) T-lymphocytes have a positive influence on disease-free and disease-specific survival in the total EC cohort but not in patients with loss of MMR protein expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that loss of MMR protein expression is related to selective downregulation of HLA class I which contributes to immune escape in EC with an abnormal MMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske A de Jong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Løken T, Bjørnstad ER, Ersdal C. Intestinal adenocarcinomas in three generations of sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 170:54. [PMID: 22049063 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Løken
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Perspectives for tailored chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:264-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Hassen S, Boman BM, Ali N, Parker M, Somerman C, Ali-Khan Catts ZJ, Ali AA, Fields JZ. Detection of DNA mismatch repair proteins in fresh human blood lymphocytes--towards a novel method for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) screening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:100. [PMID: 22017758 PMCID: PMC3216249 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad population-based assay to detect individuals with Lynch Syndrome (LS) before they develop cancer would save lives and healthcare dollars via cancer prevention. LS is caused by a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene, especially protein truncation-causing mutations involving MSH2 or MLH1. We showed that immortalized lymphocytes from LS patients have reduced levels of full-length MLH1 or MSH2 proteins. Thus, it may be feasible to identify LS patients in a broad population-based assay by detecting reduced levels of MMR proteins in lymphocytes. METHODS Accordingly, we determined whether MSH2 and MLH1 proteins can also be detected in fresh lymphocytes. A quantitative western blot assay was developed using two commercially available monoclonal antibodies that we showed are specific for detecting full-length MLH1 or MSH2. To directly determine the ratio of the levels of these MMR proteins, we used both antibodies in a multiplex-type western blot. RESULTS MLH1 and MSH2 levels were often not detectable in fresh lymphocytes, but were readily detectable if fresh lymphocytes were first stimulated with PHA. In fresh lymphocytes from normal controls, the MMR ratio was ~1.0. In fresh lymphocytes from patients (N > 50) at elevated risk for LS, there was a bimodal distribution of MMR ratios (range: 0.3-1.0). CONCLUSIONS Finding that MMR protein levels can be measured in fresh lymphocytes, and given that cells with heterozygote MMR mutations have reduced levels of full-length MMR proteins, suggests that our immunoassay could be advanced to a quantitative test for screening populations at high risk for LS.
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Molecular markers and clinical behavior of uterine carcinosarcomas: focus on the epithelial tumor component. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1368-79. [PMID: 21572397 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Müllerian tumors) of the uterus are rare and aggressive malignancies consisting of an epithelial (carcinoma) and a mesenchymal (sarcoma) tumor component and are considered as metaplastic endometrial carcinomas. This study evaluated molecular characteristics and clinical behavior of uterine carcinosarcomas to improve treatment regimens in the future. Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor-α and -β, progesterone receptor-A and -B, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), p53, β-catenin and cyclin D1 was determined in 40 uterine carcinosarcomas. Immunostaining was compared between epithelial and mesenchymal tumor components. To determine the prognostic role of the epithelial component, clinicopathological data and survival were compared between patients with endometrioid and non-endometrioid epithelial tumor components. To determine prognosis of carcinosarcomas compared with high-risk endometrial carcinomas, clinicopathological characteristics and survival were compared between these patients. Hormone receptor expression occurred infrequently: estrogen receptor-α (8%) and -β (32%), progesterone receptor-A (0%) and -B (23%), next to β-catenin (4%) and cyclin D1 (7%). PTEN, MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 mutations occurred in 39%, 33%, 22% and 21%, respectively (based on absent immunostaining). Overexpression of p53 was observed in 38%. Expression patterns of p53, MSH2 and MSH6 corresponded between epithelial and mesenchymal tumor components. In our cohort, the epithelial component caused the majority of metastases (72%) and vascular invasion (70%). Survival tended to be worse for patients with a non-endometrioid epithelial component compared with an endometrioid epithelial component (5-year survival: 26% and 55%, respectively). Survival was worse for patients with uterine carcinosarcomas compared with high-risk endometrial carcinomas (grade 3 endometrioid and non-endometrioid); 5-year survival rates: 42%, 77% and 57%, respectively. Our results support the monoclonal origin of uterine carcinosarcomas. The epithelial component determines prognosis by causing the majority of metastases and vascular invasion. To improve prognosis, treatment should focus on the epithelial tumor component of uterine carcinosarcomas.
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Perea J, Rodríguez Y, Rueda D, Marín JC, Díaz-Tasende J, Álvaro E, Alegre C, Osorio I, Colina F, Lomas M, Hidalgo M, Benítez J, Urioste M. Early-onset colorectal cancer is an easy and effective tool to identify retrospectively Lynch syndrome. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:3285-91. [PMID: 21590452 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Early age of onset is a marker of a possible hereditary component in colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated whether early age of onset is a good marker to identify Lynch syndrome, especially retrospectively, and if there is any other feature that could improve this identification. METHODS We selected patients with CRC aged 45 years or younger from the pathological reports of three different institutions and different periods of time. Clinical information, family history, and tumor samples were obtained. Cases were classified according to mismatch repair (MMR) proficiency. RESULTS Of 133 tumors, 22 showed microsatellite instability (MSI). In 15 MSI cases, a germline mutation in 1 of the MMR genes was identified, 7 of which were not identified before. The positive predictive value (PPV) of right colon CRC for a positive genetic MMR test is 30.6%, whereas "signet ring" cells and fulfillment Amsterdam II criteria have PPVs of 42.9% and 47.8%, respectively. Combining right-sided CRC with mucin production, with fulfilling Amsterdam II criteria, or with "signet ring" cells, PPVs are 54.5, 64.3, and 100%. The probability of the absence of a mutation when CRC is located in the left colon is 94.7%, whereas absence of aggregation for Lynch-related neoplasm has a 100% probability. CONCLUSIONS Early age of onset is an effective method to identify retrospectively Lynch syndrome. Taking into account the location and histology features of the tumor, and the familial history of the cases, we notably increase the a priori probability of detecting a germline MMR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Perea
- Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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Barrow E, Evans DG, McMahon R, Hill J, Byers R. A comparative study of quantitative immunohistochemistry and quantum dot immunohistochemistry for mutation carrier identification in Lynch syndrome. J Clin Pathol 2010; 64:208-14. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AimsLynch Syndrome is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Mutation carrier identification is facilitated by immunohistochemical detection of the MMR proteins MHL1 and MSH2 in tumour tissue and is desirable as colonoscopic screening reduces mortality. However, protein detection by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) is subjective, and quantitative techniques are required. Quantum dots (QDs) are novel fluorescent labels that enable quantitative multiplex staining. This study compared their use with quantitative 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) IHC for the diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome.MethodsTumour sections from 36 mutation carriers and six controls were obtained. These were stained with DAB on an automated platform using antibodies against MLH1 and MSH2. Multiplex QD immunofluorescent staining of the sections was performed using antibodies against MLH1, MSH2 and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Multispectral analysis of the slides was performed. The staining intensity of DAB and QDs was measured in multiple colonic crypts, and the mean intensity scores calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of staining performance for the identification of mutation carriers were evaluated.ResultsFor quantitative DAB IHC, the area under the MLH1 ROC curve was 0.872 (95% CI 0.763 to 0.981), and the area under the MSH2 ROC curve was 0.832 (95% CI 0.704 to 0.960). For quantitative QD IHC, the area under the MLH1 ROC curve was 0.812 (95% CI 0.681 to 0.943), and the area under the MSH2 ROC curve was 0.598 (95% CI 0.418 to 0.777).ConclusionsDespite the advantage of QD staining to enable several markers to be measured simultaneously, it is of lower utility than DAB IHC for the identification of MMR mutation carriers. Automated DAB IHC staining and quantitative slide analysis may enable high-throughput IHC.
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Lee-Kong SA, Markowitz AJ, Glogowski E, Papadopoulos C, Stadler Z, Weiser MR, Temple LK, Guillem JG. Prospective Immunohistochemical Analysis of Primary Colorectal Cancers for Loss of Mismatch Repair Protein Expression. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9:255-9. [DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Barrow E, Jagger E, Brierley J, Wallace A, Evans G, Hill J, McMahon R. Semiquantitative assessment of immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins in Lynch syndrome. Histopathology 2010; 56:331-44. [PMID: 20459533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess semiquantitative immunohistochemistry as used in the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Tumour sections from 51 mutation carriers and 17 controls were stained with antibodies against MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Intensity of immunoreactivity and percentage positivity were recorded on scales of 0-3 and 0-4, respectively. These scores were multiplied for a score of 0-12 per slide. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves of staining performance for the identification of mutation carriers were evaluated, and optimum cut-offs calculated. The area under the MLH1 ROC curve was 0.981 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.952, 1.000]. The area under the MSH2 ROC curve was 0.899 (95% CI 0.796, 1.000). For MLH1 staining, a score<or=4 gives a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI 84.0, 100.0) and a specificity of 91.5% (95% CI 79.6, 97.6) for identifying MLH1 mutation carriers. For MSH2 staining, a score<or=4 gives a sensitivity of 87.5% (95% CI 61.7, 98.4) and specificity of 88.5% (95% CI 76.5, 95.6) for identifying MSH2 mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a semiquantitative slide assessment method. Protein expression may occur in the context of known pathogenic mutations, a potential pitfall in the screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Barrow
- Department of General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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van Riel E, Ausems MG, Hogervorst FB, Kluijt I, van Gijn ME, van Echtelt J, Scheidel-Jacobse K, Hennekam EF, Stulp RP, Vos YJ, Offerhaus GJA, Menko FH, Gille JJ. A novel pathogenic MLH1 missense mutation, c.112A > C, p.Asn38His, in six families with Lynch syndrome. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2010; 8:7. [PMID: 20704743 PMCID: PMC2927519 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unclassified variant (UV) in exon 1 of the MLH1 gene, c.112A > C, p.Asn38His, was found in six families who meet diagnostic criteria for Lynch syndrome. The pathogenicity of this variant was unknown. We aim to elucidate the pathogenicity of this MLH1 variant in order to counsel these families adequately and to enable predictive testing in healthy at-risk relatives. METHODS We studied clinical data, microsatellite instability and immunohistochemical staining of MMR proteins, and performed genealogy, haplotype analysis and DNA testing of control samples. RESULTS The UV showed co-segregation with the disease in all families. All investigated tumors showed a microsatellite instable pattern. Immunohistochemical data were variable among tested tumors. Three families had a common ancestor and all families originated from the same geographical area in The Netherlands. Haplotype analysis showed a common haplotype in all six families. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the MLH1 variant is a pathogenic mutation and genealogy and haplotype analysis results strongly suggest that it is a Dutch founder mutation. Our findings imply that predictive testing can be offered to healthy family members. The immunohistochemical data of MMR protein expression show that interpreting these results in case of a missense mutation should be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els van Riel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Perea J, Alvaro E, Rodríguez Y, Gravalos C, Sánchez-Tomé E, Rivera B, Colina F, Carbonell P, González-Sarmiento R, Hidalgo M, Urioste M. Approach to early-onset colorectal cancer: Clinicopathological, familial, molecular and immunohistochemical characteristics. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3697-703. [PMID: 20677343 PMCID: PMC2915431 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i29.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize clinicopathological and familial features of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) and compare features of tumors with and without microsatellite instability (MSI).
METHODS: Forty-five patients with CRC aged 45 or younger were included in the study. Clinical information, a three-generation family history, and tumor samples were obtained. MSI status was analyzed and mismatch repair genes were examined in the MSI families. Tumors were included in a tissue microarray and an immunohistochemical study was carried out with a panel of selected antibodies.
RESULTS: Early onset CRC is characterized by advanced stage at diagnosis, right colon location, low-grade of differentiation, mucin production, and presence of polyps. Hereditary forms represent at least 21% of cases. Eighty-one percent of patients who died during follow-up showed a lack of expression of cyclin E, which could be a marker of poor prognosis. β-catenin expression was normal in a high percentage of tumors.
CONCLUSION: Early-onset CRC has an important familial component, with a high proportion of tumors showing microsatellite stable. Cyclin E might be a poor prognosis factor.
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Electronic reminders for pathologists promote recognition of patients at risk for Lynch syndrome: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:653-9. [PMID: 20379742 PMCID: PMC2880231 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated success factors for the introduction of a guideline on recognition of Lynch syndrome in patients recently diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) below age 50 or a second CRC below age 70. Pathologists were asked to start microsatellite instability (MSI) testing and report to surgeons with the advice to consider genetic counselling when MSI test or family history was positive. A multicentre cluster-randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00141466) was performed in 12 pathology laboratories (clusters), serving 29 community hospitals. All received an introduction to the new guideline. In the intervention group, surgeons received education and tumour test result reminders; pathologists were provided with inclusion criteria cards, an electronic patient inclusion reminder system and feedback on inclusion. Two hundred sixty-six CRC patients were eligible for recognition as at risk for Lynch syndrome. The actual recognition was 18% more successful in the intervention as compared to the control arm (77% (120 of 156) compared to 59% (65 of 110)), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–7.0). The electronic reminder system for pathologists was most strongly associated with recognition of high-risk patients, OR = 4.2 (95% CI 1.7–10.1). An electronic reminder system for pathologists appeared effective for adherence to a new complex guideline and will enhance the recognition of Lynch syndrome.
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Meijer TWH, Hoogerbrugge N, Nagengast FM, Ligtenberg MJL, van Krieken JHJM. In Lynch syndrome adenomas, loss of mismatch repair proteins is related to an enhanced lymphocytic response. Histopathology 2010; 55:414-22. [PMID: 19817892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lynch syndrome-associated tumours are characterized by the presence of an increased number of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. This enhanced lymphocytic response may be elicited by genetically altered proteins that may arise as a result of a defective DNA mismatch repair system. The aim was to investigate this hypothesis by correlating loss of mismatch repair proteins and infiltration of lymphocytes in Lynch syndrome-associated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. METHODS AND RESULTS Mismatch repair protein expression and the number of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed in Lynch syndrome (41 adenomas and nine hyperplastic polyps) and in familial colorectal cancer (nine adenomas and one hyperplastic polyp). Nineteen sporadic adenomas were included as a control group. Twenty of 32 (63%) adenomas with loss of mismatch repair protein expression showed an increase in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Eight adenomas (8/32; 25%) displayed many tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, whereas most adenomas (12/32; 38%) showed a minor increase. In adenomas with mismatch repair protein expression, both sporadic and Lynch syndrome associated, not one showed an increased number of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Hyperplastic polyps in Lynch syndrome patients showed neither loss of mismatch repair expression nor an increase in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between the loss of mismatch repair proteins and the infiltration of lymphocytes in Lynch syndrome-associated adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke W H Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ferreira AM, Westers H, Wu Y, Niessen RC, Olderode-Berends M, van der Sluis T, van der Zee AG, Hollema H, Kleibeuker JH, Sijmons RH, Hofstra RMW. Do microsatellite instability profiles really differ between colorectal and endometrial tumors? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:552-7. [PMID: 19373783 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in more than 90% of the tumors of Lynch syndrome patients, and in 15-25% of sporadic colorectal (CRC) and endometrial carcinomas (EC). Previous studies comparing EC and CRC using BAT markers showed that the frequency of unstable markers is lower in EC, and that the size of the mutations is smaller in EC. In the present study, we analyzed the type (insertions/deletions), size, and frequency of mutations occurring at three BAT and three dinucleotide markers in CRC and EC, to elucidate whether it is possible to establish different MSI profiles in carcinomas of different tissue origin. We show that mononucleotide markers nearly always become shorter whereas dinucleotide markers can become shorter or longer, in both CRC and EC. We therefore conclude that the type of mutation is a marker-dependent feature rather than tissue-dependent. However, we observed that the size of the deletions/insertions differs between CRC and EC, with EC having shorter alterations. The frequency of mono- and dinucleotide instability found in both tissues is comparable, with mononucleotide and dinucleotide markers being affected at similar rates. We conclude that it is not possible to define clearly different MSI profiles that could distinguish MSI-high in CRC and EC. We propose that the differences observed might indicate different durations of tumor development and/or differences in tissue turnover between colorectal and endometrial epithelium, rather than reflecting truly different MSI profiles. We therefore suggest that the same MSI tests can be used for both tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ferreira AM, Westers H, Sousa S, Wu Y, Niessen RC, Olderode-Berends M, van der Sluis T, Reuvekamp PTW, Seruca R, Kleibeuker JH, Hollema H, Sijmons RH, Hofstra RMW. Mononucleotide precedes dinucleotide repeat instability during colorectal tumour development in Lynch syndrome patients. J Pathol 2009; 219:96-102. [PMID: 19521971 DOI: 10.1002/path.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A progressive accumulation of genetic alterations underlies the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer. This accumulation of mutations is driven by genetic instability, of which there are different types. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the predominant type present in the tumours of Lynch syndrome patients and in a subset of sporadic tumours. It is generally accepted that MSI can be found in the early stages of tumour progression, such as adenomas; however, the frequencies reported vary widely among studies. Moreover, data on the qualitative differences between adenomas and carcinomas, or between tumours of hereditary and sporadic origin, are scarce. We compared MSI in samples of colorectal adenoma and colorectal carcinoma in order to identify possible differences along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. We compared germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation carriers and non-carriers, to address possible differences of instability patterns between Lynch syndrome patients and patients with sporadic tumours. We found a comparable relative frequency of mono- and dinucleotide instability in sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, dinucleotide instability being observed most frequently in these sporadic tumours. In MMR gene truncating mutation carriers, the profile was different: colorectal adenomas showed predominantly mononucleotide instability and in colorectal carcinomas, also more mononucleotide than dinucleotide instability was detected. We conclude that MSI profiles differ between sporadic and Lynch syndrome tumours, and that mononucleotide marker instability precedes dinucleotide marker instability during colorectal tumour development in Lynch syndrome patients. As mononucleotide MSI proves to be highly sensitive for detecting mutation carriers, we propose the use of mononucleotide markers for the identification of possible Lynch syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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