1
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Kucharzik T, Dignass A, Atreya R, Bokemeyer B, Esters P, Herrlinger K, Kannengiesser K, Kienle P, Langhorst J, Lügering A, Schreiber S, Stallmach A, Stein J, Sturm A, Teich N, Siegmund B. Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie Colitis ulcerosa (Version 6.1) – Februar 2023 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021-009. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:1046-1134. [PMID: 37579791 DOI: 10.1055/a-2060-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kucharzik
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Städtisches Klinikum Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Deutschland
| | - A Dignass
- Medizinische Klinik I, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - R Atreya
- Medizinische Klinik 1 Gastroent., Pneumologie, Endokrin., Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - B Bokemeyer
- Interdisziplinäres Crohn Colitis Centrum Minden - ICCCM, Minden, Deutschland
| | - P Esters
- Medizinische Klinik I, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - K Herrlinger
- Innere Medizin I, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - K Kannengiesser
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Städtisches Klinikum Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Deutschland
| | - P Kienle
- Abteilung für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Theresienkrankenhaus, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - J Langhorst
- Klinik für Integrative Medizin und Naturheilkunde, Sozialstiftung Bamberg Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - A Lügering
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Portal 10, Münster, Deutschland
| | - S Schreiber
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - A Stallmach
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - J Stein
- Abteilung Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Krankenhaus Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - A Sturm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, DRK Kliniken Berlin Westend, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - N Teich
- Internistische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - B Siegmund
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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2
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Cao Z. Impact of Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001055. [PMID: 36389673 PMCID: PMC9651941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported in many case reports and studies; thus, the association between EBV and IBD has gained increasing attention. Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of opportunistic EBV infection owing to the common use of immunomodulators. EBV infection in IBD patients can cause various complications, including superimposed viral colitis, which is associated with chronicity, exacerbation, and poor prognosis of refractory IBD, and can induce progression to lymphoproliferative disorders, such as EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU), lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It has been suggested to screen for EBV before initiating immunosuppressive therapy and monitor the status of EBV infection in patients with IBD, especially those who are EBV-seronegative and have a risk of primary EBV infection. Clinicians should also be careful of misdiagnosing IBD and EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases due to similarities in both clinical symptoms and endoscopic manifestations. Withdrawal of immunosuppressants has been shown to be an effective strategy to achieve remission of disease at the time of EBV diagnosis, but antiviral therapy remains controversial. The present review aims to describe the characteristics of the complications caused by EBV infection and generalize the recent research progress on and challenges caused by EBV infection in IBD patients. The literature for writing this review was collected from 'PubMed' research engine. The keywords 'inflammatory bowel disease and Epstein-Barr virus' or 'ulcerative colitis and Epstein-Barr virus' or 'Crohn's disease and Epstein-Barr virus' were used to collect the literature and relevant papers were collected to help writing this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhijun Cao
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Cao, ; Shuliang Zhao,
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3
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Miura M, Shimizu H, Saito D, Miyoshi J, Matsuura M, Kudo T, Hirayama D, Yoshida M, Arai K, Iwama I, Nakase H, Shimizu T, Hisamatsu T. Multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study on Epstein-Barr viral infection status and thiopurine use by age group in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Japan (EBISU study). J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1080-1091. [PMID: 34591171 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly those using thiopurines, may be associated with the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This was the first multicenter survey of EBV infection in Japanese patients with IBD. Factors related to the EBV infection status were also investigated. METHODS Five tertiary institutions in Japan participated in this study to examine pediatric and adult patients with IBD. Serum EBV anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, EBV anti-VCA IgM, and anti-EBV nuclear antigen-antibody were measured in 495 patients with IBD. The patients' information was obtained from their medical records. Prior EBV infection was defined as anti-VCA IgM negativity and anti-VCA IgG positivity (UMIN000033004). RESULTS The patients' median age was 25 years (range 0-92 years). Of the 495 patients, nine were anti-VCA IgM-positive and 354 were anti-VCA IgG-positive (seroprevalence: 72.8%). The proportion of patients with prior EBV infection was 0% for those aged < 5 years, < 60% for those aged < 30 years, and > 90% for those aged > 30 years. The proportion of EBV-uninfected patients using thiopurines was 28.4% (52/183) for all patients and 51.8% (44/85) for pediatric patients. Age was significantly associated with anti-VCA IgG seropositivity (p < 0.01, odds ratio: 0.902, 95% confidence interval: 0.880-0.925). No cases of lymphoproliferative disorder, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, or chronic active EBV infection were reported. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 30% of Japanese patients with IBD were EBV-uninfected, including those using thiopurines. Age was a significant factor for anti-VCA IgG seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Iwama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
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4
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Craviotto V, Furfaro F, Loy L, Zilli A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Fiorino G, Danese S, Allocca M. Viral infections in inflammatory bowel disease: Tips and tricks for correct management. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4276-4297. [PMID: 34366605 PMCID: PMC8316900 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has become more targeted, anticipating the use of immune-modifying therapies at an earlier stage. This top-down approach has been correlated with favorable short and long-term outcomes, but it has also brought with it concerns regarding potential infectious complications. This large IBD population treated with immune-modifying therapies, especially if combined, has an increased risk of severe infections, including opportunistic infections that are sustained by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents. Viral infections have emerged as a focal safety concern in patients with IBD, representing a challenge for the clinician: they are often difficult to diagnose and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The first step is to improve effective preventive strategies, such as applying vaccination protocols, adopt adequate prophylaxis and educate patients about potential risk factors. Since viral infections in immunosuppressed patients may present atypical signs and symptoms, the challenges for the gastroenterologist are to suspect, recognize and diagnose such complications. Appropriate treatment of common viral infections allows us to minimize their impact on disease outcomes and patients’ lives. This practical review supports this standard of care to improve knowledge in this subject area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Craviotto
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Furfaro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Loy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zilli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, University Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, Nancy 54511, France
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariangela Allocca
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
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5
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Lian X, Li Y, Li L, U K, Wang W, Shi Y, Ma J, Wang H. A novel single-tube multiplex real-time PCR assay for genotyping of thiopurine intolerance-causing variant NUDT15 c.415C>T. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1961-1967. [PMID: 34192970 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211026579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines are commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and autoimmune conditions, can be limited by myelosuppression. The NUDT15 c.415C>T variant is strongly associated with thiopurine-induced myelosuppression, especially in Asians. The purpose of this study was to develop a fast and reliable genotyping method for NUDT15 c.415C>T and investigate the polymorphic distribution among different races in China. A single-tube multiplex real-time PCR assay for NUDT15 c.415C>T genotyping was established using allele-specific TaqMan probes. In 229 samples, the genotyping results obtained through the established method were completely concordant with those obtained by Sanger sequencing. The distributions of NUDT15 c.415C>T among 173 Han Chinese, 48 Miaos, 40 Kazakhs, and 40 Kirghiz were different, with allelic frequencies of 0.06, 0.02, 0.07, and 0, respectively. This method will provide a powerful tool for the implementation of the genotyping-based personalized prescription of thiopurines in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lian
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial Peoples' Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial Peoples' Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Kaicheng U
- American Heritage School, Plantation, FL 33325, USA
| | - Wenxia Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yinmin Shi
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jiying Ma
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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6
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Kucharzik T, Dignass AU, Atreya R, Bokemeyer B, Esters P, Herrlinger K, Kannengießer K, Kienle P, Langhorst J, Lügering A, Schreiber S, Stallmach A, Stein J, Sturm A, Teich N, Siegmund B. Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie Colitis ulcerosa – Living Guideline. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2020; 58:e241-e326. [PMID: 33260237 DOI: 10.1055/a-1296-3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kucharzik
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Klinikum Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Deutschland
| | - Axel U Dignass
- Medizinische Klinik I, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Raja Atreya
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Bernd Bokemeyer
- Gastroenterologische Gemeinschaftspraxis Minden, Deutschland
| | - Philip Esters
- Medizinische Klinik I, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | | | - Klaus Kannengießer
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Klinikum Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Deutschland
| | - Peter Kienle
- Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Theresienkrankenhaus und Sankt Hedwig-Klinik GmbH, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Klinik für Integrative Medizin und Naturheilkunde, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Lügering
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Portal 10, Münster, Deutschland
| | | | - Andreas Stallmach
- Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Stein
- Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Krankenhaus Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Sturm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, DRK Kliniken Berlin Westend, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Niels Teich
- Internistische Gemeinschaftspraxis für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
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Honkila M, Niinimäki R, Taskinen M, Kuismin O, Kettunen K, Saarela J, Turunen S, Renko M, Tapiainen T. A nearly fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with low NK-cell counts in a patient receiving azathioprine: a case report and review of literature. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:404. [PMID: 31077135 PMCID: PMC6509764 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic primary Epstein-Barr virus infection is a usually self-limiting illness in adolescents. We present a case of an adolescent who had been receiving azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease for four years and developed a life-threatening primary Epstein-Barr virus infection successfully treated with rituximab. Case presentation An 11-year-old girl presented with chronic, bloody diarrhea. Endoscopic biopsies confirmed a diagnosis of chronic ulcerative colitis with features of Crohn’s disease. Azathioprine was initiated after one year due to active colitis. She responded well and remission was achieved. At the age of 16 years she developed a life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus infection including severe multiple organ failure and was critically ill for 4 weeks in the intensive care unit. Natural killer cells were virtually absent in the lymphocyte subset analysis. Azathioprine was stopped on admission. She was initially treated with corticosteroids, acyclovir and intravenous immunoglobulin. Approximately 30 days after admission, she developed signs of severe hepatitis and pneumonitis and received weekly rituximab infusions for 8 weeks. Primary immunodeficiency was excluded by whole exome sequencing in two independent laboratories. Persistent viremia stopped when the natural killer cell count started to rise, approximately 90 days after the cessation of azathioprine. Conclusions We found 17 comparable cases in the literature. None of the previous cases reported in the literature, who had been treated with azathioprine and developed either a severe or a fatal Epstein-Barr virus infection, underwent full genetic and prospective immunological workup to rule out known primary immunodeficiencies. Recently, azathioprine has been shown to cause rather specific immunosuppression, resulting in natural killer cell depletion. Our case demonstrates that slow recovery from azathioprine-induced natural killer cell depletion, 3 months after the stopping of azathioprine, coincided with the clearance of viremia and clinical recovery. Finally, our choice of treating the patient with rituximab, as previously used for patients with a severe immunosuppression and Epstein-Barr virus viremia, appeared to be successful in this case. We suggest testing for Epstein-Barr virus serology before starting azathioprine and measuring natural killer cell counts during the treatment to identify patients at risk of developing an unusually severe primary Epstein-Barr virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Honkila
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland. .,PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Riitta Niinimäki
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Kuismin
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Turunen
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FIN-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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8
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Miyaguchi K, Yamaoka M, Tsuzuki Y, Ashitani K, Ohgo H, Miyagawa Y, Ishizawa K, Kayano H, Nakamoto H, Imaeda H. Epstein–Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with ulcerative colitis during treatment with azathioprine: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:776-780. [PMID: 30510942 PMCID: PMC6264987 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i14.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 19-year-old female was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis when she presented with persistent melena, and has been treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid for 4 years, with additional azathioprine for 2 years at our hospital. The patient experienced high-grade fevers, chills, and cough five d prior to presenting to the outpatient unit. At first, the patient was suspected to have developed neutropenic fever; however, she was diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (EB-VAHS) upon fulfilling the diagnostic criteria after bone marrow aspiration. When patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators, such as thiopurine preparations, develop fever, EB-VAHS should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyaguchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamaoka
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tsuzuki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keigo Ashitani
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohgo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kayano
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Nakamoto
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imaeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan
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9
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Johnson CM, Dassopoulos T. Update on the Use of Thiopurines and Methotrexate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 30267281 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The increased use of biologic agents over the past two decades has led to a reappraisal of the role of the immunomodulators (thiopurines and methotrexate) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent data on the use of thiopurines and methotrexate either as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy with biologic agents. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have addressed the need for concomitant immunomodulatory therapy in treatment-naïve patients starting anti-TNF-α therapy, the appropriate dose of the immunomodulator in this setting, the minimum duration of combination therapy, and the possible mechanisms by which immunomodulators enhance the effectiveness of anti-TNF-α agents. Little is known about the role of immunomodulators in combination with agents belonging to other classes of biologic therapies. Recent studies have shown that methotrexate is not effective in inducing or maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Finally, several studies have broadened our understanding of the infection and malignancy risks of the immunomodulators. Immunomodulators continue to have a place in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, with the ever-increasing list of biologic agents, properly positioning the immunomodulators within the overall therapeutic scheme is a complicated task. In order to optimize outcomes, each patient requires an individualized approach, which takes into account risks, benefits, cost, alternatives, and patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Johnson
- Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, 2405 S. 31st Street, Temple, TX, 76508, USA.
| | - Themistocles Dassopoulos
- Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, 3409 Worth St #640, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
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10
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Chu Y, Jiang MZ, Xu B, Wang WJ, Chen D, Li XW, Zhang YJ, Liang J. Specific changes of enteric mycobiota and virome in inflammatory bowel disease. J Dig Dis 2018; 19:2-7. [PMID: 29266753 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the important features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. It has been well documented that changes in the commensal bacterial population are involved in IBD development. However, the function of the fungal and viral communities in IBD remains unclear. Moreover, the optimal treatment for IBD patients with opportunistic infections is still undecided. This review focused on how the enteric mycobiota and virome changes during the pathogenesis of IBD and discussed potential treatment strategies that open new insights into the managements of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming Zuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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11
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Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Viral Infection. ZAKIM AND BOYER'S HEPATOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7099665 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-37591-7.00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Bernardes C, Russo P, Carvalho D, Saiote J, Ramos J. Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: Is It the Drugs or the Disease. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 25:175-178. [PMID: 29998162 DOI: 10.1159/000484440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Systemic inflammatory diseases are related to an increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders. Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was also associated with these conditions, population-based studies failed to demonstrate this relationship, and most studies only identified a very small number of cases. In the last few years, concerns arose regarding the role of thiopurines and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-blocking agents in the development of lymphoma, influencing therapeutic decisions in IBD patients. The aim of this study was to describe a case series of IBD patients who developed a lymphoproliferative disorder in our tertiary referral centre. Material and Methods The clinical records of all IBD patients who were observed in our unit between January 2007 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, and IBD subjects who were diagnosed with a lymphoproliferative disorder were selected. Clinical and demographic data regarding both conditions were collected. Results Six IBD patients were diagnosed with a lymphoma - 4 Hodgkin lymphomas and 2 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas - of which 3 corresponded to primary colonic lymphomas. Immunohistochemical analysis detected the presence of Epstein-Barr virus in the tumour cells of 2 patients, both of them with Hodgkin lymphomas. Only 2 patients were previously treated with thiopurines or anti-TNF-α drugs; none of the remaining had any history of immunosuppressive treatment. Discussion and Conclusions Despite major attention being currently focused on the effect of treatment, which may play the main role in the increased susceptibility to lymphoma in IBD patients, and although it may be difficult to demonstrate, IBD itself may contribute to the development of lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly primary intestinal lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bernardes
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Russo
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Carvalho
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Saiote
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jaime Ramos
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Dart RJ, Irving PM. Optimising use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:877-888. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1351298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Dart
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Lab, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Immunobiology, DIIID, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter M. Irving
- IBD Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Diagnostic and vaccine strategies to prevent infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Infect 2017; 74:433-441. [PMID: 28263759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been revolutionized by the use of immunomodulatory agents. Although these potent drugs are effective in controlling disease activity, they also cause an increased risk of new infections or reactivation of latent infections. On these premises, we aimed to provide guidance on the definitions of immunocompromised patients, opportunistic infections and the risk factors associated with their occurrence in an IBD context, and to suggest the proper screening tests for infectious diseases and the vaccination schedules to perform before and/or during therapy with immunomodulators. METHODS All the most recent evidences - filtered by the combined work of gastroenterologists and infectious disease experts - were summarized with the aim to provide a practical standpoint for the physician. RESULTS A systematic screening of all infections which may arise during therapy with immunomodulator drugs is necessary in all patients with IBD. CONCLUSIONS The ideal timing to perform screening tests and vaccinations is at the diagnosis of the disease, regardless of its severity at onset, because the course of IBD and its treatment may vary over time, and an immunocompromised status may hamper efficacy and/or possibility to perform all necessary vaccines.
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15
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Experts Opinion on the Practical Use of Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2733-2747. [PMID: 27760078 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, has been challenged in recent publications. In this article, a panel of experts gives advice, based on the relevant literature, on indications and practical use of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, prevention, and management of drug adverse reactions and special situations such as vaccination, pregnancy, and lactation.
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16
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Moriyama T, Nishii R, Perez-Andreu V, Yang W, Klussmann FA, Zhao X, Lin TN, Hoshitsuki K, Nersting J, Kihira K, Hofmann U, Komada Y, Kato M, McCorkle R, Li L, Koh K, Najera CR, Kham SKY, Isobe T, Chen Z, Chiew EKH, Bhojwani D, Jeffries C, Lu Y, Schwab M, Inaba H, Pui CH, Relling MV, Manabe A, Hori H, Schmiegelow K, Yeoh AEJ, Evans WE, Yang JJ. NUDT15 polymorphisms alter thiopurine metabolism and hematopoietic toxicity. Nat Genet 2016; 48:367-73. [PMID: 26878724 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Widely used as anticancer and immunosuppressive agents, thiopurines have narrow therapeutic indices owing to frequent toxicities, partly explained by TPMT genetic polymorphisms. Recent studies identified germline NUDT15 variation as another critical determinant of thiopurine intolerance, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the clinical implications of this pharmacogenetic association remain unknown. In 270 children enrolled in clinical trials for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala, Singapore and Japan, we identified four NUDT15 coding variants (p.Arg139Cys, p.Arg139His, p.Val18Ile and p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal) that resulted in 74.4-100% loss of nucleotide diphosphatase activity. Loss-of-function NUDT15 diplotypes were consistently associated with thiopurine intolerance across the three cohorts (P = 0.021, 2.1 × 10(-5) and 0.0054, respectively; meta-analysis P = 4.45 × 10(-8), allelic effect size = -11.5). Mechanistically, NUDT15 inactivated thiopurine metabolites and decreased thiopurine cytotoxicity in vitro, and patients with defective NUDT15 alleles showed excessive levels of thiopurine active metabolites and toxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that a comprehensive pharmacogenetic model integrating NUDT15 variants may inform personalized thiopurine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Rina Nishii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Virginia Perez-Andreu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Federico Antillon Klussmann
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Francisco Marroquin Medical School, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ting-Nien Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keito Hoshitsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob Nersting
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kentaro Kihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert McCorkle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katsuyoshi Koh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Shirley Kow-Yin Kham
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tomoya Isobe
- Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Deepa Bhojwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Jeffries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allen E J Yeoh
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Viva University Children's Cancer Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in inflammatory bowel disease with virus infection. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2015; 10:78-82. [PMID: 26557937 PMCID: PMC4631275 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2015.48995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk of developing haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) because of chronic systemic inflammation as well as exposure to immunosuppressive medications. The two main causes of HLH in IBD patients are infection with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Patients with Crohn's disease are more susceptible to HLH than those with ulcerative colitis. The majority of cases are seen in people receiving an immunosuppressive regimen that included thiopurines.
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18
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Mellinger JL, Rossaro L, Naugler WE, Nadig SN, Appelman H, Lee WM, Fontana RJ. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related acute liver failure: a case series from the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1630-7. [PMID: 24464209 PMCID: PMC4250929 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare clinical syndrome associated with a high case fatality rate. Asymptomatic primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is common in the general population while acute hepatitis and jaundice are much less common and ALF has been rarely reported. We reviewed the presenting features as well as clinical outcomes amongst consecutive adults with EBV-related ALF. METHODS Amongst the 1,887 adult ALF patients enrolled into the US ALF Study Group from January 1998 to February 2012, there were four patients (0.21 %) with EBV-related ALF. Diagnostic criteria for acute EBV infection included compatible serologies and/or the detection of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in liver tissue. RESULTS Median patient age was 30 years (range 18-44); 75 % were male, and only 25 % were immunosuppressed. The median presenting ALT was 504 IU/mL (range 156-4,920), median Alk P was 431 (range 136-1,009), and median bilirubin was 17 mg/dL (range 13-22.1). Liver biopsy findings ranged from cholestasis to submassive necrosis with EBER + staining in two of the three samples tested. Although all of the patients were treated with an antiviral agent, two died of ALF, one underwent liver transplantation (LT) and one survived with supportive care and is well at 5 years. A review of the literature identified four additional LT recipients with favorable long-term outcomes. CONCLUSION Primary EBV infection accounts for <1 % of consecutive adult ALF cases but is associated with a high case fatality rate. LT is associated with favorable short- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Mellinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0362, USA
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19
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Lu Y, Bousvaros A. Immunizations in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2014; 10:355-63. [PMID: 25013388 PMCID: PMC4080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) will receive immunosuppressive therapy at some point for their disease, whether for the short term (such as a course of corticosteroids) or long term (such as maintenance therapy with immunomodulators or biologics). The systemic immunosuppression places patients at increased risk for infections. Therefore, it is important that patients are up-to-date with immunizations to minimize vaccine-preventable infections. However, the literature shows that the rate of immunization in patients with IBD is low. Ideally, the vaccination status is checked at diagnosis, and patients are immunized with the vaccines they need. Drawing titers is helpful in cases in which vaccination history is unclear or to confirm that titers are at an adequate level in cases in which patients have been vaccinated. Current guidelines recommend that patients with IBD follow the same routine immunization schedule as healthy children, but patients should not be administered live vaccines if they are receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, it is ideal to administer any necessary vaccinations as early as possible, prior to starting immunosuppressive therapy. Patients may receive inactivated vaccines regardless of immunosuppressive status. The IBD literature suggests that inactivated vaccines are safe and do not worsen disease activity. In general, patients with IBD mount an immune response to vaccines, but the response may be lower if patients are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, especially tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Dr Lu is an assistant professor in the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine in Lake Success, New York. Dr Bousvaros is a pediatric gastroenterologist in the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the associate director of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center at Boston Children's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He is also an associate professor of medicine at Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Athos Bousvaros
- Dr Lu is an assistant professor in the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine in Lake Success, New York. Dr Bousvaros is a pediatric gastroenterologist in the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the associate director of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center at Boston Children's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He is also an associate professor of medicine at Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Abstract
The use of biological agents and immunomodulators for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has remarkably improved disease management in the current era but at the same time has increased the risk of infectious complications. Patients with IBD on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents are considered immunocompromised and are at risk for opportunistic infections. These are infections caused by organisms that take advantage of a weakened immune system, and cause disease, when they ordinarily would cause mild illness or no disease in an immunocompetent host. Risk factors for opportunistic infections include malnutrition, older age, congenital immunodeficiency, HIV infection, chronic diseases, and use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. Apart from immunosuppressive medications and older age, there is only indirect evidence for above risk factors contributing directly to opportunistic infection risk in patients with IBD. Opportunistic infections in patients with IBD include viral infections (herpes viruses, human papillomavirus, influenza virus, and JC virus), bacterial infections (tuberculosis, nocardiosis, Clostridium difficile infection, pneumococcal infection, legionellosis, and listeriosis), fungal infections (histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii infection, aspergillosis, and candidiasis), and parasite infections (Strongyloides stercoralis). Although these infections lead to high morbidity and mortality, only a minority of patients with IBD develop opportunistic infections. Currently, we lack a test to accurately predict patients at risk of opportunistic infection, and future research needs to focus on biomarkers or predictive models for risk stratification. Until such a test is developed, we need to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat opportunistic infections in all patients with IBD in a timely manner.
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21
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Magro F, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sokol H, Aldeger X, Costa A, Higgins PD, Joyce JC, Katsanos KH, Lopez A, de Xaxars TM, Toader E, Beaugerie L. Extra-intestinal malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease: results of the 3rd ECCO Pathogenesis Scientific Workshop (III). J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:31-44. [PMID: 23721759 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of lymphoproliferative disorders (LD) is increasing in developed countries. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exposed to thiopurines are at additional risk of three specific forms of LD: Epstein-Barr-Virus-related post-transplant like LD, hepato-splenic T-cell lymphoma and post-mononucleosis lymphoproliferation. The risk of the two latter forms of LD can be reduced when considering specific immunosuppressive strategies in young males. It is still unclear whether the risk of uterine cervix abnormalities is increased in IBD women, irrespective of the use of immunosuppressants. Given the excess risk demonstrated in various other contexts of immunosuppression, it is currently recommended that all women with IBD, particularly those receiving immunosuppressants, strictly adhere to a screening program of cervical surveillance and undergo vaccination against HPV, when appropriate. Patients with IBD receiving immunosuppressants are at increased risk of skin cancers. The risk of non-melanoma skin cancer is notably increased in patients receiving thiopurines. Recent data suggest that the risk of melanoma is mildly increased in patients exposed to anti-TNF therapy. All IBD patients should adhere to a program of sun protection and dermatological surveillance, whose details should take into account the other non-IBD-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magro
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy, and Université Henri Poincaré 1,Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine F-75012 and ERL 1057 INSERM/UMRS 7203, UPMC Univ Paris 06F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Aldeger
- Department of Gastroenterology of University Hospital Doctor Josep Trueta de Girona, Spain
| | - Antonia Costa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Portugal, and Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter D Higgins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel C Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Department of Internal Medicine & Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Medical School University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anthony Lopez
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy, and Université Henri Poincaré 1,Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Elena Toader
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center, University Hospital Sf. Spiridon, and University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Laurent Beaugerie
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine F-75012 and ERL 1057 INSERM/UMRS 7203, UPMC Univ Paris 06F-75005, Paris, France.
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22
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Linton MS, Kroeker K, Fedorak D, Dieleman L, Fedorak RN. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in a population of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:1248-54. [PMID: 24053733 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is truly prolific, with a prevalence of more than 90% in the adult human population. There are, however, little data available on the prevalence of EBV among patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a population that is frequently immunosuppressed and thus at risk for severe, often fatal, primary infection. AIM To identify the prevalence of EBV in a population of patients with IBD and to compare it with that of the general population. METHODS A database of 2500 IBD patients previously followed at the University of Alberta IBD Centre was queried; 60 of these patients were randomly chosen to participate. A total of 220 patients attending the IBD Centre for clinical appointment were also prospectively asked to participate. Participants completed serological testing for VCA-IgM, VCA-IgG and EBNA-IgG, to determine prior EBV exposure. RESULTS A total of 263 patients underwent testing. Results for EBV seroprevalence of specific age groups were as follows: 18-20 years (n = 17), 29% seronegative; 21-25 years (n = 31), 29% seronegative; 26-30 years (n = 35), 31-35 years (n = 18) and 36-40 years (n = 25), 100% seropositive. Finally, 3% of those older than 40 (n = 117) were seronegative. EBV seroprevalence was similar for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Azathioprine was associated with seropositivity (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION The prevalence of EBV seronegativity in the IBD population aged 18-25 years was similar to that described in the general population, and above age 25 years, seropositivity approached 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Linton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Weinkove R, Dickson M, Eliadou E, Stace NH, Goossens L, Ferguson P. Fever and pancytopenia in a patient with Crohn's disease. Gut 2013; 62:1327, 1381. [PMID: 23042706 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinkove
- Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre, Wellington Hospital, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
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24
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Orlicka K, Barnes E, Culver EL. Prevention of infection caused by immunosuppressive drugs in gastroenterology. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013; 4:167-85. [PMID: 23819020 PMCID: PMC3697844 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313485275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapy is frequently used to treat gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis, IgG4-related disease (autoimmune pancreatitis and sclerosing cholangitis) and in the post-transplantation setting. These drugs interfere with the immune system. The main safety concern with their use is the risk of infections. Certain infections can be prevented or their impact minimized. Physicians must adopt preventative strategies and should have a high degree of suspicion to recognize infections early and treat appropriately. This article reviews the risk factors for infections, the mechanism of action of immunosuppressive therapy and proposes preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Orlicka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Fries W, Cottone M, Cascio A. Systematic review: macrophage activation syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:1033-45. [PMID: 23565820 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there have been increasingly frequent reports on the occurrence of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinically, MAS is characterized mainly by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and elevated circulating ferritin and CD25. Mortality, even if diagnosed rapidly, is high. AIM To identify all reports on MAS in IBD and to establish data on triggering agents, immunosuppression leading to MAS, and mortality. METHODS A language unrestricted search on Pubmed and Scopus relating to the past 30 years was carried out by matching the following search-terms: h(a)emophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis OR h(a)emophagocytic lymphohistiocytic syndrome OR macrophage activation syndrome OR opportunistic infections OR cytomegalovirus OR Epstein-Barr virus AND Crohn's disease OR ulcerative colitis OR inflammatory bowel disease(s). RESULTS Fifty cases were identified with an overall mortality of 30%. Virus-related MAS associated with cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus infections represents the main type of MAS, but in isolated cases bacterial infections precipitated the syndrome. In four cases (8%), a lymphoma was present at the time of MAS diagnosis or developed shortly thereafter. Thiopurine monotherapy was given before MAS onset in 56% of the patients, whereas multiple immunosuppression, including biologics, was administered to 24%. CONCLUSIONS In IBD patients, the syndrome appears to be triggered by infections, but genetic susceptibility may contribute to its development. Since immunosuppressive therapy represents the backbone of therapeutic interventions in IBD, with the risk of new, or the reactivation of latent infections, even more frequent cases of macrophage activation syndrome may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fries
- Clinical Unit for Chronic Bowel Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, IBD-unit Messina, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Fitzgerald MP, Armstrong L, Hague R, Russell RK. A case of EBV driven haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicating a teenage Crohn's disease patient on azathioprine, successfully treated with rituximab. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:314-7. [PMID: 22640698 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of Epstein-Barr virus infection with the subsequent development of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a teenage Crohn's disease patient treated with azathioprine. We found that the early introduction of the anti-B cell monoclonal antibody rituximab precipitated a rapid fall in circulating B-cells and EBV viral load, resulting in a prompt and sustained recovery from what is a potentially fatal complication of azathioprine therapy in Crohn's disease patients.
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Salado CT, Gallego AG, Carnerero EL, De la Cruz Ramírez D, Justiniano JMH, Galán JLM, Guisado MA. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Crohn's disease associated with primary infection by Epstein-Barr virus. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E143-4. [PMID: 21793127 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Biank VF, Sheth MK, Talano J, Margolis D, Simpson P, Kugathasan S, Stephens M. Association of Crohn's disease, thiopurines, and primary epstein-barr virus infection with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Pediatr 2011; 159:808-12. [PMID: 21722918 PMCID: PMC3191286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in a well-defined population of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and evaluate the common clinical and laboratory characteristics of individuals with IBD who developed HLH. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective study of all children who developed HLH over an 8-year period. The incidence of HLH in patients with IBD was calculated using US census data and a statewide project examining the epidemiology of pediatric IBD. RESULTS Among children in Wisconsin, 20 cases of HLH occurred during the study period; 5 cases occurred in children with IBD. Common characteristics include: Crohn's disease (CD), thiopurine administration, fever lasting more than 5 days, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia, lymphopenia, and elevated serum triglycerides and ferritin. Of the patients, 4 had primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. The incidence of HLH among all children in Wisconsin was 1.5 per 100 000 per year. The risk was more than 100-fold greater for children with CD (P < .00001). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients with CD are at increased risk for developing HLH; primary Epstein-Barr virus infection and thiopurine administration may be risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F. Biank
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Medical College of Wisconsin, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mehul K. Sheth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Medical College of Wisconsin, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julie Talano
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, The Medical College of Wisconsin, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, The Medical College of Wisconsin, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Services, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Medical College of Wisconsin, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Nguyen CM, Mendes MAS, Ma JD. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotyping to predict myelosuppression risk. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1236. [PMID: 21593964 PMCID: PMC3094768 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and thioguanine (TG) are thiopurine drugs. These agents are indicated for the treatment of various diseases including hematologic malignancies, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and as immunosuppressants in solid organ transplants. Thiopurine drugs are metabolized, in part, by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). TPMT displays genetic polymorphism resulting in null or decreased enzyme activity. At least 20 polymorphisms have been identified, of which, TPMT *2, *3A, *3B, *3C, and *4 are the most commonly studied. These polymorphisms have been associated with increased myelosuppression risk. TPMT genotyping may be useful to predict this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Nguyen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and UCSD Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Gunson R, Hague R, Gartner B, Aitken C. A case of a girl presenting with fever, cytopenia, liver dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Owen CE, Callen JP, Bahrami S. Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder complicating infectious mononucleosis in an immunosuppressed patient. Pediatr Dermatol 2011; 28:149-55. [PMID: 20497356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2010.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious mononucleosis is the syndrome produced by primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus during adolescence or early adulthood. In immunosuppressed individuals, depressed T-cell function allows the Epstein-Barr virus-driven B-cell proliferation to continue unabated, potentially leading to a lymphoproliferative disorder. A 15-year-old girl with a history of ulcerative colitis treated with 6-mercaptopurine and mesalamine presented with the acute onset of a rapidly enlarging, ulcerative nodule on her left lower eyelid 4 weeks following recovery from infectious mononucleosis. The biopsy revealed an Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoproliferative disorder. Systemic disease was absent. Following discontinuation of 6-mercaptopurine, the patient was treated with two courses of intravenous cyclophosphamide. The lesion resolved completely and she remains disease free at 14 months following diagnosis. We report a solitary cutaneous lesion of an immunosuppression-related lymphoproliferative disorder (IR-LPD) occurring as a complication of infectious mononucleosis, and review the pathogenesis and reported cases of Epstein-Barr virus-related immunosuppression-related lymphoproliferative disorder arising in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease. It is important for dermatologists and dermatopathologists to be aware of the occurrence of IR-LPD in patients being treated for inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease. Given the role of primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus in the development of IR-LPD, consideration may be given to assessing Epstein-Barr virus status prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy England Owen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Angelucci E, Cesarini M, Caturelli E, Vernia P. EBV hepatitis in a young Crohn's disease patient on prolonged remission with azathioprine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E1. [PMID: 20848464 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Primary EBV infection resulting in lymphoproliferative disease in a teenager with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52:103-5. [PMID: 20890216 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181e80410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hemophagocytic syndrome in a child with severe Crohn's disease and familial Mediterranean fever. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4:341-4. [PMID: 21122524 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, potentially fatal, severe condition of hyperinflammation caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of activated lymphocytes and histiocytes secreting high amounts of inflammatory cytokines. Here we report a fatal hemophagocytic syndrome in a 11-year-old boy with a diagnosis of both Crohn's disease receiving immunosuppressive therapy and familial Mediterranean fever. It is important to evaluate the patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving immunosuppressive therapy presenting with unexplained fever, cytopenia, progression of organomegaly and biochemical changes for the investigation of HLH for diagnosis and treatment.
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Moreira T, Lago P, Salgado M, Pimentel R. Epstein-Barr virus and parvovirus B19 coinfection in a Crohn's disease patient under azathioprine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:905-6. [PMID: 19760779 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, Colombel JF, Lémann M, Cosnes J, Hébuterne X, Cortot A, Bouhnik Y, Gendre JP, Simon T, Maynadié M, Hermine O, Faivre J, Carrat F. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374:1617-25. [PMID: 19837455 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 764] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of an increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease are controversial. We assessed this risk in a prospective observational cohort study. METHODS 19,486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, of whom 11,759 (60.3%) had Crohn's disease and 7727 (39.7%) had ulcerative colitis or unclassified inflammatory bowel disease, were enrolled in a nationwide French cohort by 680 gastroenterologists, who reported details of immunosuppressive therapy during the observation period, cases of cancer, and deaths. The risk of lymphoproliferative disorder was assessed according to thiopurine exposure. Median follow-up was 35 months (IQR 29-40). FINDINGS At baseline, 5867 (30.1%) of patients were receiving, 2809 (14.4%) had discontinued, and 10,810 (55.5%) had never received thiopurines. 23 new cases of lymphoproliferative disorder were diagnosed, consisting of one case of Hodgkin's lymphoma and 22 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoproliferative disorder. The incidence rates of lymphoproliferative disorder were 0.90 per 1000 (95% CI 0.50-1.49) patient-years in those receiving, 0.20/1000 (0.02-0.72) patient-years in those who had discontinued, and 0.26/1000 (0.10-0.57) patient-years in those who had never received thiopurines (p=0.0054). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of lymphoproliferative disorder between patients receiving thiopurines and those who had never received the drugs was 5.28 (2.01-13.9, p=0.0007). Most cases associated with thiopurine exposure matched the pathological range of post-transplant disease. INTERPRETATION Patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders. FUNDING Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique National (AOM05157), Association François Aupetit, Délégation Inter-régionale de la Recherche clinique Ile de France-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Ligue contre le Cancer, and Fonds de Recherche de la Société Nationale Française de Gastro-entérologie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Beaugerie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris-VI, Paris, France.
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Serrate C, Silva-Moreno M, Dartigues P, Poujol-Robert A, Sokol H, Gorin NC, Coppo P. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferation awareness in hemophagocytic syndrome complicating thiopurine treatment for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1449-51. [PMID: 19177429 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies may be at increased risk for complications of vaccine preventable diseases, including influenza, varicella, and pneumococcus. However, studies suggest that patients with chronic illness may be inadequately immunized. In part, this is because of a paucity of formal vaccine studies in immune compromised populations. This review discusses the methods one uses to assess vaccine efficacy and provides an update on currently known data on the vaccine antibody responses in immune compromised hosts. Currently published studies suggest that influenza vaccine can be safely administered to patients with IBD on immunosuppression, and is effective in the majority of patients. Further formal studies with other inactivated vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal vaccine, meningitis vaccine) should be conducted. While some studies in immune compromised hosts suggest the live attenuated varicella vaccine can be given without adverse events, administration of this vaccine in patients on immunosuppression remains controversial.
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Rahier JF, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y, Conlon C, De Munter P, D'Haens G, Domènech E, Eliakim R, Eser A, Frater J, Gassull M, Giladi M, Kaser A, Lémann M, Moreels T, Moschen A, Pollok R, Reinisch W, Schunter M, Stange EF, Tilg H, Van Assche G, Viget N, Vucelic B, Walsh A, Weiss G, Yazdanpanah Y, Zabana Y, Travis SPL, Colombel JF. European evidence-based Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:47-91. [PMID: 21172250 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Epstein-barr virus-related diarrhea or exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic dilemma. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1588-90. [PMID: 19279175 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02477-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in colonic specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been documented, diarrhea secondary to gastrointestinal involvement by EBV in the context of primary EBV infection in patients with IBD has not been reported. We describe a patient with IBD who presented with diarrhea and primary EBV infection and propose a role for colonic involvement by EBV in the pathogenesis of his symptoms.
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Fatal Epstein-Barr virus primo infection in a 25-year-old man treated with azathioprine for Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1252-4. [PMID: 19193838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02052-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primo infection with the development of successive infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient treated with azathioprine for Crohn's disease. This case report suggests that specific EBV-related clinical and virological management should be considered when treating a patient with inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine.
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Berry PA, Bernal W, Pagliuca A, Sizer E, Salisbury JR, Wendon JA, Auzinger G. Multiple organ failure and severe bone marrow dysfunction in two 18 year-old Caucasian patients: Epstein-Barr virus and the haemophagocytic syndrome. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:1249-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Hemophagocytic syndrome in an adolescent with Crohn disease receiving azathioprine and infliximab. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47:193-5. [PMID: 18664872 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31816a30b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bargalló A, Carrión S, Domènech E, Antonio Arévalo J, Mañosa M, Cabré E, Luis Cabriada J, Àngel Gassull M. Mononucleosis infecciosa en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en tratamiento con azatioprina. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2008; 31:289-92. [DOI: 10.1157/13119881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Takagi S, Utsunomiya K, Kuriyama S, Yokoyama H, Takahashi S, Iwabuchi M, Takahashi H, Takahashi S, Kinouchi Y, Hiwatashi N, Funayama Y, Sasaki I, Tsuji I, Shimosegawa T. Effectiveness of an 'half elemental diet' as maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease: A randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24:1333-40. [PMID: 17059514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although thiopurines have a proven role in maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease, an alternative therapy is needed for patients intolerant or resistant to thiopurines. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of home enteral nutrition as a maintenance therapy regimen in which half of the daily calorie requirement is provided by an elemental diet and the remaining half by a free diet. We refer to this home enteral nutrition therapy as 'half elemental diet'. METHODS Between 2002 and 2005, 51 patients in remission from two hospitals were randomly assigned to a half elemental diet group (n = 26) or a free diet group (n = 25). The primary outcome measure of this study was the occurrence of relapse over the 2-year period. RESULTS The relapse rate in the half elemental diet group was significantly lower [34.6% vs. 64.0%; multivariate hazard ratio 0.40 (95% CI: 0.16-0.98)] than that in the free diet group after a mean follow-up of 11.9 months. Compliance was similar in the two groups. No adverse event occurred in any of the patients throughout the study. CONCLUSION This randomized-controlled trial shows the effectiveness of an half elemental diet, which is a promising maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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James DG, Stone CD, Wang HL, Stenson WF. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome complicating the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:573-80. [PMID: 16804394 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000225333.83861.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) is a rare disease in which inappropriately activated macrophages consume bone marrow-derived cells. Most cases are associated with infection in the setting of immunodeficiency. The widespread use of immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) places patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis at risk of this complication. No concerted effort has been made to alert gastroenterologists of this condition, and treatment recommendations are lacking. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical and laboratory features of RHS associated with IBD and to review diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and laboratory data were pooled from the clinical practice of the investigators and from published cases. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Seven cases of RHS complicating the treatment of IBD were identified. All patients were on immunosuppressive therapy, with nearly half taking >1 agent. All patients presented with fever, leukopenia, anemia, and hyperferritinemia. Infection by a member of the herpesvirus family or an intracellular pathogen precipitated RHS in 6 of 7 patients. The mortality rate was 29%. The diagnosis of RHS should be considered in patients with IBD taking immunosuppressive therapy who present with fever and cytopenia. Evaluation should begin with a serum ferritin. In patients with a serum ferritin > or =10,000 ng/mL, a bone marrow biopsy should be performed to confirm hemophagocytosis. If the initial evaluation is negative, then clinical suspicion should be maintained until the episode resolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin G James
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Clayton RAE, Malcomson RDG, Gilmour HM, Crawford DH, Parks RW. Profuse gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to delayed primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in an immunocompetent adult. Histopathology 2005; 47:439-41. [PMID: 16178905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Siegel CA, Sands BE. Review article: practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients taking immunomodulators. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:1-16. [PMID: 15963074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, ciclosporin and tacrolimus all have their respective niches in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. These immunomodulators are potent and effective medications; however, they potentially have serious toxicity. To maximize benefit and minimize risk, clinicians must understand the mechanism of action, appropriate indications, range of toxicity and proper dosing of these medications. Furthermore, once initiating therapy, patients need to be monitored appropriately for evidence of efficacy and toxicity. This review includes the rationale behind recommendations for the management and monitoring of patients using immunomodulators. For the purine antagonists--azathioprine and mercaptopurine--the evidence for utility of thiopurine methyltransferase testing and mercaptopurine metabolite monitoring is addressed. The roles of liver biopsy and screening for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations in patients taking methotrexate are reviewed. With appropriate monitoring, the calcineurin inhibitors--ciclosporin and tacrolimus--can be used safely and effectively. Immunomodulators are important agents for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and prescribing clinicians should be comfortable recognizing both their value and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Siegel
- Gastrointestinal Unit and MGH Crohn's and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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50
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Abstract
Infections have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in association with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory medications used to treat IBD. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on infectious complication risk in patients with IBD. This review describes infectious complications reported in patients with IBD and provides a framework for future studies to assess potential risk factors and incidence for infection. Recommendations are also provided for prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten N Aberra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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