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Wang J, Qu J, Hou Q, Huo X, Zhao X, Chang L, Xu C. Strategies for the Isolation and Identification of Gastric Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2024; 2024:5553852. [PMID: 38882596 PMCID: PMC11178399 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5553852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) originate from both gastric adult stem cells and bone marrow cells and are conspicuously present within the histological milieu of gastric cancer tissue. GCSCs play pivotal and multifaceted roles in the initiation, progression, and recurrence of gastric cancer. Hence, the characterization of GCSCs not only facilitates precise target identification for prospective therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer but also has significant implications for targeted therapy and the prognosis of gastric cancer. The prevailing techniques for GCSC purification involve their isolation using surface-specific cell markers, such as those identified by flow cytometry and immunomagnetic bead sorting techniques. In addition, in vitro culture and side-population cell sorting are integral methods in this context. This review discusses the surface biomarkers, isolation techniques, and identification methods of GCSCs, as well as their role in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
- Second Department of General Surgery Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068 710068, China
- Department of Graduate School Yan'an University, Yan'an 716009, China
| | - Jie Qu
- Second Department of General Surgery Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068 710068, China
- Department of Graduate School Yan'an University, Yan'an 716009, China
| | - Qiang Hou
- Second Department of General Surgery Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068 710068, China
- Department of Graduate School Yan'an University, Yan'an 716009, China
| | - Xueping Huo
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhao
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Le Chang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Cuixiang Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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Sui H, Deng W, Chai Q, Han B, Zhang Y, Wei Z, Li Z, Wang T, Feng J, Yuan M, Tang Q, Xu H. YTE-17 inhibits colonic carcinogenesis by resetting antitumor immune response via Wnt5a/JNK mediated metabolic signaling. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100901. [PMID: 38665223 PMCID: PMC11044051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The density and composition of lymphocytes infiltrating colon tumors serve as predictive factors for the clinical outcome of colon cancer. Our previous studies highlighted the potent anti-cancer properties of the principal compounds found in Garcinia yunnanensis (YTE-17), attributing these effects to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. However, knowledge regarding the mechanism and effect of YTE-17 in the prevention of colorectal cancer is limited. In this study, we conducted isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) exposed YTE-17, both in vitro and invivo, revealing a significant inhibition of the Wnt family member 5a (Wnt5a)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Subsequently, we elucidated the influence and mechanism of YTE-17 on the tumor microenvironment (TME), specifically focusing on macrophage-mediated T helper 17 (Th17) cell induction in a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) model with Wnt5a deletion. Additionally, we performed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the colonic tissue from the Wnt5a-deleted CAC model to characterize the composition, lineage, and functional status of immune mesenchymal cells during different stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Remarkably, our findings demonstrate a significant reduction in M2 macrophage polarization and Th17 cell phenotype upon treatment with YTE-17, leading to the restoration of regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 cell balance in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. Furthermore, we also confirmed that YTE-17 effectively inhibited the glycolysis of Th17 cells in both direct and indirect co-culture systems with M2 macrophages. Notably, our study shed light on potential mechanisms linking the non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signaling pathway and well-established canonical β-catenin oncogenic pathway in vivo. Specifically, we proposed that Wnt5a/JNK signaling activity in IECs promotes the development of cancer stem cells with β-catenin activity within the TME, involving macrophages and T cells. In summary, our study undergoes the potential of YTE-17 as a preventive strategy against CRC development by addressing the imbalance with the immune microenvironment, thereby mitigating the risk of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sui
- Medical Experiment Center, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch-School of Pharmacy of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Laboratory, Shanghai, 201803, China
| | - Wanli Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qiong Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch-School of Pharmacy of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Laboratory, Shanghai, 201803, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- Medical Experiment Center, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch-School of Pharmacy of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Laboratory, Shanghai, 201803, China
| | - Zan Li
- Medical Experiment Center, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch-School of Pharmacy of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Laboratory, Shanghai, 201803, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiling Feng
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qingfeng Tang
- Medical Experiment Center, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201803, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai General Hospital Jiading Branch-School of Pharmacy of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Laboratory, Shanghai, 201803, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Tong QY, Pang MJ, Hu XH, Huang XZ, Sun JX, Wang XY, Burclaff J, Mills JC, Wang ZN, Miao ZF. Gastric intestinal metaplasia: progress and remaining challenges. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:285-301. [PMID: 38242996 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Most gastric cancers arise in the setting of chronic inflammation which alters gland organization, such that acid-pumping parietal cells are lost, and remaining cells undergo metaplastic change in differentiation patterns. From a basic science perspective, recent progress has been made in understanding how atrophy and initial pyloric metaplasia occur. However, pathologists and cancer biologists have long been focused on the development of intestinal metaplasia patterns in this setting. Arguably, much less progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that lead to the intestinalization seen in chronic atrophic gastritis and pyloric metaplasia. One plausible explanation for this disparity lies in the notable absence of reliable and reproducible small animal models within the field, which would facilitate the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the development of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). This review offers an in-depth exploration of the current state of research in GIM, shedding light on its pivotal role in tumorigenesis. We delve into the histological subtypes of GIM and explore their respective associations with tumor formation. We present the current repertoire of biomarkers utilized to delineate the origins and progression of GIM and provide a comprehensive survey of the available, albeit limited, mouse lines employed for modeling GIM and engage in a discussion regarding potential cell lineages that serve as the origins of GIM. Finally, we expound upon the myriad signaling pathways recognized for their activity in GIM and posit on their potential overlap and interactions that contribute to the ultimate manifestation of the disease phenotype. Through our exhaustive review of the progression from gastric disease to GIM, we aim to establish the groundwork for future research endeavors dedicated to elucidating the etiology of GIM and developing strategies for its prevention and treatment, considering its potential precancerous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yue Tong
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Min-Jiao Pang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuan-Zhang Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Xu Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Joseph Burclaff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 N. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Chen C, Zhao X, Wang H, Xu L, Fu Y, Huang G, Li M, Xu J, Zhang Q, Wang B, Xu G, Wang L, Zou X, Wang S. NNMT enriches for AQP5 + cancer stem cells to drive malignant progression in early gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Gut 2023; 73:63-77. [PMID: 36977555 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (EGCA) is a highly heterogeneous cancer, and the understanding of its classification and malignant progression is limited. This study explored the cellular and molecular heterogeneity in EGCA using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). DESIGN scRNA-seq was conducted on 95 551 cells from endoscopic biopsies of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, well/moderately/poorly differentiated EGCA and their paired adjacent nonmalignant biopsy samples. Large-scale clinical samples and functional experiments were employed. RESULTS Integrative analysis of epithelial cells revealed that chief cells, parietal cells and enteroendocrine cells were rarely detected in the malignant epithelial subpopulation, whereas gland and pit mucous cells and AQP5+ stem cells were predominant during malignant progression. Pseudotime and functional enrichment analyses showed that the WNT and NF-κB signalling pathways were activated during the transition. Cluster analysis of heterogeneous malignant cells revealed that NNMT-mediated nicotinamide metabolism was enriched in gastric mucin phenotype cell population, which was associated with tumour initiation and inflammation-induced angiogenesis. Furthermore, the expression level of NNMT was gradually increased during the malignant progression and associated with poor prognosis in cardia adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, NNMT catalysed the conversion of nicotinamide to 1-methyl nicotinamide via depleting S-adenosyl methionine, which led to a reduction in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and then activated the WNT signalling pathway to maintain the stemness of AQP5+ stem cells during EGCA malignant progression. CONCLUSION Our study extends the understanding of the heterogeneity of EGCA and identifies a functional NNMT+/AQP5+ population that may drive malignant progression in EGCA and could be used for early diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangding Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Ji XF, Zhou Q, Wang JW, Sun F, Gao S, Wang K. Associations of Wnt5a expression with liver injury in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:860. [PMID: 38062395 PMCID: PMC10704684 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Wnt5a expression contributes to immunity, inflammation and tissue damage. However, it remains unknown whether Wnt5a is associated with liver injury in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aimed to explore the potential role of Wnt5a expression in liver injury caused by chronic HBV infection. METHODS Wnt5a mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed in 31 acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) patients, 82 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and 20 healthy controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intrahepatic Wnt5a protein expression from 32 chronic HBV infection patients and 6 normal controls was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Wnt5a mRNA expression was increased in CHB patients and ACHBLF patients compared to healthy controls and correlated positively with liver injury markers. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between Wnt5a mRNA expression and HBV DNA load in all patients and CHB patients but not in ACHBLF patients. Furthermore, intrahepatic Wnt5a protein expression was elevated in chronic HBV infection patients compared to that in normal controls. Moreover, chronic HBV infection patients with higher hepatic inflammatory grades had increased intrahepatic Wnt5a protein expression compared with lower hepatic inflammatory grades. In addition, the cut-off value of 12.59 for Wnt5a mRNA level was a strong indicator in predicting ACHBLF in CHB patients. CONCLUSIONS We found that Wnt5a expression was associated with liver injury in chronic HBV infection patients. Wnt5a might be involved in exacerbation of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Fen Ji
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Hepatology Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Krzysiek-Maczka G, Brzozowski T, Ptak-Belowska A. Helicobacter pylori-activated fibroblasts as a silent partner in gastric cancer development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1219-1256. [PMID: 37460910 PMCID: PMC10713772 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection of gastric mucosa leading to active chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and MALT lymphoma laid the groundwork for understanding of the general relationship between chronic infection, inflammation, and cancer. Nevertheless, this sequence of events is still far from full understanding with new players and mediators being constantly identified. Originally, the Hp virulence factors affecting mainly gastric epithelium were proposed to contribute considerably to gastric inflammation, ulceration, and cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that Hp possesses the ability to penetrate the mucus layer and directly interact with stroma components including fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells, which are the source of biophysical and biochemical signals providing the proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation within gastric epithelial stem cell compartment, when exposed to Hp, can convert into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. The crosstalk between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with gastric epithelial cells including stem/progenitor cell niche involves several pathways mediated by non-coding RNAs, Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling ligands. The current review concentrates on the consequences of Hp-induced increase in gastric fibroblast and myofibroblast number, and their activation towards CAFs with the emphasis to the altered communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cell compartment, which may lead to inflammation, epithelial stem cell overproliferation, disturbed differentiation, and gradual gastric cancer development. Thus, Hp-activated fibroblasts may constitute the target for anti-cancer treatment and, importantly, for the pharmacotherapies diminishing their activation particularly at the early stages of Hp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjana Krzysiek-Maczka
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
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Alvina FB, Chen TCY, Lim HYG, Barker N. Gastric epithelial stem cells in development, homeostasis and regeneration. Development 2023; 150:dev201494. [PMID: 37746871 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The stem/progenitor cell pool is indispensable for the development, homeostasis and regeneration of the gastric epithelium, owing to its defining ability to self-renew whilst supplying the various functional epithelial lineages needed to digest food efficiently. A detailed understanding of the intricacies and complexities surrounding the behaviours and roles of these stem cells offers insights, not only into the physiology of gastric epithelial development and maintenance, but also into the pathological consequences following aberrations in stem cell regulation. Here, we provide an insightful synthesis of the existing knowledge on gastric epithelial stem cell biology, including the in vitro and in vivo experimental techniques that have advanced such studies. We highlight the contributions of stem/progenitor cells towards patterning the developing stomach, specification of the differentiated cell lineages and maintenance of the mature epithelium during homeostasis and following injury. Finally, we discuss gaps in our understanding and identify key research areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelia B Alvina
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tanysha Chi-Ying Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Grace Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117593, Republic of Singapore
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Chen Q, Weng K, Lin M, Jiang M, Fang Y, Chung SSW, Huang X, Zhong Q, Liu Z, Huang Z, Lin J, Li P, El-Rifai W, Zaika A, Li H, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H, Abrams JA, Wang TC, Lu C, Huang C, Que J. SOX9 Modulates the Transformation of Gastric Stem Cells Through Biased Symmetric Cell Division. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:1119-1136.e12. [PMID: 36740200 PMCID: PMC10200757 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transformation of stem/progenitor cells has been associated with tumorigenesis in multiple tissues, but stem cells in the stomach have been hard to localize. We therefore aimed to use a combination of several markers to better target oncogenes to gastric stem cells and understand their behavior in the initial stages of gastric tumorigenesis. METHODS Mouse models of gastric metaplasia and cancer by targeting stem/progenitor cells were generated and analyzed with techniques including reanalysis of single-cell RNA sequencing and immunostaining. Gastric cancer cell organoids were genetically manipulated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) for functional studies. Cell division was determined by bromodeoxyuridine-chasing assay and the assessment of the orientation of the mitotic spindles. Gastric tissues from patients were examined by histopathology and immunostaining. RESULTS Oncogenic insults lead to expansion of SOX9+ progenitor cells in the mouse stomach. Genetic lineage tracing and organoid culture studies show that SOX9+ gastric epithelial cells overlap with SOX2+ progenitors and include stem cells that can self-renew and differentiate to generate all gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, oncogenic targeting of SOX9+SOX2+ cells leads to invasive gastric cancer in our novel mouse model (Sox2-CreERT;Sox9-loxp(66)-rtTA-T2A-Flpo-IRES-loxp(71);Kras(Frt-STOP-Frt-G12D);P53R172H), which combines Cre-loxp and Flippase-Frt genetic recombination systems. Sox9 deletion impedes the expansion of gastric progenitor cells and blocks neoplasia after Kras activation. Although Sox9 is not required for maintaining tissue homeostasis where asymmetric division predominates, loss of Sox9 in the setting of Kras activation leads to reduced symmetric cell division and effectively attenuates the Kras-dependent expansion of stem/progenitor cells. Similarly, Sox9 deletion in gastric cancer organoids reduces symmetric cell division, organoid number, and organoid size. In patients with gastric cancer, high levels of SOX9 are associated with recurrence and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION SOX9 marks gastric stem cells and modulates biased symmetric cell division, which appears to be required for the malignant transformation of gastric stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kai Weng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ming Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinshan Fang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanny S W Chung
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zening Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxian Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Changming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianwen Que
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
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9
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Liang Z, Fang S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Qian H, Geng H. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Gastric Cancer Cell Exosomes Affected the Fate of Surrounding Normal Cells via the Circ0000670/Wnt/β-Catenin Axis. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050465. [PMID: 37235279 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for gastric cancer. Exosomes are an important part of intercellular and intra-organ communication systems and can carry circRNA and other components to play a regulatory role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. However, it is unclear whether cigarette smoke can affect exosomes and exosomal circRNA to promote the development of gastric cancer. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells promote cancer development by affecting surrounding normal cells. Herein, we aimed to clarify whether the exosomes secreted by cigarette smoke-induced gastric cancer cells can promote the development of gastric cancer by affecting the surrounding gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1). In the present study, we treated gastric cancer cells with cigarette smoke extract for 4 days and demonstrated that cigarette smoke promotes the stemness and EMT of gastric cancer cells and cigarette smoke-induced exosomes promote stemness gene expression, EMT processes and the proliferation of GES-1 cells. We further found that circ0000670 was up-regulated in tissues of gastric cancer patients with smoking history, cigarette smoke-induced gastric cancer cells and their exosomes. Functional assays showed that circ0000670 knockdown inhibited the promoting effects of cigarette smoke-induced exosomes on the stemness and EMT characteristic of GES-1 cells, whereas its overexpression had the opposite effect. In addition, exosomal circ0000670 was found to promote the development of gastric cancer by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our findings indicated that exosomal circ0000670 promotes cigarette smoke-induced gastric cancer development, which might provide a new basis for the treatment of cigarette smoke-related gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shikun Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yumeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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10
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Beccaceci G, Sigal M. Unwelcome guests - the role of gland-associated Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1171003. [PMID: 37152042 PMCID: PMC10160455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1171003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are Gram-negative bacteria that cause chronic gastritis and are considered the main risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. H. pylori have evolved to survive the harsh luminal environment of the stomach and are known to cause damage and signaling aberrations in gastric epithelial cells, which can result in premalignant and malignant pathology. As well as colonizing the gastric mucus and surface epithelial cells, a subpopulation of H. pylori can invade deep into the gastric glands and directly interact with progenitor and stem cells. Gland colonization therefore bears the potential to cause direct injury to long-lived cells. Moreover, this bacterial subpopulation triggers a series of host responses that cause an enhanced proliferation of stem cells. Here, we review recent insights into how gastric gland colonization by H. pylori is established, the resulting pro-carcinogenic epithelial signaling alterations, as well as new insights into stem cell responses to infection. Together these point towards a critical role of gland-associated H. pylori in the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Beccaceci
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Wizenty J, Sigal M. Gastric Stem Cell Biology and Helicobacter pylori Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:1-24. [PMID: 38231213 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa and persists lifelong. An interactive network between the bacteria and host cells shapes a unique microbial niche within gastric glands that alters epithelial behavior, leading to pathologies such as chronic gastritis and eventually gastric cancer. Gland colonization by the bacterium initiates aberrant trajectories by inducing long-term inflammatory and regenerative gland responses, which involve various specialized epithelial and stromal cells. Recent studies using cell lineage tracing, organoids and scRNA-seq techniques have significantly advanced our knowledge of the molecular "identity" of epithelial and stromal cell subtypes during normal homeostasis and upon infection, and revealed the principles that underly stem cell (niche) behavior under homeostatic conditions as well as upon H. pylori infection. The activation of long-lived stem cells deep in the gastric glands has emerged as a key prerequisite of H. pylori-associated gastric site-specific pathologies such as hyperplasia in the antrum, and atrophy or metaplasia in the corpus, that are considered premalignant lesions. In addition to altering the behaviour of bona fide stem cells, injury-driven de-differentiation and trans-differentation programs, such as "paligenosis", subsequently allow highly specialized secretory cells to re-acquire stem cell functions, driving gland regeneration. This plastic regenerative capacity of gastric glands is required to maintain homeostasis and repair mucosal injuries. However, these processes are co-opted in the context of stepwise malignant transformation in chronic H. pylori infection, causing the emergence, selection and expansion of cancer-promoting stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wizenty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Zeng Y, Jin RU. Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:566-582. [PMID: 34933124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major source of global cancer mortality with limited treatment options and poor patient survival. As our molecular understanding of gastric cancer improves, we are now beginning to recognize that these cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with incredibly unique pathogeneses and active oncogenic pathways. It is this molecular diversity and oftentimes lack of common oncogenic driver mutations that bestow the poor treatment responses that oncologists often face when treating gastric cancer. In this review, we will examine the treatments for gastric cancer including up-to-date molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We will then review the molecular subtypes of gastric cancer to highlight the diversity seen in this disease. We will then shift our discussion to basic science and gastric cancer mouse models as tools to study gastric cancer molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, we will elaborate on a molecular process termed paligenosis and the cyclical hit model as key events during gastric cancer initiation that impart nondividing mature differentiated cells the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and accumulate disparate genomic mutations during years of chronic inflammation and injury. As our basic science understanding of gastric cancer advances, so too must our translational and clinical efforts. We will end with a discussion regarding single-cell molecular analyses and cancer organoid technologies as future translational avenues to advance our understanding of gastric cancer heterogeneity and to design precision-based gastric cancer treatments. Elucidation of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity is the only way to advance future cancer prevention, diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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13
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Rao X, Zhang C, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Wu X. Targeting Gastric Cancer Stem Cells to Enhance Treatment Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182828. [PMID: 36139403 PMCID: PMC9496718 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) was the fourth deadliest cancer in the world in 2020, and about 770,000 people died from GC that year. The death of patients with GC is mainly caused by the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of GC cells. The cancer stem cell theory defines cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a key factor in the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of cancer. It considers targeting gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) to be an effective method for the treatment of GC. For GCSCs, genes or noncoding RNAs are important regulatory factors. Many experimental studies have found that some drugs can target the stemness of gastric cancer by regulating these genes or noncoding RNAs, which may bring new directions for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review mainly discusses related genes or noncoding RNAs in GCSCs and drugs that target its stemness, thereby providing some information for the treatment of GC.
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14
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Pan JB, Liu CJ, Liu YC, Saito S, Kato K, Lin YC, Kuo KK, Chan TF, Chong IW, Lin CS, Wu DC, Yokoyama KK. Stem Cell Biomarkers and Tumorigenesis in Gastric Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060929. [PMID: 35743714 PMCID: PMC9224738 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomach cancer has a high mortality, which is partially caused by an absence of suitable biomarkers to allow detection of the initiation stages of cancer progression. Thus, identification of critical biomarkers associated with gastric cancer (GC) is required to advance its clinical diagnoses and treatment. Recent studies using tracing models for lineage analysis of GC stem cells indicate that the cell fate decision of the gastric stem cells might be an important issue for stem cell plasticity. They include leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5+), Cholecystokinin receptor 2 (Cckr2+), and axis inhibition protein 2 (Axin2+) as the stem cell markers in the antrum, Trefoil Factor 2 (TFF2+), Mist1+ stem cells, and Troy+ chief cells in the corpus. By contrast, Estrogen receptor 1 (eR1), Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2), and B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1) are rich in both the antrum and corpus regions. These markers might help to identify the cell-lineage identity and analyze the plasticity of each stem cell population. Thus, identification of marker genes for the development of GC and its environment is critical for the clinical application of cancer stem cells in the prevention of stomach cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita 329-2192, Japan;
- Horus Co., Ltd., Nakano, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Division of General & Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (K.-K.K.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7312-1101 (ext. 2729); Fax: +886-7313-3849
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15
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Tobe Y, Uehara T, Nakajima T, Iwaya M, Kobayashi Y, Kinugawa Y, Kuraishi Y, Ota H. LGR5-Expressing Cells in the Healing Process of Post-ESD Ulcers in Gastric Corpus. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2134-2142. [PMID: 34081250 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LGR5 is a promising stem cell marker in gastric pylorus, but there are few reports on its expression in human gastric corpus. AIMS To investigate the involvement of LGR5 expression in gastric corpus ulcer regeneration in humans. METHODS LGR5 expression was analyzed in five post-ESD ulcers during the healing process of regenerating epithelial cells of the gastric corpus. LGR5 expression was detected by mRNA in situ hybridization using an RNA scope kit. Immunohistochemistry of MUC6, HIK1083, and pepsinogen 1 (PG1) was performed to identify cell differentiation. RESULTS We defined MUC6+/HIK1083-/PG1-, MUC6+/HIK1083+/PG1-, MUC6+/HIK1083+/PG1+, MUC6+/HIK1083-/PG1+, and MUC6-/HIK1083-/PG1+cells as pseudopyloric mucosa (PPM) phase 1 (PPM1), PPM phase 2 (PPM2), PPM phase 3 (PPM3), immature chief cells (ICC), and mature chief cells (MCC) in order from the ulcer center, respectively. In the regenerated mucosa around post-ESD ulcers, LGR5 expression was observed throughout the gland in PPM1-PPM3, but it was limited to the bottom of the gland in ICC and MCC. Furthermore, LGR5 expression was not identified in the normal gastric corpus. The H-score of PPM2 was significantly higher than that of PPM3 (P = 0.0313). The H-score of PPM3 was significantly higher than that of ICC (P = 0.0313). The LGR5 H-score was higher at the immature stage, which decreased gradually with progression of the differentiation stage. CONCLUSIONS LGR5 expression appears to contribute to mucosal regeneration in the human gastric corpus. The application of LGR5 expression analysis to mucosal regeneration and fundic gland-type gastric tumors is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tobe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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16
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Hoffmann W. Self-Renewal and Cancers of the Gastric Epithelium: An Update and the Role of the Lectin TFF1 as an Antral Tumor Suppressor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105377. [PMID: 35628183 PMCID: PMC9141172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, gastric cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths globally. About 90% of gastric cancers are sporadic and the vast majority are correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection; whereas familial clustering is observed in about 10% of cases. Gastric cancer is now considered to be a disease originating from dysregulated self-renewal of the gastric glands in the setting of an inflammatory environment. The human stomach contains two types of gastric units, which show bi-directional self-renewal from a complex variety of stem cells. This review focuses on recent progress concerning the characterization of the different stem cell populations and the mainly mesenchymal signals triggering their stepwise differentiation as well as the genesis of pre-cancerous lesions and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a model is presented (Lectin-triggered Receptor Blocking Hypothesis) explaining the role of the lectin TFF1 as an antral tumor suppressor possibly regulating Lgr5+ antral stem cells in a paracrine or maybe autocrine fashion, with neighboring antral gland cells having a role as niche cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Liabeuf D, Oshima M, Stange DE, Sigal M. Stem Cells, Helicobacter pylori, and Mutational Landscape: Utility of Preclinical Models to Understand Carcinogenesis and to Direct Management of Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1067-1087. [PMID: 34942172 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several genetic and environmental factors increase gastric cancer (GC) risk, with Helicobacter pylori being the main environmental agent. GC is thought to emerge through a sequence of morphological changes that have been elucidated on the molecular level. New technologies have shed light onto pathways that are altered in GC, involving mutational and epigenetic changes and altered signaling pathways. Using various new model systems and innovative approaches, the relevance of such alterations for the emergence and progression of GC has been validated. Here, we highlight the key strategies and the resulting achievements. A major step is the characterization of epithelial stem cell behavior in the healthy stomach. These data, obtained through new reporter mouse lines and lineage tracing, enabled insights into the processes that control cellular proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of gastric stem cells. It has become evident that these cells and pathways are often deregulated in carcinogenesis. Second, insights into how H pylori colonizes gastric glands, directly interacts with stem cells, and alters cellular and genomic integrity, as well as the characterization of tissue responses to infection, provide a comprehensive picture of how this bacterium contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. Third, the development of stem cell- and tissue-specific reporter mice have driven our understanding of the signals and mutations that promote different types of GC and now also enable the study of more advanced, metastasized stages. Finally, organoids from human tissue have allowed insights into gastric carcinogenesis by validating mutational and signaling alterations in human primary cells and opening a route to predicting responses to personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Liabeuf
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Morphogen Signals Shaping the Gastric Glands in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073632. [PMID: 35408991 PMCID: PMC8998987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult gastric mucosa is characterised by deep invaginations of the epithelium called glands. These tissue architectural elements are maintained with the contribution of morphogen signals. Morphogens are expressed in specific areas of the tissue, and their diffusion generates gradients in the microenvironment. Cells at different positions in the gland sense a specific combination of signals that instruct them to differentiate, proliferate, regenerate, or migrate. Differentiated cells perform specific functions involved in digestion, such as the production of protective mucus and the secretion of digestive enzymes or gastric acid. Biopsies from gastric precancerous conditions usually display tissue aberrations and change the shape of the glands. Alteration of the morphogen signalling microenvironment is likely to underlie those conditions. Furthermore, genes involved in morphogen signalling pathways are found to be frequently mutated in gastric cancer. We summarise the most recent findings regarding alterations of morphogen signalling during gastric carcinogenesis, and we highlight the new stem cell technologies that are improving our understanding of the regulation of human tissue shape.
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19
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Diffuse gastric cancer: Emerging mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188719. [PMID: 35307354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is globally the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Patients with diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) particularly have a poor prognosis that only marginally improved over the last decades, as conventional chemotherapies are frequently ineffective and specific therapies are unavailable. Early-stage DGC is characterized by intramucosal lesions of discohesive cells, which can be present for many years before the emergence of advanced DGC consisting of highly proliferative and invasive cells. The mechanisms underlying the key steps of DGC development and transition to aggressive tumors are starting to emerge. Novel mouse- and organoid models for DGC, together with multi-omic analyses of DGC tumors, revealed contributions of both tumor cell-intrinsic alterations and gradual changes in the tumor microenvironment to DGC progression. In this review, we will discuss how these recent findings are leading towards an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for DGC initiation and malignancy, which may provide opportunities for targeted therapies.
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20
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Homeostasis and Cancer Initiation: Organoids as Models to Study the Initiation of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052790. [PMID: 35269931 PMCID: PMC8911327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer represents a significant disease burden worldwide. The factors that initiate cancer are not well understood. Chronic inflammation such as that triggered by H. pylori infection is the most significant cause of gastric cancer. In recent years, organoid cultures developed from human and animal adult stem cells have facilitated great advances in our understanding of gastric homeostasis. Organoid models are now being exploited to investigate the role of host genetics and bacterial factors on proliferation and DNA damage in gastric stem cells. The impact of a chronic inflammatory state on gastric stem cells and the stroma has been less well addressed. This review discusses what we have learned from the use of organoid models to investigate cancer initiation, and highlights questions on the contribution of the microbiota, chronic inflammatory milieu, and stromal cells that can now be addressed by more complex coculture models.
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21
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Generation of Human Stomach Cancer iPSC-Derived Organoids Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection and Their Application to Gastric Cancer Research. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020184. [PMID: 35053302 PMCID: PMC8773924 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable cellular diversity in the human stomach, which has helped to clarify cell plasticity in normal development and tumorigenesis. Thus, the stomach is an interesting model for understanding cellular plasticity and for developing prospective anticancer therapeutic agents. However, many questions remain regarding the development of cancers in vivo and in vitro in two- or three-dimensional (2D/3D) cultures, as well as the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. p.) infection. Here, we focus on the characteristics of cancer stem cells and their derived 3D organoids in culture, including the formation of stem cell niches. We define the conditions required for such organoid culture in vitro and examine the ability of such models for testing the use of anticancer agents. We also summarize the signaling cascades and the specific markers of stomach-cancer-derived organoids induced by H. p. infection, and their stem cell niches.
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22
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Douchi D, Yamamura A, Matsuo J, Melissa Lim YH, Nuttonmanit N, Shimura M, Suda K, Chen S, Pang S, Kohu K, Abe T, Shioi G, Kim G, Shabbir A, Srivastava S, Unno M, Bok-Yan So J, Teh M, Yeoh KG, Chuang LSH, Ito Y. Induction of Gastric Cancer by Successive Oncogenic Activation in the Corpus. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1907-1923.e26. [PMID: 34391772 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metaplasia and dysplasia in the corpus are reportedly derived from de-differentiation of chief cells. However, the cellular origin of metaplasia and cancer remained uncertain. Therefore, we investigated whether pepsinogen C (PGC) transcript-expressing cells represent the cellular origin of metaplasia and cancer using a novel Pgc-specific CreERT2 recombinase mouse model. METHODS We generated a Pgc-mCherry-IRES-CreERT2 (Pgc-CreERT2) knock-in mouse model. Pgc-CreERT2/+ and Rosa-EYFP mice were crossed to generate Pgc-CreERT2/Rosa-EYFP (Pgc-CreERT2/YFP) mice. Gastric tissues were collected, followed by lineage-tracing experiments and histologic and immunofluorescence staining. We further established Pgc-CreERT2;KrasG12D/+ mice and investigated whether PGC transcript-expressing cells are responsible for the precancerous state in gastric glands. To investigate cancer development from PGC transcript-expressing cells with activated Kras, inactivated Apc, and Trp53 signaling pathways, we crossed Pgc-CreERT2/+ mice with conditional KrasG12D, Apcflox, Trp53flox mice. RESULTS Expectedly, mCherry mainly labeled chief cells in the Pgc-CreERT2 mice. However, mCherry was also detected throughout the neck cell and isthmal stem/progenitor regions, albeit at lower levels. In the Pgc-CreERT2;KrasG12D/+ mice, PGC transcript-expressing cells with KrasG12D/+ mutation presented pseudopyloric metaplasia. The early induction of proliferation at the isthmus may reflect the ability of isthmal progenitors to react rapidly to Pgc-driven KrasG12D/+ oncogenic mutation. Furthermore, Pgc-CreERT2;KrasG12D/+;Apcflox/flox mice presented intramucosal dysplasia/carcinoma and Pgc-CreERT2;KrasG12D/+;Apcflox/flox;Trp53flox/flox mice presented invasive and metastatic gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The Pgc-CreERT2 knock-in mouse is an invaluable tool to study the effects of successive oncogenic activation in the mouse corpus. Time-course observations can be made regarding the responses of isthmal and chief cells to oncogenic insults. We can observe stomach-specific tumorigenesis from the beginning to metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Douchi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamamura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Hui Melissa Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Napat Nuttonmanit
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitsuhiro Shimura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuto Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sabirah Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - ShuChin Pang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kazuyoshi Kohu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Guowei Kim
- Department of Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jimmy Bok-Yan So
- Department of Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Hagen SJ. Mucosal defense: gastroduodenal injury and repair mechanisms. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:609-614. [PMID: 34475337 PMCID: PMC8511296 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mucosal barrier serves as a primary interface between the environment and host. In daily life, superficial injury to the gastric or duodenal mucosa occurs regularly but heals rapidly by a process called 'restitution'. Persistent injury to the gastroduodenal mucosa also occurs but initiates a regenerative lesion with specific wound healing mechanisms that attempt to repair barrier function. If not healed, these lesions can be the site of neoplasia development in a chronic inflammatory setting. This review summarizes the past year of advances in understanding mucosal repair in the gastroduodenal mucosa, which occurs as a defense mechanism against injury. RECENT FINDINGS Organoids are an emerging new tool that allows for the correlation of in vivo and in vitro models; organoids represent an important reductionist model to probe specific aspects of injury and repair mechanisms that are limited to epithelial cells. Additionally, proof-of-concept studies show that machine learning algorithms may ultimately assist with identifying novel, targetable pathways to pursue in therapeutic interventions. Gut-on-chip technology and single cell RNA-sequencing contributed to new understanding of gastroduodenal regenerative lesions after injury by identifying networks and interactions that are involved in the repair process. SUMMARY Recent updates provide new possibilities for identifying novel molecular targets for the treatment of acute and superficial mucosal injury, mucosal regeneration, and regenerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Hagen
- Department of Surgery
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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24
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Al-Yassir F, Khoder G, Sugathan S, Saseedharan P, Al Menhali A, Karam SM. Modulation of Stem Cell Progeny by Probiotics during Regeneration of Gastric Mucosal Erosions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070596. [PMID: 34203400 PMCID: PMC8301058 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with gastric mucosal erosions are predisposed to chronic gastritis, ulcer or even cancer. The repair of mucosal erosions involves several events including proliferation of gastric epithelial stem cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the probiotic mixture of De Simone Formulation on gastric epithelial stem cell lineages in mouse models of gastric mucosal erosions. Gastric erosions were induced by a single oral gavage of 80% ethanol containing 15 mg/mL acetylsalicylic acid (5 mL/kg) following a daily dose of probiotic mixture (5 mg/day/mouse) for 10 days. In another protocol, erosions were induced by a daily gavage of acetylsalicylic acid (400 mg/kg/day/mouse) for 5 days before or after daily administration of probiotic mixture for 5 days. Control mice received water gavage for 10 days. All mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine two hours before sacrifice to label S-phase cells. The stomachs of all mice were processed for histological examination, lectin binding, and immunohistochemical analysis. The results reveal that mice that received probiotics before or after the induction of erosion showed a decrease in erosion index with an increase in gastric epithelial stem/progenitor cell proliferation and enhanced production of mucus, trefoil factors, and ghrelin by mucous and enteroendocrine cell lineages. These mice also showed restoration of the amount of H+,K+-ATPase and pepsinogen involved in the production of the harsh acidic environment by parietal and chief cell lineages. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the beneficial effects of probiotics against gastric mucosal erosion and highlights the involvement and modulation of proliferative stem cells and their multiple glandular epithelial cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Yassir
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; (F.A.-Y.); (S.S.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Debbieh Campus, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-50-20 Riad El Solh 11072809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghalia Khoder
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (A.A.M.); (S.M.K.); Tel.: +971-3-713-7493 (S.M.K.)
| | - Subi Sugathan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; (F.A.-Y.); (S.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Prashanth Saseedharan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; (F.A.-Y.); (S.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Asma Al Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Research Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (A.A.M.); (S.M.K.); Tel.: +971-3-713-7493 (S.M.K.)
| | - Sherif M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; (F.A.-Y.); (S.S.); (P.S.)
- Zayed Research Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (A.A.M.); (S.M.K.); Tel.: +971-3-713-7493 (S.M.K.)
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25
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Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Rustgi AK, Que J, Wang TC. Stem cells and origins of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1343-1361. [PMID: 34129814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus and stomach, joined by a unique transitional zone, contain actively dividing epithelial stem cells required for organ homeostasis. Upon prolonged inflammation, epithelial cells in both organs can undergo a cell fate switch leading to intestinal metaplasia, predisposing to malignancy. Here we discuss the biology of gastroesophageal stem cells and their role as cells of origin in cancer. We summarize the interactions between the stromal niche and gastroesophageal stem cells in metaplasia and early expansion of mutated stem-cell-derived clones during carcinogenesis. Finally, we review new approaches under development to better study gastroesophageal stem cells and advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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26
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Wang W, Xie X, Zhou Z, Zhang H. Expression Analysis of MIST1 and EMT Markers in Primary Tumor Samples Points to MIST1 as a Biomarker of Cervical Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1293-1300. [PMID: 33883927 PMCID: PMC8055369 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s307367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mist1 is a basic transcription factor, which plays an important role in the development of multiple organs, and may also regulate tumor progression by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. However, there is lack of research on its role of squamous cell carcinoma, especially in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Bioinformatic methods were used to analyze gene expression, correlation, and patient survival according to the TCGA database. Thirty pairs of cancer tissues and distal cancer tissues from cervical cancer patients who received radical surgery were enrolled in the study. The expression of Mist1 was analyzed using Western blot. Furthermore, the potential associations among Mist1 expression, EMT biomarkers and various clinicopathological characteristics were investigated. All statistical tests employed in this study were two-sided, and P values <0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results Overall survival data were obtained from TCGA-CESC dataset, containing 3 control samples and 305 tumor samples. The expression of Mist1 was significantly higher in primary tumor than in normal tissues (P<0.001). The samples were divided into a low Mist1 expression group (n=144) and a high Mist1 expression group (n=146) according to the median expression level. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that high expression of Mist1 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (P=0.032). We further explored the relationships between Mist1 and EMT. Among the 30 primary cervical cancer specimens investigated, the difference in Mist1 expressed statuses between cervical cancer tissues and distal noncancerous cervical tissues was significant (P=0.001). And the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin was downregulated in Mist1 overexpressed cervical cancer cells; however, the mesenchymal marker N-Cadherin and Twist was upregulated. Conclusion Our study found that Mist1 seemed to play the role of oncogene in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and could be a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjian Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
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27
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Wei X, Liu Q, Guo S, Wu Y. Role of Wnt5a in periodontal tissue development, maintenance, and periodontitis: Implications for periodontal regeneration (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:167. [PMID: 33398377 PMCID: PMC7821221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodontium is a highly dynamic microenvironment constantly adapting to changing external conditions. In the processes of periodontal tissue formation and remodeling, certain molecules may serve an essential role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis. Wnt family member 5a (Wnt5a), as a member of the Wnt family, has been identified to have extensive biological roles in development and disease, predominantly through the non‑canonical Wnt signaling pathway or through interplay with the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. An increasing number of studies has also demonstrated that it serves crucial roles in periodontal tissues. Wnt5a participates in the development of periodontal tissues, maintains a non‑mineralized state of periodontal ligament, and regulates bone homeostasis. In addition, Wnt5a is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Recently, it has been shown to serve a positive role in the regeneration of integrated periodontal complex. The present review article focuses on recent research studies of Wnt5a and its functions in development, maintenance, and pathological disorders of periodontal tissues, as well as its potential effect on periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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28
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Dysregulated Immune Responses by ASK1 Deficiency Alter Epithelial Progenitor Cell Fate and Accelerate Metaplasia Development during H. pylori Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121995. [PMID: 33542169 PMCID: PMC7765114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of H. pylori-induced atrophy and metaplasia has not been fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the novel role of Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and downstream MAPKs as a regulator of host immune responses and epithelial maintenance against H. pylori infection. ASK1 gene deficiency resulted in enhanced inflammation with numerous inflammatory cells including Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruited into the infected stomach. Increase of IL-1β release from apoptotic macrophages and enhancement of TH1-polarized immune responses caused STAT1 and NF-κB activation in epithelial cells in ASK1 knockout mice. Dysregulated immune and epithelial activation in ASK1 knockout mice led to dramatic expansion of gastric progenitor cells and massive metaplasia development. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that ASK1 in inflammatory cells is critical for inducing immune disorder and metaplastic changes in epithelium, while ASK1 in epithelial cells regulates cell proliferation in stem/progenitor zone without changes in inflammation and differentiation. These results suggest that H. pylori-induced immune cells may regulate epithelial homeostasis and cell fate as an inflammatory niche via ASK1 signaling.
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29
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Xiao S, Zhou L. Gastric Stem Cells: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571536. [PMID: 33043003 PMCID: PMC7527738 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelium operates in a hazardous environment that curtails the lifespan of the constituent cells, imposing a requirement for continuous epithelial renewal. Stem cells that reside in the stomach are thus essential for regulating physiological tissue renewal and injury repair because of their self-renewal, high proliferation capacity and multiple differentiation potentials. Recent investigations using lineage tracing models have identified diverse populations of gastric stem cells and even fully differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so enriching our understanding on the identity and plasticity of gastric stem cells. These cell populations include the Villin promotor, Lgr5+, CCKR2+, Axin2+ and AQP5+ stem cells in the antrum, TFF2 mRNA, Mist1+ cells and Troy+ mature chief cells in the corpus, as well as Sox2, eR1, Lrig1, Bmi1-marked cell in both the antrum and the corpus. Establishment of gastric organoids derived from primary gastric tissues and pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells characterizes niche factors required by the gastric stem cell populations, and further provides new insights into stomach development, host-Helicobacter pylori interactions and malignant transformation. Furthermore, focus on the gastric stem cells and their niches uncovers the initiation of stomach precancerous lesions and origin of gastric cancer, providing options for cancer prevention and intervention. In summary, with the development of stem cell research, gastric stem cells give us more opportunities to prevent and treat stomach diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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