Rationale and design of a randomised trial of trientine in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Copper redox state in cells and aquatic organisms: Implication for toxicity

Copper (Cu) redox state has been an important issue in biology and toxicology research, but many research gaps remain to be explored due to the limitations in the detecting techniques. Herein, the regulation of Cu homeostasis, including absorption, translocation, utilization, storage, and elimination behavior is discussed. Cuproptosis, a newly identified type of cell death caused by excessive Cu accumulation, which results in the aggregation of DLAT protein or the loss of Fe-S cluster and finally proteotoxic stress, is reviewed. Several longstanding mysteries of diseases such as Wilson disease and toxic effects, may be attributed to cuproptosis. Furthermore, we review the advanced detection methods and application of Cu(I) and Cu(II), especially the in-situ imaging techniques such as XANES, and chemosensors. Most of the existing studies using these detection techniques focus on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in cells and aquatic organisms. Finally, it will be important to identify the roles of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in the growth, development, and diseases of organisms, as well as the relationship between bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in cellular and aquatic toxicology.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac condition with potential for severe complications including sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis allows appropriate risk stratification and prompt intervention to minimise the potential for adverse outcomes. The implications of poorly coordinated screening are significant, either missing relatives at high-risk or burdening low-risk individuals with a diagnosis associated with reduced life expectancy. We aim to guide clinicians through the diagnostic pathway through to novel treatment options. Several conditions mimic the condition, and we discuss the phenocopies and how to differentiate from HCM.

RECENT FINDINGS

We summarise the latest developments informing clinical decision making in the modern era of myosin inhibitors and future gene editing therapies. Early identification will enable prompt referral to specialist centres. A diagnostic flowchart is included, to guide the general cardiology and heart failure clinician in important decision making regarding the care of the HCM patient and importantly their relatives at risk. We have highlighted the importance of screening because genotype-positive/phenotype-negative patients are likely to have the most to gain from novel therapies.

Advances in Multi-Modality Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by abnormal growth of the myocardium with myofilament disarray and myocardial hyper-contractility, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Where culprit genes are identified, they typically relate to cardiomyocyte sarcomere structure and function. Multi-modality imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and risk stratification of HCM, as well as in screening those at risk. Following the recent publication of the first European Society of Cardiology (ESC) cardiomyopathy guidelines, we build on previous reviews and explore the roles of electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), and nuclear imaging. We examine each modality's strengths along with their limitations in turn, and discuss how they can be used in isolation, or in combination, to facilitate a personalized approach to patient care, as well as providing key information and robust safety and efficacy evidence within new areas of research.

Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in tumor pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies

Copper is an indispensable micronutrient for the development and replication of all eukaryotes, and its redox properties are both harmful and beneficial to cells. An imbalance in copper homeostasis is thought to be involved in carcinogenesis. Importantly, cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis cannot be separated from the effects of copper. Cuproposis is a copper-dependent form of cell death that differs from other existing modalities of regulatory cell death. The role of cuproptosis in the pathogenesis of the nervous and cardiovascular systems has been widely studied; however, its impact on malignant tumors is yet to be fully understood from a clinical perspective. Exploring signaling pathways related to cuproptosis will undoubtedly provide a new perspective for the development of anti-tumor drugs in the future. Here, we systematically review the systemic and cellular metabolic processes of copper and the regulatory mechanisms of cuproptosis in cancer. In addition, we discuss the possibility of targeting copper ion drugs to prolong the survival of cancer patients, with an emphasis on the most representative copper ionophores and chelators. We suggest that attention should be paid to the potential value of copper in the treatment of specific cancers.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Storage Diseases with Myocardial Involvement

One of the main causes of heart failure is cardiomyopathies. Among them, the most common is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by thickening of the left ventricular muscle. This article focuses on HCM and other cardiomyopathies with myocardial hypertrophy, including Fabry disease, Pompe disease, and Danon disease. The genetics and pathogenesis of these diseases are described, as well as current and experimental treatment options, such as pharmacological intervention and the potential of gene therapies. Although genetic approaches are promising and have the potential to become the best treatments for these diseases, further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy and safety. This article describes current knowledge and advances in the treatment of the aforementioned cardiomyopathies.