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Garvey E, Rhead J, Suffian S, Whiley D, Mahmood F, Bakshi N, Letley D, White J, Atherton J, Winter JA, Robinson K. High incidence of antibiotic resistance amongst isolates of Helicobacter pylori collected in Nottingham, UK, between 2001 and 2018. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37962209 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The most common treatment regimens use combinations of two or three antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to suppress stomach acid. The World Health Organization designated clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori as a high priority pathogen for drug development, due to increasing antibiotic resistance globally.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. There is no routine surveillance of H. pylori primary antimicrobial sensitivities in the UK, and published data are lacking.Aim. This study aimed to characterize antimicrobial sensitivities of isolates collected in Nottingham, UK, between 2001 and 2018.Methodology. Gastric biopsy samples were collected, with informed written consent and ethics approval, from 162 patients attending the Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham for an upper GI tract endoscopy. Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed using E-Tests and a more cost-effective disc diffusion test.Results. The clarithromycin, amoxicillin and levofloxacin disc diffusion tests provided identical results to E-Tests on a subset of 30 isolates. Disparities were observed in the metronidazole test results, however. In total, 241 isolates from 162 patients were tested using at least one method. Of all isolates, 28 % were resistant to clarithromycin, 62 % to metronidazole and 3 % to amoxicillin, which are used in first-line therapies. For those antibiotics used in second- and third-line therapies, 4 % were resistant to levofloxacin and none of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance to more than one antibiotic was found in 27 % of isolates. The frequency of patients with a clarithromycin-resistant strain increased dramatically over time: from 16 % between 2001 and 2005 to 40 % between 2011 and 2018 (P=0.011). For the same time periods, there was also an increase in those with a metronidazole-resistant strain (from 58 to 78 %; P=0.05). The frequencies of clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance were higher in isolates from patients who had previously received eradication therapy, compared to those who had not (40 % versus 77 %, and 80 % versus 92 %, respectively). Of 79 pairs of isolates from the antrum and corpus regions of the same patient's stomach, only six had differences in their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.Conclusion. Although there was high and increasing resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole, there was no resistance to tetracycline and the frequencies of amoxicillin and levofloxacin resistance were very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Garvey
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanne Rhead
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suffi Suffian
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Whiley
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Farah Mahmood
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naveen Bakshi
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Present address: Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Darren Letley
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan White
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Atherton
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jody Anne Winter
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Palrasu M, Zaika E, El-Rifai W, Que J, Zaika AI. Role of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1878. [PMID: 33919876 PMCID: PMC8070847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. In contrast to many other tumor types, gastric carcinogenesis is tightly linked to infectious events. Infections with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are the two most investigated risk factors for GC. These pathogens infect more than half of the world's population. Fortunately, only a small fraction of infected individuals develops GC, suggesting high complexity of tumorigenic processes in the human stomach. Recent studies suggest that the multifaceted interplay between microbial, environmental, and host genetic factors underlies gastric tumorigenesis. Many aspects of these interactions still remain unclear. In this review, we update on recent discoveries, focusing on the roles of various gastric pathogens and gastric microbiome in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
| | - Elena Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Alexander I. Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.P.); (E.Z.); (W.E.-R.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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3
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Chen P, Ming S, Lao J, Li C, Wang H, Xiong L, Zhang S, Liang Z, Niu X, Deng S, Geng L, Wu M, Wu Y, Gong S. CD103 Promotes the Pro-inflammatory Response of Gastric Resident CD4 + T Cell in Helicobacter pylori-Positive Gastritis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:436. [PMID: 32974219 PMCID: PMC7472738 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103 is considered as a surface marker for the resident immune cells. However, little is known about the intrinsic function of CD103 in infection and inflammation. In this study, we found that CD103 was highly expressed in CD4+T cells of the gastric mucosa from patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis. Mucosal resident CD103+CD4+T cells exhibited an increase in the CD45RO+CCR7− effector memory phenotype and high expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR9 compared with those in CD103−CD4+T cells. An In vitro coculture study demonstrated that H. pylori-specific antigen CagA/VacA-primed dendritic cells (DCs) induced proliferation and IFN-γ, TNF as well as IL-17 production by CD103+CD4+T cells from patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis, while blocking CD103 with a neutralizing antibody reduced proliferation and IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17 production by CD103+CD4+T cells cocultured with DCs. Moreover, immunoprecipitation revealed that CD103 interacted with TCR α/β and CD3ζ, and activation of CD103 enhanced the phosphorylation of ZAP70 induced by the TCR signal. Finally, increased T-bet and Blimp1 levels were also observed in CD103+CD4+T cells, and activating CD103 increased T-bet and Blimp1 expression in CD4+T cells. Our results explored the intrinsic function of CD103 in gastric T cells from patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ming
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanfeng Lao
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunna Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liya Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunxian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simei Deng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Role of vacuolating cytotoxin A in Helicobacter pylori infection and its impact on gastric pathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:987-996. [PMID: 32536287 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Helicobacter pylori causes, via the influence of several virulence factors, persistent infection of the stomach, which leads to severe complications. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is observed in almost all clinical strains of H. pylori; however, only some strains produce the toxigenic and pathogenic VacA, which is influenced by the gene sequence variations. VacA exerts its action by causing cell vacuolation and apoptosis. We performed a PubMed search to review the latest literatures published in English language. Areas covered Articles regarding H. pylori VacA and its genotypes, architecture, internalization, and role in gastric infection and pathogenicity are reviewed. We included the search for recently published literature until January 2020. Expert opinion H. pylori VacA plays a crucial role in severe gastric pathogenicity. In addition, VacA mediated in vivo bacterial survival leads to persistent infection and an enhanced bacterial evasion from the action of antibiotics and the innate host defense system, which leads to drug evasion. VacA as a co-stimulator for the CagA phosphorylation may exert a synergistic effect playing an important role in the CagA-mediated pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College , Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Yufu, Oita, Japan.,Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health , Yufu, Oita, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabaru, Malaysia
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Helicobacter pylori Infection, Virulence Genes' Distribution and Accompanying Clinical Outcomes: The West Africa Situation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7312908. [PMID: 31886245 PMCID: PMC6925786 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7312908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Data on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and virulence factors in countries across West Africa are scattered. This systematic review seeks to present an update on the status of H. pylori infection focusing on prevalence rate, distribution of virulent genes, and their link to clinical outcomes across countries in the western part of Africa. This information is expected to broaden the knowledge base of clinicians and researchers regarding H. pylori infection and associated virulence factors in West African countries. Search Method. A comprehensive search of the scientific literature in PubMed and ScienceDirect was conducted using the search terms including “Helicobacter pylori infection in West Africa”. Databases were sourced from January 1988 to December 2018. Results. Data on the incidence of H. pylori infection and related pathological factors were found for some countries, whereas others had no information on it. Smoking, alcohol, exposure to high levels of carcinogens and diet were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases and gastric cancer. Besides the environmental factors and genetic characteristics, there are important characteristics of H. pylori such as the ability to infect, replicate, and persist in a host that have been associated with the pathogenesis of various gastroduodenal diseases. Concluding Remarks. This systematic search has provided information so far available on H. pylori virulence factors and clinical outcomes in West Africa. Accordingly, this piece has identified gaps in the body of knowledge highlighting the need for more studies to clarify the role of H. pylori virulence factors and associated clinical outcomes in the burden of this bacterial infection in West Africa, as data from these countries do not give the needed direct relation.
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6
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Isaeva GS. Pangenomic studies of Helicobacter pylori: a key to understanding pathogenesis and human history. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Koc K, Cerig S, Ucar S, Colak S, Bakir M, Erol HS, Yildirim S, Hosseinigouzdagani M, Simsek Ozek N, Aysin F, Fehim Kocpinar E, Budak H, Geyikoglu F. Gastroprotective effects of oleuropein and thymol on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:441-453. [PMID: 30426792 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1530261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological studies demonstrated that thymol (Thym) and oleuropein (Ole) have therapeutic potential for gastric ulcers. The molecular mechanism underlying the gastroprotective effects of these compounds have not been elucidated yet especially for their individual and combination use at high dose. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore their gastroprotective mechanisms on indomethacin (Indo)-induced gastric ulcer model. Ole (50,100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and Thym (50,100, 200, and 500 mg/kg) were orally administered to the rats 10 min before the induction of ulcer with Indo. The combination of 500 mg/kg doses of Ole and Thym were applied. The gastric mucosa was evaluated histopathologically. Moreover, TAC/TOS, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caspase-3 levels were assessed by ELISA and the caspase-3 and TNF-α expressions were quantified by qRT-PCR. Indo-induced histopathological changes while Ole and Thym pretreatment prevented these effects. Unlike the 500 mg/kg dose of Ole treatment, the 500 mg/kg dose of Thym administration enhanced these damages. The decreased TAC, PGE2 levels and increased TOS, eNOS, TNF-α, caspase-3 levels were obtained in Indo group. However, these changes were reversed by Ole and Thym groups except the 500 mg/kg dose of Thym and the combination treatment groups. Similar trends were observed in the caspase-3 and TNF-α expression levels. These results demonstrated that enhanced inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and apoptotic activities were occurred in Indo, 500 mg/kg dose of Thym and the combination treatment groups while not in the other groups. The findings demonstrated the gastroprotective ability of Ole and low doses of Thym in gastric ulcer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Salim Cerig
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serap Ucar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Suat Colak
- Department of Biology, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Murat Bakir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Serkan Erol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Nihal Simsek Ozek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,East Anatolian High Technology Research and Application Center (DAYTAM), Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Enver Fehim Kocpinar
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Techniques Vocational School of Health Services, Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Jafarzadeh A, Larussa T, Nemati M, Jalapour S. T cell subsets play an important role in the determination of the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:227-236. [PMID: 29407232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent human pathogen and a persistent infection with this bacterium causes common pathologies, such as gastritis or peptic ulcers, and also less common but more serious pathologies, such as gastric cancer or gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The clinical outcome of gastrointestinal infection sustained by H. pylori is determined by the reciprocal interactions between virulence factors of the bacterium and host factors, including immune response genes. Although H. pylori induces a strong immune response, the bacterium is not eliminated. The eradication failure could be attributed to the bacterial capability to regulate helper T (Th) cell-related responses. H. pylori specific CD4+ T cells play a fundamental role in regulating host immunity and immunopathologic events. It has been documented that Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, separately or in coordination with each other, can affect the outcome of the infection sustained by of H. pylori. Some studies indicated that both Th1 and Th17 cells may be protective or pathogenic, whereas Treg and Th2 cells perform anti-inflammatory impacts during H. pylori infection. This review gathers recent information regarding the association of the CD4+ T cells-mediated immunological responses and the clinical consequence of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shila Jalapour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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9
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Isaeva G, Valieva R. Biological characteristics and virulence of Helicobacter pylori. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2018.1.14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent data on the biological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori (morphological, cultural, biochemical). H. pylori pathogenicity factors promoting colonization, adhesion, biofilm formation, aggression, and cytotoxicity, their contribution to the pathogenesis of diseases as well as the possible relationships with various clinical outcomes are described in detail. The genetic heterogeneity of H. pylori strains which can determine different clinical manifestations and have significance for conducting epidemiological studies is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.Sh. Isaeva
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Kazan State Medical University (Kazan, Russia)
| | - R.I. Valieva
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; KazanState Medical University (Kazan, Russia)
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10
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is usually acquired in early childhood and the infection persists lifelong without causing symptoms. In a small of cases, the infection leads to gastric or duodenal ulcer disease, or gastric cancer. Why disease occurs in these individuals remains unclear, however the host response is known to play a very important part. Understanding the mechanisms involved in maintaining control over the immune and inflammatory response is therefore extremely important. Vaccines against H. pylori have remained elusive but are desperately needed for the prevention of gastric carcinogenesis. This review focuses on research findings which may prove useful in the development of prognostic tests for gastric cancer development, therapeutic agents to control immunopathology, and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kazuyo Kaneko
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Leif Percival Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is responsible for the most commonly found infection in the world's population. It is the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. Numerous studies published over the last year provide new insights into the strategies employed by H. pylori to adapt to the extreme acidic conditions of the gastric environment, to establish persistent infection and to deregulate host functions, leading to gastric pathogenesis and cancer. In this review, we report recent data on the mechanisms involved in chemotaxis, on the essential role of nickel in acid resistance and gastric colonization, on the importance of adhesins and Hop proteins and on the role of CagPAI-components and CagA. Among the host functions, a special focus has been made on the escape from immune response, the ability of bacteria to induce genetic instability and modulate telomeres, the mechanism of autophagy and the deregulation of micro RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Camilo
- Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Helicobacter Pathogenesis Unit, Paris Cedex 15, France.,INSERM U1173, Faculty of Health Sciences Simone Veil, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eliette Touati
- Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Helicobacter Pathogenesis Unit, Paris Cedex 15, France
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12
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The Human Stomach in Health and Disease: Infection Strategies by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 400:1-26. [PMID: 28124147 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen which commonly colonizes the human gastric mucosa from early childhood and persists throughout life. In the vast majority of cases, the infection is asymptomatic. H. pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, however, and these outcomes occur in 10-15% of those infected. Gastric adenocarcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-associated death, and peptic ulcer disease is a significant cause of morbidity. Disease risk is related to the interplay of numerous bacterial host and environmental factors, many of which influence chronic inflammation and damage to the gastric mucosa. This chapter summarizes what is known about health and disease in H. pylori infection, and highlights the need for additional research in this area.
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Fahimi F, Tohidkia MR, Fouladi M, Aghabeygi R, Samadi N, Omidi Y. Pleiotropic cytotoxicity of VacA toxin in host cells and its impact on immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:59-71. [PMID: 28546954 PMCID: PMC5439391 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: In the recent decades, a number of studies have highlighted the importance of Helicobacter pylori in the initiation and development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Some potential virulence factors (e.g., urease, CagA, VacA, BabA) are exploited by this microorganism, facilitating its persistence through evading human defense mechanisms. Among these toxins and enzymes, vacuolating toxin A (VacA) is of a great importance in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. VacA toxin shows different pattern of cytotoxicity through binding to different cell surface receptors in various cells.
Methods: To highlight attempts in treatment for H. pylori infection, here, we discussed the VacA potential as a candidate for development of vaccine and targeted immunotherapy. Furthermore, we reviewed the related literature to provide key insights on association of the genetic variants of VacA with the toxicity of the toxin in cells.
Results: A number of investigations on the receptor(s) binding of VacA toxin confirmed the pleiotropic nature of VacA that uses a unique mechanism for internalization through some membrane components such as lipid rafts and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-AP). Considering the high potency of VacA toxin in the clinical presentations in infection and assisting persistence and colonization of H. pylori, it is considered as one of the pivotal components in production vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Conclusion: It is possible to generate mAbs with a considerable potential to convert into secretory immunoglobulins that could penetrate into the niche of H. pylori and inhibit its normal functionalities. Further, conjugation of H. pylori targeting Ab fragments with the toxic agents or drug delivery systems (DDSs) offers new generation of H. pylori treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fahimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fouladi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Aghabeygi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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