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Kazmi I, Afzal M, Almalki WH, S RJ, Alzarea SI, Kumar A, Sinha A, Kukreti N, Ali H, Abida. From oncogenes to tumor suppressors: The dual role of ncRNAs in fibrosarcoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155329. [PMID: 38692083 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosarcoma is a challenging cancer originating from fibrous tissues, marked by aggressive growth and limited treatment options. The discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), has opened new pathways for understanding and treating this malignancy. These ncRNAs play crucial roles in gene regulation, cellular processes, and the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to explore the impact of ncRNAs on fibrosarcoma's pathogenesis, progression, and resistance to treatment, focusing on their mechanistic roles and therapeutic potential. A comprehensive review of literature from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted, focusing on the dysregulation of ncRNAs in fibrosarcoma, their contribution to tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and their cellular pathway interactions. NcRNAs significantly influence fibrosarcoma, affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors makes them promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding their interaction with the tumor microenvironment is essential for developing more effective treatments for fibrosarcoma. Targeting ncRNAs emerges as a promising strategy for fibrosarcoma therapy, offering hope to overcome the shortcomings of existing treatments. Further investigation is needed to clarify specific ncRNAs' roles in fibrosarcoma and to develop ncRNA-based therapies, highlighting the significance of ncRNAs in improving patient outcomes in this challenging cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renuka Jyothi S
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Aashna Sinha
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Brenner C, Sanders C, Vokuhl C. [Receptor tyrosine kinase- fusions in paediatric spindle cell tumors]. PATHOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 44:357-365. [PMID: 37819532 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-023-01228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric spindle cell tumors are rare and often difficult to diagnose due to a similar morphology and a non-specific immunohistochemical profile. Genetic characterization of these lesions has been constantly improving, which has led to the identification of new subgroups that were partly included in the WHO classification. Receptor tyrosine kinase fusions play a special role in these tumors and their verification has diagnostic relevance and can be an option for target-oriented therapies. In the case of pediatric spindle cell tumors, genetic fusions form especially with NTRK1‑3, ALK, RET, and ROS1. Overall, pediatric tumors with receptor tyrosine kinase fusions are predominantly low-grade tumors, which are often subdivided into the group of intermediate-malign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Brenner
- Sektion Kinderpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
| | - Christine Sanders
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Christian Vokuhl
- Sektion Kinderpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland
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Wang Z, Wang J. Primary NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm of bone harboring an HMBOX1::NTRK3 gene fusion. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:477-482. [PMID: 36740981 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) rearranged neoplasms occur either in the superficial or deep soft tissues of extremities or trunk. Occasionally, it arises in visceral organs. However, its occurrence as a primary osseous tumor has not been documented thus far. Herein, we describe a unique case of an NTRK rearranged neoplasm that presented as a primary bony lesion. The tumor occurred in a 21-year-old woman who presented with an increasing pain in the right lower extremity. Radiologic examinations revealed a destructive lytic lesion located in the lower portion of the right femur. Histologically, the tumor was composed of haphazard fascicles of monomorphic spindle cells displaying mild nuclear atypia and rare mitotic activity. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed focal staining of pan-TRK and S100 protein. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed with the utilization of break-apart probes for NTRK1/NTRK2/NTRK3 genes. An NTRK3 rearrangement was identified. Subsequent next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed HMBOX1exon6::NTRK3exon 14 fusion. Our study illustrates, albeit extremely rare, that NTRK-rearranged neoplasms can arise as a primary bone lesion. In addition, we describe a novel HMBOX1::NTRK3 fusion that has not been documented before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Zhang Z, Pang J, Chen L, Chen J, Li J, Liu H, Wang J, Wu H, Liang Z. Pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase immunohistochemistry is a feasible routine screening strategy for NTRK fusions in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2022; 129:21-31. [PMID: 35977594 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously revealed the high enrichment of NTRK fusion in mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) CRCs. Optimized diagnostic approaches are urgently needed to identify dMMR CRCs that could benefit from TRK inhibitor therapy. A consecutive cohort of 240 surgically resected dMMR CRCs from 2015 to 2021 was collected for pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC) using pan-TRK clone EPR17341 (VENTANA). We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of pan-TRK IHC with sequential DNA/RNA-based Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) as the reference method and further explored IHC staining patterns and their correlation with fusion variants in dMMR CRCs. Of 240 dMMR CRCs, 15 (6.2%) were stained positive for pan-TRK IHC, and the sensitivity and specificity were both 100%. Five staining patterns were revealed, which correlated with fusion variants. Diffuse and strong positivity in membrane and cytoplasm were detected in all 6 cases with TPM3-NTRK1 fusions (6/15, 40%). Weak granular cytoplasmic staining, including diffuse or focal positivity, was found in 6 NTRK3 fusions (3 ETV6-NTRK3 and 3 EML4-NTRK3) (6/15, 40%). Diffuse and strong nuclear positivity was noticed in 2 LMNA-NTRK1 fusions (2/15, 13.3%). Intense granular cytoplasmic staining was observed in the only case with PLEKHA6-NTRK1 fusion (1/15, 6.7%). Interestingly, pan-TRK positivity was observed in one case with precursor lesions in both precancerous and cancerous regions, whereas MLH1 loss was restricted to the cancerous region. In summary, an optimized multi-step algorithm using pan-TRK IHC as a screening method was proposed to identify CRC patients harboring NTRK fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junyi Pang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Longyun Chen
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingci Chen
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hangqi Liu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Molecular Pathology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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ALK, NUT, and TRK Do Not Play Relevant Roles in Gastric Cancer—Results of an Immunohistochemical Study in a Large Series. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020429. [PMID: 35204520 PMCID: PMC8870766 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ALK, NUT, and TRK are rare molecular aberrations that are pathognomonic for specific rare tumors. In low frequencies, however, they are found in a wide range of other tumor entities. This study aimed to investigate the frequency, association with clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis of the immunohistochemical expressions of ALK, NUT, and TRK in 477 adenocarcinomas of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction. Seven cases (1.5%) showed an expression of TRK. In NGS, no NTRK fusion was confirmed. No case with ALK or NUT expression was detected. ALK, NUT, and NTRK expression does not seem to play an important role in gastric carcinomas.
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6
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von Itzstein MS, Hullings M, Mayo H, Beg MS, Williams EL, Gerber DE. Application of Information Technology to Clinical Trial Evaluation and Enrollment: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:1559-1566. [PMID: 34236403 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance As cancer treatment has become more individualized, oncologic clinical trials have become more complex. Increasingly numerous and stringent eligibility criteria frequently include tumor molecular or genomic characteristics that may not be readily identified in medical records, rendering it difficult to best match clinical trials with clinical sites and to identify potentially eligible patients once a clinical trial has been selected and activated. Partly because of these factors, enrollment rates for cancer clinical trials remain low, creating delays and increased costs for drug development. Information technology (IT) platforms have been applied to the implementation and conduct of clinical trials to improve efficiencies in several medical fields, and these platforms have recently been introduced to oncologic studies. Observations This review summarizes cancer and noncancer studies that used IT platforms for assistance with clinical trial site selection, patient recruitment, and patient screening. The review does not address the use of IT in other aspects of clinical research, such as wearable physical activity monitors or telehealth visits. A large number of IT platforms (which may be patient facing, site or investigator facing, or sponsor facing) are now commercially available. These applications use artificial intelligence and/or natural language processing to identify and summarize protocol eligibility criteria, institutional patient populations, and individual electronic health records. Although there is an expanding body of literature examining the role of this technology, relatively few studies to date have been performed in oncologic settings. Conclusions and Relevance This review found that an increasing number and variety of IT platforms were available to assist in the planning and conduct of clinical trials. Because oncologic clinical care and clinical trial protocols are particularly complex, nuanced, and individualized, published experience with this technology in other fields may not be fully applicable to cancer settings. The extent to which these services will overcome ongoing and increasing challenges in cancer clinical research remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S von Itzstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Melanie Hullings
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Helen Mayo
- Southwestern Health Sciences Digital Library and Learning Center, The University of Texas, Dallas
| | - M Shaalan Beg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Erin L Williams
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Department of Population and Data Sciences, The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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7
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What Is New in Biomarker Testing at Diagnosis of Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma? Implications for Cytology and Liquid Biopsy. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmp2020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and clinical validation of biomarkers predictive of the response of non-squamous non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NS-NSCLC) to therapeutic strategies continue to provide new data. The evaluation of novel treatments is based on molecular analyses aimed at determining their efficacy. These tests are increasing in number, but the tissue specimens are smaller and smaller and/or can have few tumor cells. Indeed, in addition to tissue samples, complementary cytological and/or blood samples can also give access to these biomarkers. To date, it is recommended and necessary to look for the status of five genomic molecular biomarkers (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAFV600, NTRK) and of a protein biomarker (PD-L1). However, the short- and more or less long-term emergence of new targeted treatments of genomic alterations on RET and MET, but also on others’ genomic alteration, notably on KRAS, HER2, NRG1, SMARCA4, and NUT, have made cellular and blood samples essential for molecular testing. The aim of this review is to present the interest in using cytological and/or liquid biopsies as complementary biological material, or as an alternative to tissue specimens, for detection at diagnosis of new predictive biomarkers of NS-NSCLC.
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8
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Gharib KE, Kourie HR. NTRK genes and cancer: when arresting the fusion underlies the treatment. Epigenomics 2021; 13:561-564. [PMID: 33825542 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El Gharib
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - Hampig R Kourie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 17-5208, Lebanon
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9
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Deland L, Keane S, Olsson Bontell T, Sjögren H, Fagman H, Øra I, De La Cuesta E, Tisell M, Nilsson JA, Ejeskär K, Sabel M, Abel F. Discovery of a rare GKAP1-NTRK2 fusion in a pediatric low-grade glioma, leading to targeted treatment with TRK-inhibitor larotrectinib. Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 22:184-195. [PMID: 33820494 PMCID: PMC8043191 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.1899573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a case of an 11-year-old girl with an inoperable tumor in the optic chiasm/hypothalamus, who experienced several tumor progressions despite three lines of chemotherapy treatment. Routine clinical examination classified the tumor as a BRAF-negative pilocytic astrocytoma. Copy-number variation profiling of fresh frozen tumor material identified two duplications in 9q21.32–33 leading to breakpoints within the GKAP1 and NTRK2 genes. RT-PCR Sanger sequencing revealed a GKAP1-NTRK2 exon 10–16 in-frame fusion, generating a putative fusion protein of 658 amino acids with a retained tyrosine kinase (TK) domain. Functional analysis by transient transfection of HEK293 cells showed the GKAP1-NTRK2 fusion protein to be activated through phosphorylation of the TK domain (Tyr705). Subsequently, downstream mediators of the MAPK- and PI3K-signaling pathways were upregulated in GKAP1-NTRK2 cells compared to NTRK2 wild-type; phosphorylated (p)ERK (3.6-fold), pAKT (1.8- fold), and pS6 ribosomal protein (1.4-fold). Following these findings, the patient was enrolled in a clinical trial and treated with the specific TRK-inhibitor larotrectinib, resulting in the arrest of tumor growth. The patient’s condition is currently stable and the quality of life has improved significantly. Our findings highlight the value of comprehensive clinical molecular screening of BRAF-negative pediatric low-grade gliomas, to reveal rare fusions serving as targets for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Deland
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Keane
- Translational Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Øra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,HOPE/ITCC Phase I/II Trial Unit, Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esther De La Cuesta
- Pharmaceuticals, Global Medical Affairs - Oncology, Bayer U.S., Whippany, USA
| | - Magnus Tisell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas A Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- Translational Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sabel
- Childhood Cancer Centre, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Abel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Assessment of the toxicity and toxicokinetics of the novel potent tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) inhibitor LPM4870108 in rhesus monkeys. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104886. [PMID: 33556418 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
LPM4870108 is a tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) inhibitor that is currently under consideration for human clinical trials. We characterized the toxicity and toxicokinetic properties of LPM4870108 following its oral administration to rhesus monkeys (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks with a 4-week recovery period). No evidence of LPM4870108 toxicity was observed over this study as reflected by an absence of difference in body weight, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, gross, or histopathology findings. No significant differences in toxicity-related outcomes were detected when comparing LPM4870108 and control groups, and no significant treatment-related changes in food consumption, electrocardiogram results, blood pressure, hematological parameters, biochemical values, organ weight, or bone marrow parameters were observed. Treatment caused dose-dependent effects of gait disturbance, impaired balance, poor coordination, and decreased grip strength in all LPM4870108-treated animals, with these effects being attributable to excessive on-target Trk receptor inhibition. After the 4-week recovery period, all these abnormal treatment-related findings had fully or partially resolved. The toxicokinetic study of monkeys revealed that the LPM4870108 exposure increased with dose. Overall, LPM4870108 exhibited a safety profile in treated monkeys, indicating that the Highest Non-Severely Toxic Dose (HNSTD) for LPM4870108 in monkeys was 20 mg/kg/day.
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11
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Böhm F, Schuler PJ, Döscher J, Weissinger SE, Benckendorff J, Greve J, Hoffmann TK, Theodoraki MN. [Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx: a review of literature and case series]. Laryngorhinootologie 2021; 100:981-986. [PMID: 33395712 DOI: 10.1055/a-1334-4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the larynx is a rare tumor entity with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of only 5 % after treatment with chemoradiotherapy. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed for "SCNC" and "SCNC in head and neck". Our hospital's own electronic patient file database was investigated for patients diagnosed with a SCNC over the last 12 years. RESULTS The effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy in SCNC is still unclear since randomized clinical trials are missing for the evaluation of standard of care treatment. Common therapy approaches are based on experiences with small cell lung cancer. 0.5 % of all SCNC occur in the head and neck region. In the last 12 years, we diagnosed 9 patients with SCNC, two of which were located in the larynx. Exemplarily, we report the case of a 29-year-old male with the initial diagnosis of a SCNC of the larynx with concurrent lymph node metastasis. This case is particularly interesting due to the young age at disease onset and the lack of major risk factors. Treatment was modified to nivolumab due to progressive disease after treatment with chemoradiotherapy. After an OS of 22 months, the patient deceased due to a tumor-associated major bleeding with airway obstruction. CONCLUSION So far there are no clinical reports evaluating the use of nivolumab in third-line-therapy of SCNC. NTRK fusion (neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion) or the folate receptor expression analysis should be considered to evaluate the potential use of a tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor or a folate receptor targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Böhm
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick J Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Döscher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Greve
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Yamamoto H, Nozaki Y, Sugii A, Taguchi K, Hongo T, Jiromaru R, Sato M, Nakano T, Hashimoto K, Fujiwara M, Oda Y. Pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase immunoreactivity, ETV6-NTRK3 fusion subtypes, and RET rearrangement in salivary secretory carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2020; 109:37-44. [PMID: 33301751 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salivary secretory carcinoma (SASC) is frequently associated with ETV6-neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) 3 fusion and more rarely with RET, MET, or ALK rearrangement. We aimed to elucidate the potential diagnostic utility of pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) immunohistochemistry and its relationship with the fusion gene subtype in SASC. We examined 33 cases of SASC for immunoexpression of pan-Trk, ALK and ROS1, and gene rearrangement of the ETV6, NTRK3, and RET genes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thirty (90.9%) of 33 SASCs harbored ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene transcripts by RT-PCR and/or both ETV6 and NTRK3 gene rearrangements by FISH, and 3 cases (9.1%) had RET gene rearrangement. Most NTRK3-rearranged SASCs (27/33 cases; 81.8%) had conventional ETV6 exon 5-NTRK3 exon 15 fusion, whereas 2 cases (6.1%) had both the conventional fusion and a novel ETV6 exon 4-NTRK3 exon 15 fusion variant. In the remaining one case (3%), only FISH revealed both ETV6 and NTRK3 rearrangements, suggesting an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion with an as yet undetermined break point. All 30 SASCs with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion and/or NTRK3 rearrangement showed nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for pan-Trk. In contrast, 3 SASCs with RET rearrangement showed negative or only weak cytoplasmic staining for pan-Trk. There was no case harboring ALK and ROS1 rearrangements. All 17 non-SASC tumors were negative for pan-Trk. The results suggest that nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for pan-TRK may be helpful to identify ETV6-NTRK3-fused SASCs and to distinguish them from RET-rearranged SASCs and morphological mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan.
| | - Yui Nozaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Azusa Sugii
- Departments of Pathology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395 Japan
| | - Kenichi Taguchi
- Departments of Pathology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395 Japan
| | - Takahiro Hongo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Rina Jiromaru
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masanobu Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuki Hashimoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Minako Fujiwara
- Departments of Pathology, National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, 810-8563 Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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13
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Islam T, Majumder M, Kalita B, Bhattacharjee A, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee AK. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses reveal a novel neuritogenesis mechanism of
Naja naja
venom α‐elapitoxin post binding to TrkA receptor of rat pheochromocytoma cells. J Neurochem 2020; 155:612-637. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taufikul Islam
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Munmi Majumder
- Cellular, Molecular, and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics North Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya India
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Cellular, Molecular, and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Ashis K. Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
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14
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Assi T, Rassy E, Nassereddine H, Farhat F, Kattan J. Epithelioid sarcoma as the prototype for personalized therapy in soft tissue sarcoma. Per Med 2020; 17:241-244. [PMID: 32589100 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Assi
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Oncology Department, Hammoud Hospital, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Elie Rassy
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Fadi Farhat
- Oncology Department, Hammoud Hospital, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Kattan
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Yamamoto H, Nozaki Y, Kohashi K, Kinoshita I, Oda Y. Diagnostic utility of pan-Trk immunohistochemistry for inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours. Histopathology 2020; 76:774-778. [PMID: 31578734 DOI: 10.1111/his.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is a spindle cell neoplasm of intermediate malignancy, and the diagnosis is often challenging due to the morphological overlap with other spindle cell neoplasms and reactive lesions. More than half of IMTs have the ALK gene rearrangement, and a minor subset have ROS1, NTRK3 or RET gene rearrangements. We sought to determine the potential diagnostic utility of pan-Trk immunohistochemistry for IMTs. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively examined 40 cases of IMT using immunohistochemistry with a rabbit monoclonal pan-Trk antibody. Gene rearrangement was confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The IMTs were classified as the ALK (n = 29), ROS1 (n = 2), NTRK3 (n = 2), RET (n = 0) and 'quadruple-negative' (n = 7) genotypes by molecular analyses. Both of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion-positive cases showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for pan-Trk in the majority of tumour cells. None of the ALK, ROS1 or quadruple-negative-type IMTs showed nuclear staining for pan-Trk, but approximately one-third of these IMTs showed focal and weak cytoplasmic staining. One exceptional case of a RANBP2-ALK-positive epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (an aggressive variant of IMT) showed moderate cytoplasmic staining for pan-Trk. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pan-Trk immunoreactivity with a nuclear and cytoplasmic staining pattern may be useful to identify ETV6-NTRK3-positive IMTs and may be helpful in selecting patients for Trk-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yui Nozaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izumi Kinoshita
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Assi T, Rassy E, Nassereddine H, Farhat F, Karak FE, Kattan J, Ghosn M. TRK inhibition in soft tissue sarcomas: A comprehensive review. Semin Oncol 2020; 47:73-84. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Joshi SK, Davare MA, Druker BJ, Tognon CE. Revisiting NTRKs as an emerging oncogene in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2019; 33:2563-2574. [PMID: 31551508 PMCID: PMC7410820 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NTRK fusions are dominant oncogenic drivers found in rare solid tumors. These fusions have also been identified in more common cancers, such as lung and colorectal carcinomas, albeit at low frequencies. Patients harboring these fusions demonstrate significant clinical response to inhibitors such as entrectinib and larotrectinib. Although current trials have focused entirely on solid tumors, there is evidence supporting the use of these drugs for patients with leukemia. To assess the broader applicability for Trk inhibitors in hematological malignancies, this review describes the current state of knowledge about alterations in the NTRK family in these disorders. We present these findings in relation to the discovery and therapeutic targeting of BCR–ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia. The advent of deep sequencing technologies has shown that NTRK fusions and somatic mutations are present in a variety of hematologic malignancies. Efficacy of Trk inhibitors has been demonstrated in NTRK-fusion positive human leukemia cell lines and patient-derived xenograft studies, highlighting the potential clinical utility of these inhibitors for a subset of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Monika A Davare
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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18
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Märkl B, Hirschbühl K, Dhillon C. NTRK-Fusions - A new kid on the block. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152572. [PMID: 31400924 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinases (NTRK) play an important role in the development and function of the nervous system. Fusions involving NTRK and a wide range of genes that act as fusion partners are oncogenic and activate well-known signal transduction pathways like the MAPK-ERK pathway. NTRK fusions occur in many very different tumor entities in children and youth as well as in adults. There are a few tumors like secretory breast cancer and congenital fibrosarcoma for which NTRK fusions are pathognomonic. At the same time there a large number of tumors in which NTRK fusions occur in very rare frequency (e.g., lung cancer). TRK inhibitors offer now the possibility to use NTRK fusion as antitumorigenic targets in a tumor agnostic fashion regardless of the basic histology. It is the task of modern pathology to identify such targetable fusions in a highly effective and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Märkl
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Clinic Augsburg, Germany.
| | | | - Christine Dhillon
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Clinic Augsburg, Germany
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19
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Remon J, Ahn MJ, Girard N, Johnson M, Kim DW, Lopes G, Pillai RN, Solomon B, Villacampa G, Zhou Q. Advanced-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Advances in Thoracic Oncology 2018. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1134-1155. [PMID: 31002952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2018 research in the field of advanced NSCLCs led to an expanded reach and impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as part of a frontline treatment strategy, regardless of histologic subtype, with ICI use extended to include stage III disease, shifting the prognosis of all these patients. This new standard first-line approach opens a gap in standard second-line treatment, and older combinations may again become standard of care after progression during treatment with an ICI. The characterization of predictive biomarkers, patient selection, the definition of strategies with ICI combinations upon progression during treatment with ICIs, as well as prospective evaluation of the efficacy of ICIs in subpopulations (such as patients with poor performance status or brain metastases) represent upcoming challenges in advanced thoracic malignancies. In oncogene-addicted NSCLC three major steps were taken during 2018: next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors have overtaken more established agents as the new standard of care in EGFR and ALK receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK)-positive tumors. Mechanisms of acquired resistance have been reported among patients treated with next-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, reflecting the diversity of the landscape. One major step forward was the approval of personalized treatment in very uncommon genomic alterations, mainly fusions. This raises a new question about the challenge of implementation of next-generation sequencing in daily clinical practice to detect new and uncommon genomic alterations and to capture the heterogeneity of the mechanisms of acquired resistance during treatment, as well as the need to extend research into new therapeutic strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Remon
- Medical Oncology Department, Centro Integral Oncología Clara Campal Barcelona-HM Delfos, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilberto Lopes
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida; Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Rathi N Pillai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Oncology Data Science Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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