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Shams A. Re-evaluation of the myoepithelial cells roles in the breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:403. [PMID: 36510219 PMCID: PMC9746125 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, luminal epithelial cell lineage has gained considerable attraction as the functionally milk-secreting units and as the most fruitful acreage for breast cancer launching. Recognition of the effective involvement of the myoepithelial cells in mammary gland development and in hampering tumorigenesis has renewed the interest in investigating the biological roles of this second main mammary lineage. The human breast is made up of an extensively branching ductal system intervening by copious lobular units. The ductal system is coated by a chain of luminal epithelial cells (LECs) situated on a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and encompassed by a distinguished basement membrane. Ductal contractility during lactation is a well-known function delivered by the MECs however this is not the only assignment mediated by these cellular populations. It has been well appreciated that the MECs exhibit a natural paracrine power in defeating cancer development and advancement. MECs were found to express numerous proteinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic factors, and tumour suppressors proteins. Additionally, MECs contributed effectively to maintaining the right luminal cells' polarization and further separating them from the adjacent stroma by making an integrated fence. Indeed, disruption of the MECs layer was reported to facilitate the invasion of the cancer cells to the surrounding stroma. Nonetheless, MECs were also found to exhibit cancer-promoting effects and provoke tumour invasion and dissemination by displaying distinct cancer chemokines. Herein in this review, we aimed to address the roles delivered by MECs in breast cancer progression and decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating proper MECs' physiology, integrity, and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shams
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. BOX 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
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Karagiannakos A, Adamaki M, Tsintarakis A, Vojtesek B, Fåhraeus R, Zoumpourlis V, Karakostis K. Targeting Oncogenic Pathways in the Era of Personalized Oncology: A Systemic Analysis Reveals Highly Mutated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Patients and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030664. [PMID: 35158934 PMCID: PMC8833388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to incorporate this knowledge into daily medical practice, providing substantial insight towards clinical diagnosis and personalized therapies. However, since there is still a strong need for more effective drug development, a deep understanding of the involved signaling mechanisms and the interconnections between these pathways is highly anticipated. Here, we perform a systemic analysis on cancer patients included in the Pan-Cancer Atlas project, with the aim to select the ten most highly mutated signaling pathways (p53, RTK-RAS, lipids metabolism, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, ubiquitination, b-catenin/Wnt, Notch, cell cycle, homology directed repair (HDR) and splicing) and to provide a detailed description of each pathway, along with the corresponding therapeutic applications currently being developed or applied. The ultimate scope is to review the current knowledge on highly mutated pathways and to address the attractive perspectives arising from ongoing experimental studies for the clinical implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Karagiannakos
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonis Tsintarakis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Karakostis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
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3
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Costa RSSD, Silva IFD. P53 Expression in benign Breast Disease Development: A Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2485-2491. [PMID: 32986343 PMCID: PMC7779431 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.9.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Benign breast disease (BBD) is one of main breast cancer risk factors. Dysfunctions on p53 protein, which has a genome protective role, have been related to breast cancer developments. However, its role on BBD development is still unclear. Methods: A systematic review of literature was proceeded according to PRISMA-P guidelines. PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Scholar Google were used as databases, complemented by a manual search in articles references. Articles searches were conducted from May to July 2019 and publications in English, Spanish and Portuguese were selected. P53 expression was set as outcome among women with BBD and were included only articles with good quality according STROBE tools. Data concerning p53 expression frequencies were independently extracted by two review authors, and eligible articles were synthesized. Results: From 12 studies selected for this review, the majority analyzed p53 expression in non-proliferative lesions and general p53 expressions ranged from 0 to 100%. P53 expression was more frequently observed in cases series studies (91.7%) and in studies conducted in Occidental Europe (41.7%). P53 expression was more frequent among tissues with fibrocystic disease (22.5%) and fibroadenoma (22.5%). Conclusion: When compared with all breast tissues types, benign breast disease corresponds to 34.39% of p53 expression. Second outcomes were not evaluated because the heterogeneity observed in selected studies. In addition, more studies considering ethnicity and benign breast disease classification should also be considered for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilce Ferreira Da Silva
- National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Hallajian Z, Mahjoubi F, Nafissi N. Simultaneous ATM/BRCA1/RAD51 expression variations associated with prognostic factors in Iranian sporadic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2017; 24:624-634. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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WSB1 overcomes oncogene-induced senescence by targeting ATM for degradation. Cell Res 2016; 27:274-293. [PMID: 27958289 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) or apoptosis through the DNA-damage response is an important barrier of tumorigenesis. Overcoming this barrier leads to abnormal cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cellular transformation, and finally allows cancers to develop. However, it remains unclear how the OIS barrier is overcome. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase WD repeat and SOCS box-containing protein 1 (WSB1) plays a role in overcoming OIS. WSB1 expression in primary cells helps the bypass of OIS, leading to abnormal proliferation and cellular transformation. Mechanistically, WSB1 promotes ATM ubiquitination, resulting in ATM degradation and the escape from OIS. Furthermore, we identify CDKs as the upstream kinase of WSB1. CDK-mediated phosphorylation activates WSB1 by promoting its monomerization. In human cancer tissue and in vitro models, WSB1-induced ATM degradation is an early event during tumorigenic progression. We suggest that WSB1 is one of the key players of early oncogenic events through ATM degradation and destruction of the tumorigenesis barrier. Our work establishes an important mechanism of cancer development and progression in premalignant lesions.
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Delteil C, Jalaguier Coudray A, Charafe Jauffret E, Thomassin Piana J. [Adenomyoepithelioma with dominant myoepithelial contingent of the breast: A case report and literature review]. Ann Pathol 2015; 35:449-53. [PMID: 26386768 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of adenomyoepithelioma with predominant myoepithelial quota, a rare tumor of the breast due to proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in a patient of 71 years. This lesion, with difficult radiological and pathological diagnosis (biopsy) in the initial stage of the treatment, should benefit from surgical resection in healthy margin. In fact, this tumor is evolving in most cases on a benin mode, but cases of local or metastatic recurrences were reported. Histological and immunohistochemical arguments are important to reach the final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Delteil
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, Institut Paoli-Calmette, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille, France.
| | - Aurélie Jalaguier Coudray
- Département imagerie médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmette, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe Jauffret
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, Institut Paoli-Calmette, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Jeanne Thomassin Piana
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, Institut Paoli-Calmette, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille, France
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7
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Mozdarani H. Biological complexities in radiation carcinogenesis and cancer radiotherapy: impact of new biological paradigms. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:90-114. [PMID: 24704845 PMCID: PMC3899963 DOI: 10.3390/genes3010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiation carcinogenesis has been shown both experimentally and epidemiologically, the use of ionizing radiation is also one of the major modalities in cancer treatment. Various known cellular and molecular events are involved in carcinogenesis. Apart from the known phenomena, there could be implications for carcinogenesis and cancer prevention due to other biological processes such as the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, intrinsic radiosensitivity and radioadaptation. Bystander effects have consequences for mutation initiated cancer paradigms of radiation carcinogenesis, which provide the mechanistic justification for low-dose risk estimates. The abscopal effect is potentially important for tumor control and is mediated through cytokines and/or the immune system (mainly cell-mediated immunity). It results from loss of growth and stimulatory and/or immunosuppressive factors from the tumor. Intrinsic radiosensitivity is a feature of some cancer prone chromosomal breakage syndromes such as ataxia telangectiasia. Radiosensitivity is manifested as higher chromosomal aberrations and DNA repair impairment is now known as a good biomarker for breast cancer screening and prediction of prognosis. However, it is not yet known whether this effect is good or bad for those receiving radiation or radiomimetic agents for treatment. Radiation hormesis is another major concern for carcinogenesis. This process which protects cells from higher doses of radiation or radio mimic chemicals, may lead to the escape of cells from mitotic death or apoptosis and put cells with a lower amount of damage into the process of cancer induction. Therefore, any of these biological phenomena could have impact on another process giving rise to genome instability of cells which are not in the field of radiation but still receiving a lower amount of radiation. For prevention of radiation induced carcinogenesis or risk assessment as well as for successful radiation therapy, all these phenomena should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran.
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8
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Couto SS, Bolon B, Cardiff RD. Morphologic manifestations of gene-specific molecular alterations ("genetic addictions") in mouse models of disease. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:116-29. [PMID: 22173978 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasia in both animals and humans results in part from lasting activation of tumor-promoting genes ("oncogenes") or diminished function of genes responsible for preventing neoplastic induction ("tumor suppressor genes"). The concept of "genetic addiction" has emerged to indicate that neoplastic cells cannot maintain a malignant phenotype without sustained genotypic abnormalities related to aberrant activity of oncogene(s) and/or inactivity of tumor suppressor gene(s). Interestingly, some genetic abnormalities reliably produce distinct morphologic patterns that can be used as structural signatures indicating the presence of a specific molecular alteration. Examples of such consistent genetic/microanatomic pairings have been identified for mutated oncogenes, such as rising mucin-producing capacity with RAS overexpression, and mutated tumor suppressor genes-including PTEN eliciting cell hypertrophy, RB1 dictating neuroendocrine differentiation, and TRP53 encouraging sarcomatous transformation. Familiarity with the concept of genetic addiction, as well as the ability to recognize such regular genomic-phenotypic relationships, are of paramount importance for comparative pathologists who are engaged in phenotyping genetically engineered mice to help unravel genomic intricacies in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Couto
- University of California–Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Kwon SY, Bae YK, Cho J, Kang SH. Myoepithelial carcinoma with contralateral invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 81:211-5. [PMID: 22066123 PMCID: PMC3204549 DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2011.81.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) is a rare benign tumor composed of myoepithelial cells (MECs) which are located beneath the epithelial cells of exocrine glands, especially in breast and salivary glands. These tumor cells show biphasic proliferation of epithelial and MECs. Malignant AME is characterized by distant metastasis, local recurrence, cytologic atypia, high mitotic activity and infiltrating tumor margins. A 51-year-old woman presented with an 8 months growth in the left breast. She underwent core-needle biopsy and consecutively mammotome assisted biopsy at a local clinic. After resection, she complained about re-growing remnant lesion and a newly developed solid mass in the right breast. Finally, the remnant mass in the left breast was diagnosed with myoepithelial carcinoma. Concurrently, contralateral breast mass was diagnosed with invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Herein we report an unusual case of synchronous myoepithelial carcinoma and invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast with a review of literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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10
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Cardiff RD, Couto S, Bolon B. Three interrelated themes in current breast cancer research: gene addiction, phenotypic plasticity, and cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:216. [PMID: 22067349 PMCID: PMC3262190 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand breast cancer biology involve three interrelated themes that are founded on a combination of clinical and experimental observations. The central concept is gene addiction. The clinical dilemma is the escape from gene addiction, which is mediated, in part, by phenotypic plasticity as exemplified by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Finally, cancer stem cells are now recognized as the basis for minimal residual disease and malignant progression over time. These themes cooperate in breast cancer, as induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances self-renewal and expression of cancer stem cells, which are believed to facilitate tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suzana Couto
- Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath, Inc., 2867 Humboldt Cir., Longmont, CO 80503, USA
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11
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Hayes MM. Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: a review stressing its propensity for malignant transformation. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:477-84. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.087718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the classification, clinical presentation, pathological features and clinical behaviour of adenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast. It is based on an extensive review of the literature and study of a collection of cases built up over a 17-year period at the British Columbia Cancer Agency. The diversity of the morphology encountered in both benign and malignant AME is described. The behaviour of malignant AME seems to be related to the grade of the malignant component.
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12
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Fang ZM, Tse RV, Marjoniemi VM, Kozlov S, Lavin MF, Chen H, Kearsley JH, Graham PH, Clarke RA. Radioresistant malignant myoepithelioma of the breast with high level of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2009; 53:234-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2009.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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DNA repair after DNA fragmentation in mouse small intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:371-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Riches LC, Lynch AM, Gooderham NJ. Early events in the mammalian response to DNA double-strand breaks. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:331-9. [PMID: 18644834 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and chemical agents that induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most potent mutagens. The mammalian cell response to DSB comprises a highly co-ordinated, yet complex network of proteins that have been categorized as sensors, signal transducers, mediators and effectors of damage and repair. While this provides an accessible classification system, review of the literature indicates that many proteins satisfy the criteria of more than one category, pointing towards a series of highly co-operative pathways with overlapping function. In summary, the MRE11-NBS1-RAD50 complex is necessary for achieving optimal activation of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase, which catalyses a phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction cascade. Among the subset of proteins phosphorylated by ATM are histone H2AX (H2AX), mediator of damage checkpoint protein 1, nibrin (NBS1), P53-binding protein 1 and breast cancer protein 1, all of which subsequently redistribute into DSB-containing sub-nuclear compartments. Post-translational modification of DSB responding proteins achieves a rapid and reversible change in protein behaviour and mediates damage-specific interactions, hence imparting a high degree of vigilance to the cell. This review highlights events fundamental in maintaining genetic integrity with emphasis on early stages of the DSB response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Riches
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Batchelder AJ, Gordon-Weeks AN, Walker RA. Altered expression of anti-apoptotic proteins in non-involved tissue from cancer-containing breasts. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:63-9. [PMID: 18368476 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous investigation reduced apoptosis was identified in normal breast tissue from cancer-containing breasts away from the cancer in comparison to age-matched normal breast from women without cancer. The hypothesis for this study was that defects in expression of apoptotic regulatory and DNA repair proteins would facilitate persistence of genetic alterations and predispose to breast cancer development. Using immunohistochemistry normal breast from 120 age-matched women (58 with breast cancer, 62 without) was analysed for proliferation, apoptosis, bcl2, BAX, caspase 3, Hsp27, Hsp70, BRCA1, ATM and BARD1. All assessments were performed without knowledge as to whether it was a cancer case or control. A significant difference was found for apoptotic index which was higher in controls (P < 0.02). There was no change in apoptotic and proliferation index with age for cancer cases unlike controls. Higher expression of bcl2 (P = 0.001) and Hsp27 (P = 0.001) was found in normal breast from cancer-containing breast in comparison to controls. There were no differences in the other proteins. Apoptosis has been found to be reduced in normal breast in a separate cohort of women with breast cancer, along with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins bcl2 and Hsp27. These alterations in apoptotic regulation would enhance tumour development. Further studies are needed to examine the value of these proteins as risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Batchelder
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7 LX, UK
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Kim SH, Cheong JW, Park KH, Kim TS, Yang WI. Comparison of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of primary central nervous system and non-central nervous system origin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:457-67. [PMID: 17516749 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-457-coampe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a nuclear 370-kd phosphoprotein known to be associated with chromosomal regions containing double-strand breaks. The mutations in the ATM gene may be involved in the development of some subtypes of sporadic lymphomas and leukemias. In primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (PCNS DLBCLs), the pathogenetic role of ATM mutation has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate ATM protein expression in PCNS DLBCLs, in comparison with that in non-central nervous system (non-CNS) DLBCLs and to study the relationship of ATM protein loss with several clinicopathologic parameters. DESIGN This study included 42 cases of PCNS DLBCL and 33 cases of non-CNS DLBCL from immunocompetent patients. The ATM protein loss was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. For the subclassification of DLBCL and analysis of the relationship between ATM and other prognostic markers, we performed immunohistochemical evaluation to detect the following markers: Bcl-6, CD10, multiple myeloma-1, CD138, Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p53. RESULTS The loss of ATM expression was statistically more frequent in PCNS DLBCLs (21/42 cases [50.0%]) than in non-CNS DLBCLs (0/33 cases [0.0%]; P < .001). The loss of ATM expression was not a prognostic marker in PCNS DLBCLs (P = .64). The loss of ATM expression had a strong correlation with the germinal center B-cell-like subtype (P = .01), a low Ki-67 labeling index (P = .03), and low Bcl-2 expression (P = .01) among several clinicopathologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ATM protein is more strongly correlated with PCNS DLBCL lymphomagenesis than with non-CNS DLBCLs, especially in germinal center B-cell-like subtypes demonstrating low Ki-67 labeling indexes and low Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea 120-752
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Söderlund K, Stål O, Skoog L, Rutqvist LE, Nordenskjöld B, Askmalm MS. Intact Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex predicts good response to radiotherapy in early breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:50-8. [PMID: 17337132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression and predictive role of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex and the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) for the outcome of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS The protein expression of ATM and the DNA repair proteins in the MRN complex were investigated using immunohistochemistry in tumors from 224 women with early breast cancer, who were randomized to receive postoperative radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS Compared with normal breast tissue, the staining intensity of Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1, and ATM was reduced in a majority of the tumors. Weak expression of the MRN complex was correlated with high histologic grade and estrogen receptor negativity (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Radiotherapy significantly reduced the risk of local recurrence as compared with chemotherapy (p = 0.04). The greatest benefit of radiotherapy was seen in patients with moderate/strong expression of the MRN complex (relative risk = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.098-0.72, p = 0.009), whereas patients with negative/weak MRN expression had no benefit of radiotherapy compared with adjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggest that an intact MRN complex is important for the tumor cell eradicating effect of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of the MRN complex predicts a poor effect of radiotherapy in patients with early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Söderlund
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Han B, Mori I, Nakamura M, Wang X, Ozaki T, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K. Myoepithelial carcinoma arising in an adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: Case report with immunohistochemical and mutational analysis. Pathol Int 2006; 56:211-6. [PMID: 16634967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast is an uncommon tumor characterized by biphasic proliferation of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. In rare instances, the epithelial, the myoepithelial or both components of an AME may become malignant. Described herein is the case of a 69-year-old woman who presented with myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast in an AME. Malignancy of myoepithelial component (MEC) was evidenced by the presence of cytological atypia, high mitotic rate, necrosis and local invasion. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated strong expression of P53 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in MEC. Laser capture microdissection technique and mutational analysis further revealed point mutation of the p53 gene (T-->G transversion at codon 270) in this population, but not in glandular epithelial cells or adjacent normal ductal epithelium. No mutations in exons 1 and 2 of the K-, H-, and N-ras genes were identified in any of the neoplastic component. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of a mutation in the p53 gene in a malignant AME of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.
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Hall J. The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene and breast cancer: gene expression profiles and sequence variants. Cancer Lett 2005; 227:105-14. [PMID: 16112413 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Ataxia-telangiectaisa mutated (ATM) gene, as a risk factor for breast cancer has been a consistent theme in the literature since the first reports by Swift and colleagues who reported that ATM heterozygotes in AT families had increased risks of developing breast cancer. Loss of heterozygosity at the ATM locus has been reported in 30-40% of breast tumours and 50-70% show altered ATM protein levels. Germline ATM sequence variants have been reported in breast cancer cases, however, it is difficult to fully evaluate the increased risk associated with their presence. The potential role of such variants needs to be further assessed, together with functional studies to model their impact on ATM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- DNA Repair Team, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex, France.
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Adriance MC, Inman JL, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ. Myoepithelial cells: good fences make good neighbors. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:190-7. [PMID: 16168137 PMCID: PMC1242144 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland consists of an extensively branched ductal network contained within a distinctive basement membrane and encompassed by a stromal compartment. During lactation, production of milk depends on the action of the two epithelial cell types that make up the ductal network: luminal cells, which secrete the milk components into the ductal lumen; and myoepithelial cells, which contract to aid in the ejection of milk. There is increasing evidence that the myoepithelial cells also play a key role in the organizational development of the mammary gland, and that the loss and/or change of myoepithelial cell function is a key step in the development of breast cancer. In this review we briefly address the characteristics of breast myoepithelial cells from human breast and mouse mammary gland, how they function in normal mammary gland development, and their recently appreciated role in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Adriance
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jamie L Inman
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ole W Petersen
- Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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