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Walentek P. Xenopus epidermal and endodermal epithelia as models for mucociliary epithelial evolution, disease, and metaplasia. Genesis 2021; 59:e23406. [PMID: 33400364 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus embryonic epidermis is a powerful model to study mucociliary biology, development, and disease. Particularly, the Xenopus system is being used to elucidate signaling pathways, transcription factor functions, and morphogenetic mechanisms regulating cell fate specification, differentiation and cell function. Thereby, Xenopus research has provided significant insights into potential underlying molecular mechanisms for ciliopathies and chronic airway diseases. Recent studies have also established the embryonic epidermis as a model for mucociliary epithelial remodeling, multiciliated cell trans-differentiation, cilia loss, and mucus secretion. Additionally, the tadpole foregut epithelium is lined by a mucociliary epithelium, which shows remarkable features resembling mammalian airway epithelia, including its endodermal origin and a variable cell type composition along the proximal-distal axis. This review aims to summarize the advantages of the Xenopus epidermis for mucociliary epithelial biology and disease modeling. Furthermore, the potential of the foregut epithelium as novel mucociliary model system is being highlighted. Additional perspectives are presented on how to expand the range of diseases that can be modeled in the frog system, including proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia as well as metaplasia in epithelial cells of the airway and the gastroesophageal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Scott B, Cottreau J, Oviedo A, Arnason T. Ciliated columnar epithelium in the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: A different perspective from study of a North American population. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 41:90-95. [PMID: 31200216 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An index case of ciliated columnar epithelium in a gastroesophageal (GE) junction biopsy identified in routine surgical pathology practice struck us as highly unusual. However, pathology literature, mainly from Asian populations, reports ciliated columnar epithelium in up to 40% of tissue samples from the upper GI tract. This was inconsistent with our pathology practice experience, so we initiated a local review of cases at our Canadian centre. 1048 consecutive tissue samples from the esophagus and GE junction were reviewed retrospectively and no ciliated epithelium was identified. This review included 1000× oil immersion microscopy of 22 cases with "multilayered epithelium". In 971 cases verified in prospective surgical pathology practice following identification of the index case, 3 additional cases of ciliated columnar epithelium were identified. The index case had ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, resembling respiratory epithelium, and had strong, diffuse expression of TTF-1 by immunohistochemistry. In the other 3 cases, the cilia were located on the surface of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, a multilayered epithelium, or a low columnar epithelium, all TTF-1 negative. Over a year later, the index case proved to have arisen from a bronchial-esophageal fistula. The other cases were not associated with a fistula. Our conclusion is that ciliated columnar epithelium is rare in Canadian adults (<0.5% of patients). Ciliated epithelium due to a bronchial-esophageal fistula is exceptional, but something to consider if there is a suspicious clinical picture and TTF-1 expression. Other cases might represent a rare metaplastic phenomenon or remnant from fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Cottreau
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Angelica Oviedo
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas Arnason
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Anatomical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Niwa A, Kuwano S, Tomita H, Kimura K, Orihara Y, Kanayama T, Noguchi K, Hisamatsu K, Nakashima T, Hatano Y, Hirata A, Miyazaki T, Kaneko K, Tanaka T, Hara A. The different pathogeneses of sporadic adenoma and adenocarcinoma in non-ampullary lesions of the proximal and distal duodenum. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41078-41090. [PMID: 28467793 PMCID: PMC5522249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ampullary duodenal adenoma with activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is common in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, whereas sporadic non-ampullary adenoma is uncommon. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence similar to colon cancer is associated with duodenal tumors in FAP, but not always in sporadic tumors. We obtained 37 non-ampullary duodenal tumors, including 25 adenomas and 12 adenocarcinomas, were obtained from biopsies and endoscopic resections. We performed immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, the hallmark of Wnt activation, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a putative cancer stem cell marker. In non-ampullary lesions, abnormal nuclear localization of β-catenin was observed in 21 (84.0%) of 25 adenomas and 4 (33.3%) of 12 adenocarcinomas. In the proximal duodenum, nuclear β-catenin was less frequent in both adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastric duodenal metaplasia (GDM) was observed only in the proximal duodenum. All adenomas with GDM were the gastric foveolar and pyloric gland types, and showed only membranous β-catenin. The intestinal-type adenomas had nuclear β-catenin in the proximal and distal duodenum. ALDH1-positive cells were more frequent in adenocarcinomas than adenomas. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation frequently occurred in ALDH1-positive cells in adenoma, but not in adenocarcinoma. In the non-ampullary proximal duodenum, Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation was more closely associated with adenomas than adenocarcinomas, and while it might cooperate with ALDH1 in adenoma, it does not in adenocarcinoma. The pathogenesis thus may differ between sporadic adenoma and adenocarcinoma of non-ampullary duodenal lesions, especially in the proximal and distal duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Seiya Kuwano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Kimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiya Orihara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kei Noguchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenji Hisamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakashima
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology (DDP) and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology (RC-DiP), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Akiyama Y, Koda Y, Byeon SJ, Shimada S, Nishikawaji T, Sakamoto A, Chen Y, Kojima K, Kawano T, Eishi Y, Deng D, Kim WH, Zhu WG, Yuasa Y, Tanaka S. Reduced expression of SET7/9, a histone mono-methyltransferase, is associated with gastric cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3966-83. [PMID: 26701885 PMCID: PMC4826183 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SET7/9, a histone methyltransferase, has two distinct functions for lysine methylation. SET7/9 methylates non-histone proteins, such as p53, and participates in their posttranslational modifications. Although SET7/9 transcriptionally activate the genes via H3K4 mono-methylation, its target genes are poorly understood. To clarify whether or not SET7/9 is related to carcinogenesis, we studied alterations of SET7/9 in gastric cancers (GCs). Among the 376 primary GCs, 129 cases (34.3%) showed loss or weak expression of SET7/9 protein compared to matched non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry. Reduced SET7/9 expression was significantly correlated with clinical aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Knockdown of SET7/9 in GC cells markedly increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Expression of SREK1IP1, PGC and CCDC28B were inhibited in GC cells with SET7/9 knockdown, while matrix metalloproteinase genes (MMP1, MMP7 and MMP9) were activated. SET7/9 bound and mono-methylated H3K4 at the region of the approximately 4-6 kb upstream from the SREK1IP1 transcriptional start site and the promoters of PGC and CDC28B. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and expression of three MMPs were increased in GC cells with SREK1IP knockdown, which were similar to those of SET7/9 knockdown. These data suggest that SET7/9 has tumor suppressor functions, and loss of SET7/9 may contribute to gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuki Koda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sun-Ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Taketo Nishikawaji
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ayuna Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yingxuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Dajun Deng
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yasuhito Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Walentek P. Ciliary transcription factors in cancer--how understanding ciliogenesis can promote the detection and prognosis of cancer types. J Pathol 2016; 239:6-9. [PMID: 26880325 DOI: 10.1002/path.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cilia play a plethora of roles in normal development and homeostasis as well as in disease. Their involvement in cell signalling processes and ability to inhibit cell cycle progression make them especially interesting subjects of investigation in the context of tumour formation and malignancy. Several key transcription factors regulate the transcriptional programme in cilia formation and some of these, eg RFX factors and FOXJ1, are implicated in cancer formation. Furthermore, RFX factors and FOXJ1 are increasingly being explored for their potential as markers to diagnose, classify and predict the outcome of cancers in patients, including recent work published in this journal on aggressive ependymoma and choroid plexus tumours. Here, some of the key findings and concepts on the roles of ciliary transcription factors in tumourigenesis are highlighted, and a brief perspective is given on how the investigation of ciliogenesis could contribute valuable tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Genetics Genomics and Development Division and Developmental and Regenerative Biology Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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El-Zaatari M, Saqui-Salces M, Waghray M, Todisco A, Merchant JL. Sonic hedgehog in gastric physiology and neoplastic transformation: friend or foe? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:60-5. [PMID: 19104239 PMCID: PMC2895804 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328320a821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the role of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in normal gastric physiology and neoplastic transformation. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence shows that gastric epithelial cells produce Shh ligand, which subsequently targets the mesenchyme. This paracrine signaling event is recapitulated by Shh-producing tumors that signal to the supporting stroma to encourage growth. Primary cilia contain components of the hedgehog signaling apparatus, and thus are typically found on responding stromal cells. SUMMARY In the stomach, Shh is produced in epithelial cells and received by responding cells in the mesenchyme. In vitro, Shh enhances gastric acid secretion and induces mucin expression. It remains to be determined whether the canonical signaling pathway mediates the observed epithelial effects. Shh expression and signaling is reduced in chronic gastritis, and Shh(-/-) embryos exhibit hyperplasia and metaplastic changes in the gastric mucosa. After its loss in the corpus, Shh is re-expressed in some gastric carcinomas typically arising in the distal stomach or antrum, suggesting that it promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megna Waghray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abstract
The protracted inflammation of the gastric mucosa induces profound changes in the microenvironment of the gastric cells. These changes modify the molecular signals that orchestrate morphogenesis and cell differentiation in the stem cells of the crypts. The expression of this adjustment to the new microenvironment is evidenced by the appearance of differentiated metaplastic cells (intestinal, bronchial-ciliated, pancreatic or (pseudo) pyloric, all deriving from the same embryological origin). The inability of stem cells to readapt to the new microenvironment may lead to genomic aberrations such as the retention of cellular products (glassy cells) or to neoplastic transformation. In this report, parameters such as gastric mucosal inflammation, Helicobacter pylori, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and/or pseudopyloric metaplasia found in gastric biopsy specimens were individually classified according to their extension in sections as grade 1 (focal distribution in sections from individual biopsy specimens) and grade 2 (present in the entire width-distance across-in sections from individual biopsy specimen). The rationale is that a biopsy grade 2 was harvested from a larger mucosal area having that particular change. Each individual parameter gives a score, and the sum of all individual scores gives the total score. The proposed system might allow monitoring the results of treatment in follow-up biopsies. Divergent clinical results in the frequency/incidence of gastritis (including body-autoimmune gastritis), of H pylori strains, of various metaplasias and neoplasias, in disparate geographical regions substantiate the conviction that these parameters are much influenced by the environment. This knowledge is crucial, considering that environmental diseases are theoretically preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Research Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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Wachtel MS, Zhang Y, Chiriva-Internati M, Frezza EE. Different regression equations relate age to the incidence of Lauren types 1 and 2 stomach cancer in the SEER database: these equations are unaffected by sex or race. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:65. [PMID: 16539725 PMCID: PMC1479359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although impacts upon gastric cancer incidence of race, age, sex, and Lauren type have been individually explored, neither their importance when evaluated together nor the presence or absence of interactions among them have not been fully described. Methods This study, derived from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute) data, analyzed the incidences of gastric cancer between the years 1992–2001. There were 7882 patients who had developed gastric cancer. The total denominator population was 145,155, 669 persons (68,395,787 for 1992–1996, 78,759,882 for 1997–2001). Patients with multiple tumors were evaluated as per the default of the SEER*Stat program. 160 age-, five year period (1992–1996 vs 1997–2001)-, sex-, race (Asian vs non-Asian)-, Lauren type- specific incidences were derived to form the stratified sample evaluated by linear regression. (160 groups = 2 five year periods × 2 race groups × 2 sexes × 2 Lauren types × 10 age groups.) Linear regression was used to analyze the importance of each of these explanatory variables and to see if there were interactions among the explanatory variables. Results Race, sex, age group, and Lauren type were found to be important explanatory variables, as were interactions between Lauren type and each of the other important explanatory variables. In the final model, the contribution of each explanatory variable was highly statistically significant (t > 5, d.f. 151, P < 0.00001). The regression equation for Lauren type 1 had different coefficients for the explanatory variables Race, Sex, and Age, than did the regression equation for Lauren type 2. Conclusion The change of the incidence of stomach cancer with respect to age for Lauren type 1 stomach cancer differs from that for Lauren type 2 stomach cancers. The relationships between age and Lauren type do not differ across gender or race. The results support the notion that Lauren type 1 and Lauren type 2 gastric cancers have different etiologies and different patterns of progression from pre-cancer to cancer. The results should be validated by evaluation of other databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Wachtel
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | | | - Eldo E Frezza
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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Rubio CA, Orrego A, Willén R. Congenital bronchogenic cyst in the gastric mucosa. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:335. [PMID: 15735178 PMCID: PMC1770593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Research Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - A Orrego
- Department of Pathology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Research Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - R Willén
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Academic Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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