High rate of return to sport in adolescent athletes following anterior shoulder stabilisation: a systematic review

Arthroscopic capsular shift from inferior to superior has an exceptional safety profile and short-term outcomes

OBJECTIVES

Arthroscopic Bankart for anterior shoulder instability has a good safety profile but with a relatively high recurrence index. Open surgery has been used to decrease recurrence rates but with a higher complication rate. Arthroscopic capsular shift from inferior to superior (ACSIS) was designed to decrease the recurrence rates without the added morbidity of open surgery.

METHODS

An observational retrospective study was conducted to analyze perioperative complications and patient reported outcomes of patients treated with ACSIS to determine the safety profile of the procedure. The patients with anterior traumatic shoulder instability treated with ACSIS between January 2015 and December 2021 were included for the study. The analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 27). The pre vs. postoperative Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores were compared using a paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed ranks test depending on the results of the normality test and Levene's test. The significance level was 0.05 in all analyses. Thirty-six patients were included in this study, the mean age of the population is 30.8 ​± ​11.4 years, with a male dominance of 86.1% (N ​= ​31), and a mean clinical follow-up of 2.7 ​± ​1.2 years.

RESULTS

No intraoperative complications, including bleeding or neurovascular injury, were noted. Additionally, no early postoperative complications, including infection or hospital readmission, were noted. During the follow-up, one patient (3%) had persistent apprehension. The mean Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index decreased from 66.6 ​± ​13.10% to 27.9 ​± ​22% postoperatively (P ​< ​0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

ACSIS procedure is safe and has good short-term outcomes with a low recurrence rate at 1-year minimum follow-up.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3 (Observational study).

Arthroscopic Labral Reconstruction With a Modified Inferior Capsular Shift Allows Return to Sport and Excellent Outcomes in Contact and Noncontact Athletes With Anterior Shoulder Instability at Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up

PURPOSE

To compare return to sport, functional outcomes, recurrence of instability, and osteoarthritis (OA) between collision/contact and limited/noncontact athletes following arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift for anterior shoulder instability.

METHODS

Athletes underwent an arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift by the senior author between 1999 and 2018. Inclusion criteria were labral stripping from 12 (just beyond the biceps anchor) to 6 o'clock, less than 20% glenoid bone loss, active sports participation, and no previous surgery. Athletes were divided into collision/contact and limited/noncontact groups. Outcome measures, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation were collected at a minimum 5-year follow-up. Reoperations or any subjective laxity were considered failures. Radiographs were analyzed for OA using the Samilson-Prieto Radiological Classification.

RESULTS

Ninety-two patients underwent arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift. Sixty-four met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-eight (age = 26.0 ± 8.0 years) participated in at least 1 collision/contact sport, and 26 (age = 38.0 ± 9.0 years) participated in limited/noncontact sports. Two (5%) collision/contact and 3 (12%) limited/noncontact athletes had traumatic reinjury requiring revision surgery. Of the remaining athletes (59/64), minimum 5-year follow-up was obtained on 54 (92%), with a mean follow-up of 12 ± 4 years (range 5-23 years). All athletes returned to their original sport at the same level. There was no significant difference between collision/contact and limited/noncontact athletes in timing of return to sports (5.2 ± 1.9 and 6.0 ± 3.1 months, respectively; P = .389). There were no significant differences between groups on any outcomes scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a modified inferior capsular shift addressed anterior instability with return to sport for both collision/contact and limited/noncontact athletes with excellent functional and clinical outcomes, full shoulder range of motion, and a low prevalence of advanced OA at minimum 5-year follow-up. This modified technique resulted in a low failure rate in both limited/noncontact and collision/contact athletes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, retrospective case control study.

Young Collision Athletes Have High Rate of Return to Play and Good Clinical Outcomes Following Open Latarjet Procedure

PURPOSE

To evaluate return to play (RTP), clinical outcomes, and recurrence rates in collision athletes 20 years of age and younger who underwent open Latarjet for anterior shoulder instability.

METHODS

A retrospective review of collision athletes 20 years of age and younger, who underwent an open Latarjet procedure by a single surgeon between the years of 2010-2020 was carried out. Inclusion criteria were 1) collision athlete, 2) underwent open Latarjet procedure, 3) 16-20 years old, and 4) minimum 24-month follow-up. Exclusion criteria were 1) other pathology of the ipsilateral shoulder and 2) noncollision athlete. Rate of RTP, time to RTP, rate of return to preinjury level, the Shoulder Instability Return to Sport after Injury score (SIRSI) score, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and recurrence events were recorded. Quantitative statistical analysis was carried out.

RESULTS

The study included 105 male collision athletes with a mean age of 18.6 ± 1.0 years (range: 17-20). The mean follow-up for patients was 36 ± 26.2 months. A total of 93 (88.6%) RTP at a mean time of 6.3 ± 2.2 months, with 73 (69.5%) returning to their preinjury level of participation. The mean SIRSI score was 69.2 ± 21.8, the mean VAS score was 2.3 ± 2.1, and the mean SSV score was 84.1 ± 16.8. Five patients (4.8%) redislocated their shoulder, with 4 of these requiring a further surgery (3.8%). Two patients (1.9%) reported incidents of subluxation.

CONCLUSIONS

The open Latarjet procedure in young collision athletes results in high rates of RTP, excellent functional outcomes and low recurrence rates at mid-term follow-up. Additionally, complication rates are low in this cohort.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, case series.

Cross-education effects on shoulder rotator muscle strength and function after shoulder stabilization surgery: a randomized controlled trial

HYPOTHESIS

This study aimed to investigate the effects of cross education (CE) on rotator cuff (RC) muscle strength recovery and shoulder function in patients who underwent arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization surgery.

METHODS

Twenty-eight patients who underwent shoulder stabilization surgery were included in the study (age, 25 ± 6 years; body mass index, 24.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2). The patients were randomly divided into either the CE group (n = 14) or the control group (n = 14). All patients received a standardized rehabilitation program until the end of the 12th postoperative week. The CE group also received isokinetic training of the nonoperative shoulder focusing on the RC muscles (twice a week, 3 sets of 10 repetitions). RC muscle strength was measured preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocities. Shoulder function was assessed with the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test and Y-Balance Test-Upper Quarter. Analyses of covariance were used for the statistical analyses.

RESULTS

At 6 months postoperatively, at 60°/s angular velocity, there was higher internal rotator strength in the CE group (P = .02) and similar external rotator strength (P = .62) between the groups. At 180°/s angular velocity, both internal rotator strength (P = .04) and external rotator strength (P = .02) were higher in the CE group. The Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (P = .47), Y-Balance Test-Upper Quarter (P = .95), and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (P = .12) scores were similar between the groups at 6 months after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

CE in the early period of postoperative rehabilitation following stabilization surgery improves RC strength recovery. However, it has no effect on functional outcomes. Integrating a CE program into the postoperative rehabilitation protocol may help to improve dynamic shoulder stability but not functional capacity.

Arthroscopic Bankart repair versus nonoperative management for first-time anterior shoulder instability: A cost-effectiveness analysis

Purpose

Arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) may be more effective than nonoperative management for patients with anterior shoulder instability following first-time dislocation. The purpose of the study was to determine the most cost-effective treatment strategy by evaluating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for ABR versus nonoperative treatment.

Methods

This cost-effectiveness study utilized a Markov decision chain and Monte Carlo simulation. Probabilities, health utility values, and outcome data regarding ABR and nonoperative management of first-time shoulder instability derived from level I/II evidence. Costs were tabulated from Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed using >100,000 repetitions of the Monte Carlo simulation. A willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at $50,000.

Results

The expected cost for operative management higher than nonoperative management ($32,765 vs $29,343). However, ABR (5.48 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)) was the more effective treatment strategy compared to nonoperative management (4.61 QALYs). The ICER for ABR was $3943. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that ABR was the most cost-effective strategy in 100% of simulations.

Discussion

ABR is more cost-effective than nonoperative management for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation. The threshold analysis demonstrated that when accounting for WTP, ABR was found to be the more cost-effective strategy.

Psychological Factors That Affect Return to Sport After Surgical Intervention for Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review

Background

Recent advances have begun to identify the nonphysical factors facilitating successful return to sport (RTS) after shoulder instability surgery, yet little is currently known regarding psychological factors and RTS.

Purpose/Hypothesis

The purposes of this study were to (1) identify psychological factors associated with RTS, (2) evaluate the prognostic utility of various psychological factors, and (3) evaluate the available metrics used to assess psychological RTS readiness. It was hypothesized that psychological factors would be identified as critical elements influencing a patient's RTS.

Study Design

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Clinical studies reporting on the psychological determinants of RTS for patients who had surgery for shoulder instability between 1996 and 2022 were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Demographic, clinical, and psychometric properties were extracted for pooled weighted analysis.

Results

Of the 969 studies screened, 24 (2.5%) met inclusion criteria. Overall, 2135 patients were included (mean age, 26.0 years; range, 17.4-35.5 years; 84.7% male). The mean time to RTS was 6.8 months (range, 3.7-11.9 months). There was a 76.3% rate of any RTS; of the 1212 patients who reported level of play at return, 305 (25.2%) were unable to perform at their prior level. Psychological reasons were cited by 85% (n = 360) of patients who did not RTS. Fear of reinjury was the most common reason (n = 154; 42.8%); other psychological factors included lack of confidence (n = 46; 12.8%), anxiety (n = 45; 12.5%), depression (n = 44; 12.2%), psychosocial factors (n = 48; 13.3%), and lack of motivation (n = 23; 6.4%). The Shoulder Instability Return to Sport after Injury, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms Self Report, Degree of Shoulder Involvement in Sports, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11, and Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey were reported measures for assessing psychology and RTS.

Conclusion

Fear of reinjury was found to be the most commonly reported impediment to RTS. The psychological characteristics identified through this review may be incorporated into future RTS protocols seeking to address resilience and nonphysical factors associated with RTS.

Return to Sport After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair With Remplissage: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE

To determine the return-to-sport rate following arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (ABR), including overall rate of return to sport, rate of return to preinjury level of sport, and the rate of return for specific subgroups such as contact or throwing athletes.

METHODS

EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE were searched from database inception until February 2022. Studies were screened by 2 reviewers independently and in duplicate for data regarding rates of return to sport following ABR. Data on return to sport and functional outcomes were recorded. Data are presented in a descriptive fashion.

RESULTS

Overall, 20 studies were included with a total of 736 patients (738 shoulders) who underwent ABR. These patients had a mean age of 28 years (range 14-72 years) and were 83% male. Mean follow-up time after surgery was 45 months (range 12-127 months). The rate of return to any level of sport ranged from 60% to 100%, whereas the rate of return to the preinjury level ranged from 63% to 100%. When we excluded those who underwent ABR as a revision procedure, the rate of return to any level of sport was 68% to 100%. Lastly, the return to sport rates for contact or collision athletes ranged from 80% to 100%, whereas for overhead or throwing athletes it was 46% to 79%. The rate of recurrence of instability postoperatively ranged from 0% to 20% in included studies.

CONCLUSIONS

For athletes with anterior shoulder instability, ABR led to a high rate of return to sport along with a low rate of recurrence of instability. Although most athletes are able to return to the same level of sport, certain groups such as throwing athletes may face greater difficulty.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.

Relationship of the SIRSI Score to Return to Sports After Surgical Stabilization of Glenohumeral Instability

BACKGROUND

Literature is scarce regarding the influence of psychological readiness on return to sports after shoulder instability surgery.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the predictive ability of the Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury (SIRSI) score in measuring the effect of psychological readiness on return to sports and to compare it between athletes who returned to sports and athletes who did not return to sports.

STUDY DESIGN

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

METHODS

A prospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent an arthroscopic Bankart repair or a Latarjet procedure between January 2019 and September 2020. Psychological readiness to return to play was evaluated using the SIRSI instrument. Preoperative and postoperative functional outcomes were measured by the Rowe, Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores. The predictive validity of the SIRSI was assessed by the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve statistics. The Youden index was calculated and used to determine a SIRSI score cutoff point that best discriminated psychological readiness to return to sports. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of psychological readiness on return to sports and return to preinjury sports level.

RESULTS

A total of 104 patients were included in this study. Overall, 79% returned to sports. The SIRSI had excellent predictive ability for return-to-sport outcomes (return to sports: area under ROC curve, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.80-0.93]; return to preinjury sports level: area under ROC curve, 0.96; [95% CI, 0.8-0.9]). A cutoff level of ≥55 was used to determine whether an athlete was psychologically ready to return to sports and to return to preinjury sports level (Youden index, 0.7 and 0.9, respectively). Of those who returned to sports, 76.8% were psychologically ready to return to play, with a median SIRSI score of 65 (interquartile range, 57-80). In comparison, in the group that did not return to sports, only 4.5% achieved psychological readiness with a median SIRSI score of 38.5 (interquartile range, 35-41) (P < .001). Regression analysis for the effect of SIRSI score on return to sports was performed. For every 10-point increase in the SIRSI score, the odds of returning to sports increased by 2.9 times. Moreover, those who did not achieve their preinjury sports level showed poorer psychological readiness to return to play and SIRSI score results.

CONCLUSION

The SIRSI was a useful tool for predicting whether patients were psychologically ready to return to sports after glenohumeral stabilization surgery. Patients who returned to sports and those who returned to their preinjury sports level were significantly more psychologically ready than those who did not return. Therefore, we believe that the SIRSI score should be considered along with other criteria that are used to decide whether the patient is ready to return to sports.

Return to sports, functional outcomes, and recurrences after arthroscopic Bankart repair in soccer players

BACKGROUND

There is a shortage of relevant reports about the results obtained after shoulder stabilization in soccer players. Therefore, this retrospective study aims to report return to sports, functional outcomes, and recurrences after arthroscopic Bankart repair in soccer players.

METHODS

A total of 156 soccer players were treated for anterior shoulder instability at a single institution between 2008 and 2017. The Rowe score and Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System were used to assess functional outcomes. Return to sport and recurrence rates were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The Rowe and Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System scores showed statistical improvement after surgery (P < .001). Overall, 148 soccer players (94.8%) returned to sports, and 122 (78.2%) returned to the same level. The mean time to return to sport was 4.8 months. The recurrence rate was 5.2%.

DISCUSSION

Soccer players who underwent an arthroscopic isolated Bankart repair for anterior glenohumeral instability have shown remarkable outcomes, with most of the patients returning to sports, and at the same level they had before surgery with a low rate of recurrence.

Return to play following open Bankart repair in collision athletes aged 18 years or less

HYPOTHESIS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes, return to play (RTP), and recurrence rates in patients aged 18 years or less who underwent open Bankart repair (OBR) for anterior shoulder instability.

METHODS

A retrospective review of collision athletes under 18 years old who underwent OBR by 2 surgeons between the years 2010 and 2019 was carried out. An OBR using a subscapularis split was performed in all patients. Recurrent instability, rate of RTP, and time to RTP were recorded. The Shoulder Instability Return to Sport after Injury score, Subjective Shoulder Value score, and visual analog scale scores were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The study included 34 male collision athletes with a mean age of 16.5 ± 1.3 years (range, 15-18 years). The mean follow-up for patients was 49.5 ± 30.7 months. A total of 30 patients (88.2%) returned to full sport at a mean time of 5.8 ± 2.2 months, with 27 (90%) managing to return at their preinjury level of participation. The mean Subjective Shoulder Value score for patients at the final follow-up was 86.8 ± 17.5, the mean Shoulder Instability Return to Sport after Injury score was 86.3 ± 22.6, and the mean visual analog scale score was 1.6 ± 1.8. Eight patients (23.5%) re-dislocated their shoulder, with 4 of them requiring a further surgery. Two patients (5.8%) reported having incidents of subluxation that did not require reduction.

CONCLUSION

This study found high rates of patient-reported satisfaction, excellent functional outcomes, and high rates of RTP in the medium term among young collision athletes aged 18 years or less who underwent OBR for anterior shoulder instability. However, there were high rates of recurrence with moderate rates of revision surgical stabilization in the medium term.

Factors That Influence the Return to Sport After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair for Glenohumeral Instability

Numerous studies have reported high rates of return to sports following arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) However, there is enormous controversy regarding the optimal management of these patients in the postoperative period. Controversy issues include rehabilitation, criteria for returning to sports, and the specific management of each athlete according to the sport they practice. Even though there are several rehabilitation protocols published in the literature, wide variability exists concerning the key elements of rehabilitation after an ABR. Regarding criteria for return to sports, there is a wide variation across the different published studies. The type of sports has been shown to affect an athlete’s decision to return to sports. Nevertheless, most research is evaluated by classifications that cluster different sports into categories that may have other influences in return to sports when analyzed separately. Finally, in addition to physical readiness, the athlete’s psychological state is crucial for returning to sports. However, the contribution of psychological readiness to an athlete’s return to sports after shoulder instability surgery remains uncertain and unexplored.

Return to School After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Study of Adolescents and Young Adults

Background:

The ability to return to school after orthopaedic surgery is an important consideration for young patients, as there is substantial literature indicating that school attendance is correlated strongly with academic performance.

Purpose:

To evaluate the time to return to school, the barriers that students encounter when returning to school, and the academic effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in high school (HS) and college students.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Full-time HS and college/graduate school (C/GS) students who underwent ACLR during the 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 academic periods were included in the study. Patients were contacted 2 weeks postoperatively to complete a questionnaire that assessed their time to return to school and barriers that interfered with their ability to return, and they completed a second questionnaire at 6 weeks postoperatively that assessed academic performance and challenges faced upon returning to school.

Results:

Included were 36 (52.2%) full-time HS students and 33 (47.8%) full-time C/GS students. HS students reported a longer time to return to school compared with C/GS students (8.51 vs 5.89 days; P = .008). In addition, HS students missed more scheduled school days than C/GS students (5.39 vs 2.90 days; P < .001). The majority of HS (73.5%) and C/GS (65.5%) students cited pain as a barrier to return, and more than half of HS (70.6%) and C/GS (55.2%) students also cited restricted mobility as a barrier to return. HS students were more likely to miss an examination in the early postoperative period compared with their C/GS counterparts (65.7% vs 39.3%; P = .037). Many students in both cohorts received a grade less than expected in the early postoperative period; this was not significantly different between the 2 groups (HS, 50.0%; C/GS, 42.9%; P = .489).

Conclusion:

ACLR can have a negative effect on school attendance and academic performance among HS and C/GS students. Orthopaedic surgeons should counsel all students and their families adequately about the potential academic effect of orthopaedic surgery in order to maximize clinical results, academic performance, and satisfaction in their patients.

The Team Physician: Return to Play Considerations and Outcomes

Successful rehabilitation of sports-related orthopedic injuries remains a challenge for both orthopedic surgeons and their patients. Team physicians are tasked with the complex problem of minimizing time away from competition, while simultaneously mitigating the risk of reinjury. Varying levels of expectation and demand between recreational and competitive athletes coupled with the already complex nature of sports-related injuries present a multifactorial challenge for the even the most experienced physicians. In the realm of sports medicine, timing of return to sport has become a controversial yet ubiquitous criterion by which treatment outcomes are measured. While accelerated rehabilitation may be desired in many cases, surgeons must also recognize the identifiable risk factors for potential reinjury. With these principles in mind, we present a summary of the available literature on data pertaining to return to sport, with coverage of injuries commonly seen within an orthopedic sports medicine practice.

Reasons Why Athletes Do Not Return to Sports After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: A Comparative Study of 208 Athletes With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up

Background:

There is a lack of information regarding the reasons why patients do not return to sports after an arthroscopic Bankart repair and whether there is a relationship between return to sports and functional outcomes.

Purpose:

To evaluate the reasons why competitive athletes who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair did not return to sports and whether there was a relationship between returning to sports and postoperative outcome scores and complications.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Of 217 competitive athletes who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair for isolated anterior glenohumeral instability between June 2014 and December 2017, a total of 208 athletes (96%) were evaluated at minimum 2-year follow-up. Return to sports, the level of sports achieved, and the time between surgery and return to competition were assessed, and patients who did not return to sports were asked to provide the reasons for cessation. The Rowe score and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences, reoperations, and complications were also evaluated.

Results:

The mean patient age was 24 years (range, 18-30 years), and the mean follow-up was 44 months (range, 24-90 months). Of the 208 athletes, 73% were able to return to sports (65% returned to their preinjury level), and 27% did not return to sports. Of those who did not return, the most frequent reasons were fear of reinjury (44%), lack of confidence in their shoulder (12%), and concern about a new rehabilitation process in case of recurrence (10%). The Rowe and ASOSS scores showed significant postoperative improvement in all patients (P < .001), with no significant differences between the 2 study groups at the final follow-up. There were 21 recurrences (10%) and 5 complications (2.4%), and 11 patients (5.3%) underwent revision surgery, with no significant differences in these rates between the groups.

Conclusion:

Of patients who did not return to sports, 74% left for a reason independent of shoulder function, with the most frequent causes being fear of reinjury and a concern about new rehabilitation process. Neither outcome scores nor complications varied significantly between patients who returned and those who did not return to sports.

Recurrence and Revision Rates With Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Compared With the Latarjet Procedure in Competitive Rugby Players With Glenohumeral Instability and a Glenoid Bone Loss <20

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of evidence in the literature comparing outcomes between the arthroscopic Bankart repair and the Latarjet procedure in competitive rugby players with glenohumeral instability and a glenoid bone loss <20%.

PURPOSE

To compare return to sport, functional outcomes, and complications between the arthroscopic Bankart repair and the Latarjet procedure in competitive rugby players with glenohumeral instability and a glenoid bone loss <20%.

STUDY DESIGN

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

METHODS

Between June 2010 and February 2018, 130 competitive rugby players with anterior shoulder instability were operated on in our institution. The first 80 patients were operated on with the arthroscopic Bankart procedure and the other 50 with the open Latarjet procedure. Return to sport, range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences, reoperations, and complications were also evaluated.

RESULTS

In the total population, the mean follow-up was 40 months (range, 24-90 months) and the mean age was 24.2 years (range, 16-33 years). Ninety-two percent of patients were able to return to rugby, 88% at their preinjury level of play. Eighty-nine percent of patients in the Bankart group and 87% in the Latarjet group returned to compete at the same level (P = .788). No significant difference in shoulder ROM was found between preoperative and postoperative results. The Rowe and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement after operation (P < .01). No significant difference in functional scores was found between the groups The Rowe score in the Bankart group increased from a preoperative mean (± SD) of 41 ± 13 points to 89.7 points postoperatively, and in the Latarjet group, from a preoperative mean of 42.5 ± 14 points to 88.4 points postoperatively (P = .95). The ASOSS score in the Bankart group increased from a preoperative mean of 53.3 ± 3 points to 93.3 ± 6 points postoperatively, and in the Latarjet group, from a preoperative mean of 53.1 ± 3 points to 93.7 ± 4 points postoperatively (P = .95). There were 18 recurrences (14%). The rate of recurrence was 20% in the Bankart group and 4% in the Latarjet group (P = .01). There were 15 reoperations (12%). The rate of reoperation was 16% in the Bankart group and 4% in the Latarjet group (P = .03). There were 6 complications (5%). The rate of complications was 4% in the Bankart group and 6% in the Latarjet group (P = .55). The proportion of postoperative osteoarthritis was 10% in the Bankart group (8/80 patients) and 12% (6/50 patients) in the Latarjet group (P = .55).

CONCLUSION

In competitive rugby players with glenohumeral instability and a glenoid bone loss <20%, both the arthroscopic Bankart repair and the Latarjet procedure produced excellent functional outcomes, with most athletes returning to sport at the same level they had before the injury. However, the Bankart procedure was associated with a significantly higher rate of recurrence (20% vs 4%) and reoperation (16% vs 4%) than the Latarjet procedure.

Surgical stabilization of pediatric anterior shoulder instability yields high recurrence rates: a systematic review

PURPOSE

The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the surgical techniques, indications outcomes and complications for pediatric patients (≤ 19 years old) undergoing shoulder stabilization procedures for anterior shoulder instability.

METHODS

The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched from data inception to March 14, 2019 for articles addressing surgery for pediatric patients with anterior shoulder instability. The Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) tool was used to assess the quality of included studies.

RESULTS

Overall 24 studies, with a total of 688 patients (696 shoulders) and a mean age of 16.6 ± 2.5 years met inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 49 ± 26 months. The majority (59%) of studies only offered shoulder stabilization procedures to patients with more than one shoulder dislocation, however, three studies reported operating on pediatric patients after first time dislocations. Of the included patients 525 had arthroscopic Bankart repair (78%), 75 had open Bankart repair (11%), 34 had modified Bristow (5%), and 26 had Latarjet (4%) procedures. The overall complication rate was 26%. Patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair experienced the highest recurrence rate of 24%. There were no significant differences in recurrent instability (n.s.) or loss of external rotation (n.s.) in pediatric patients treated with arthroscopic Bankart repair compared to open Latarjet. Patients had a 95% rate of return to sport at any level (i.e. preinjury level or any level of play) postoperatively (95%).

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric patients are at high risk of recurrent instability after surgical stabilization. The majority of pediatric patients with anterior shoulder instability were treated with arthroscopic Bankart repair. Most studies recommend surgical stabilization only after more than one dislocation. However, given the high rates of recurrence with non-operative management, it may be reasonable to perform surgery at a first-time dislocation, particularly in those with other risk factors for recurrence. With the current evidence and limited sample sizes, it is difficult to directly compare the surgical interventions and their post-operative efficacy (i.e. re-dislocation rates or range of motion). There was an overall high rate of return to sport after surgical stabilization at final follow-up.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Postoperative Management Following Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to review systematically the literature concerning postoperative management following arthroscopic Bankart repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability in adolescent and young adult (≤ 25 years) athletes.

METHODS

The Pubmed, Medline, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINAHL), and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify all studies reporting postoperative rehabilitation guidelines following arthroscopic Bankart repair in the adolescent and young adult population. The Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies instrument and Modified Coleman Methodology Score were used for quality assessment of the included studies. All aspects of rehabilitation were extracted and analyzed, including type/duration of immobilization, range of motion, strength, and return to sport (RTS) criteria.

RESULTS

Screening yielded 17 eligible studies with a total of 675 patients and an average age of 18.3 years. There was considerable variation with regard to reported postoperative rehabilitation guidelines. Of the 17 studies, 15 reported the duration of immobilization; there was a mean of 4 weeks (range, 2-6 weeks). Range of motion and strength restrictions were reported in 15 (88.2%) and 13 (76.4%) studies, respectively. All of the 17 studies included an expected timeframe for RTS, but only 5 of the studies (29.4%) included either subjective or objective criteria to determine safe RTS. Differences in outcomes were unable to be assessed due to large study heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION

Considerable variation is reported in postoperative rehabilitation guidelines following arthroscopic Bankart repair for traumatic shoulder instability in the adolescent and young adult population. All studies used time-based criteria for determining RTS, but subjective and/or objective criteria were lacking in the majority of studies. The current literature lacks data to generate evidence-based rehabilitation protocols in this young athletic population.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, systematic review of Level II-IV studies.

High Rate of Return to Sports and Low Recurrences With the Latarjet Procedure in High-Risk Competitive Athletes With Glenohumeral Instability and a Glenoid Bone Loss <20

Purpose

To analyze return to sports, functional outcomes, and complications following the Latarjet procedure in competitive athletes with anterior glenohumeral instability and glenoid bone loss <20%.

Methods

All the included patients were operated between 2010 and 2016. The inclusion criteria were competitive athletes with anterior glenohumeral instability, a glenoid bone defect <20% who participated in contact sports, forced overhead sports, or had a previous failed Bankart repair and had a minimum 2 years’ follow-up. Return to sports, range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System score were used to assess functional outcomes. Complications and bone consolidation were also evaluated.

Results

A total of 65 athletes were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 53 months (±13), and the mean age was 23.9 years (range, 16-31 years). Overall, 94% were able to return to sports and 84% returned at the same level. No significant difference in shoulder ROM was found between preoperative and postoperative results. The Rowe and Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System scores showed statistical improvement after operation (P < .001). No significant difference in shoulder ROM and functional scores was found between primary and revision cases. The total complication rate was 11% and the revision rate was 1.5% The recurrence rate was 4.6%. The bone block healed in 95% of the cases.

Conclusions

In high-risk competitive athletes with anterior glenohumeral instability and glenoid bone loss <20%, the Latarjet procedure resulted in excellent functional outcomes, with most of the patients returning to sports and at the same level they had before injury with a low rate of recurrences

Level of Evidence

Therapeutic case series; Level of evidence, IV

High Variability in Functional Outcomes and Recurrences Between Contact Sports After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: A Comparative Study of 351 Patients With a Minimum 3-Year Follow-Up

Purpose

To compare return to sports, functional outcomes, and complications of a consecutive series of contact athletes with anterior glenohumeral instability treated with isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for isolated anterior instability.

Methods

Between January 2008 and December 2016, 351 competitive athletes who participated in contact or collision sports underwent isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair at our institution (rugby n = 105, soccer n = 90, martial arts n = 36 boxing n = 28, field hockey n = 30, handball n = 31, and basketball n = 31). Return to sports, the Rowe score, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) score were used to assess functional outcomes. Complications also were evaluated.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 66.7 months (range, 36-148 months) and the mean age of the 351 patients was 21.3 years (range, 17-30 years).Overall, 309 patients (88%) were able to return to sports, and 284 (81%) returned at the same level as before the injury. The mean time to return to sports was 5.3 months. The rate of return to sports, the level achieved by the patients, and time to return to sports varied significantly between sports. The Rowe and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement after operation (P < .001). The ASOSS score varied significantly between sports (P < .001). There were 40 recurrences (11.3%), 7 complications (2%) and 21 patients (6%) underwent revision surgery. There was a significant difference in the rate of recurrences and revisions between the different contact sports.

Conclusions

In athletes with glenohumeral instability who undergo isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for isolated anterior instability, there is great variability in the rate of return to sport at the same level, in shoulder performance after returning to competition, and in the postoperative recurrence rates. Due to the high variability found in our study, results after arthroscopic Bankart repair in contact athletes should not be reported globally by including the different sports under the "collision or contact sports" label.

Level of Evidence

Retrospective Case Series; Level of evidence, 4.

Sex-Based Differences in Recurrence Rates Following Arthroscopic Anterior Shoulder Stabilization: A Systematic Review

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effect that sex has on recurrence of anterior shoulder instability following primary arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization.

Methods

A systematic review using PRISMA guidelines was performed by searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies reporting recurrence rates following arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Patient demographics as well as preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative findings, including patient-reported outcomes and recurrence rates, were analyzed by 2 independent reviewers. Recurrence was defined as an episode of dislocation, subluxation or instability following primary arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization. Study methodological quality was evaluated with the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS). Risk bias was evaluated using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS score). Descriptive statistics are presented.

Results

Ten studies (1 Level I, 1 Level II, 5 Level III, and 3 Level IV), including a total of 7,102 patients with primary traumatic and/or recurrent traumatic shoulder instability without previous procedures who underwent primary arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization, were included (mean follow-up, 34.6 months; mean age, 25.4 years). There was a total of 5,097 males (71.8%) and 2,005 females (28.2%). There was a higher recurrence rate in males (6%-37%) compared to females (0-32%). Clinical outcomes were inconsistently reported, so no quantitative analysis of clinical outcomes or return-to-sport between sexes was possible. The average MCMS of all 10 studies was 76.8 ± 8.0, indicating good methodology.

Conclusions

Males may have higher recurrence rates than females following primary arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization; however, the heterogeneity of the included studies precludes any definitive conclusions.

Level of evidence

IV, Systematic Review of Level I-IV.

Management of bone loss in recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability: a survey of North American surgeons

Background

Management of bone loss in recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability remains a topic of debate and controversy in the orthopedic community. The purpose of this study was to survey members of 4 North American orthopedic surgeon associations to assess management trends for bone loss in recurrent anterior shoulder instability.

Methods

An online survey was distributed to all members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Canadian Orthopaedic Association and to fellow members of the Arthroscopy Association of North America. The survey comprised 3 sections assessing the demographic characteristics of survey respondents, the influence of prognostic factors on surgical decision making, and the operative management of 12 clinical case scenarios of varying bone loss that may be encountered in clinical practice.

Results

A total of 150 survey responses were returned. The age of the patient and quantity of bone loss were consistently considered important prognostic criteria. However, little consensus was reached for critical thresholds of bone loss and how this affected the timing (ie, primary or revision surgery) and type of bony augmentation procedure to be performed once a critical threshold was reached, especially in the context of critical humeral and bipolar bone loss.

Conclusions

Consistent trends were found for the management of recurrent anterior shoulder instability in cases in which no bone loss existed and when isolated critical glenoid bone loss was present. However, inconsistencies were observed when isolated critical humeral bone loss and bipolar bone loss were present.